A boating safety course accredited by the Canadian Coast Guard. Published by:

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1 $24.97 SAFETY AFLOAT A boating safety course accredited by the Canadian Coast Guard Published by: freecourse.ca DOWNLOAD VERSION Solely for the use of boaters preparing to write an Operator Proficiency Exam through freecourse.ca

2 SAFETY AFLOAT Published by freecourse.ca Copyright 2002, freecourse.ca. All rights reserved. Any reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, storage in a retrieval system, or republication of any material from this manual without prior written permission from freecourse.ca is a violation under the Copyright Act, is subject to penalties under the Act, and is strictly prohibited. Printed in Canada Canadian cataloguing in publication data Main entry under title: Safety Afloat: A Boating Safety Course Accredited by the Canadian Coast Guard SPECIAL NOTICE Safety Afloat: A Boating Safety Course Accredited by the Canadian Coast Guard has been made available here as a free download solely for the use of boaters preparing to write a freecourse.ca Operator Proficiency Exam. Any other use without prior written permission from freecourse.ca is a violation under the Copyright Act, is subject to penalties under the Act, and is strictly prohibited There are more than 100 freecourse.ca testing centres across Canada where you can write the exam. For the location of a freecourse.ca testing centre near you, please call March 25, 2002 (ii)

3 A MESSAGE FROM THE AUTHORS This course manual has been accredited by the Canadian Coast Guard on the basis that it meets the minimum requirements of basic boating safety knowledge set out in the Canadian Coast Guard Boating Safety Course Standard. This standard was implemented by the Canadian Coast Guard to establish a minimum level of understanding of a set of 149 safe boating practices and skills relevant to Canadian pleasure craft operators. These Coast Guard knowledge objectives are highlighted in bold face print throughout this manual. The manual is divided into easily digestible modules to allow students to grasp one set of skills before going onto the next. Each module contains a set of review questions so that students may verify their grasp of the chapter material. Answers to the review questions can be found at the back of the manual. All spelling in this manual is according to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, Canadian edition. Physical measurements are indicated in metric units. This manual is copyrighted and registered with the Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Any reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, or republication of any material from this manual without the prior written permission of freecourse.ca is a violation under the Copyright Act, is subject to penalties under the Act, and is strictly prohibited. The authors thank the companies, organisations, and individuals who provided content, advice, and illustrations for this manual. Special thanks go to the Canadian Coast Guard and the United States Coast Guard for their invaluable help in making this course manual possible. (iii)

4 This manual was created by freecourse.ca for use with the course Safety Afloat, which is available in-class, by correspondence, and online via the Internet at Please feel free to contact us any time for the location of a freecourse.ca testing centre near you or to sign up for our next in-class course in your area. freecourse.ca 37 Kenora Street Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 3K7 Tel.: (866) Website: (iv)

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. vii Module 1 Introduction to Boating Terminology 1 Module 2 Acts and Regulations Affecting Pleasure Craft Operators in Canada.. 7 Module 3 Aids to Navigation on Canadian Waterways.. 33 Module 4 Before Heading Out. 41 Module 5 Underway. 57 Module 6 Emergencies Afloat.. 71 Module 7 Protecting the Aquatic Environment 81 Appendix A Answers to Review Questions Appendix B References. 89 Appendix C Information Sources for Pleasure Craft Operators.. 91 (v)

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7 INTRODUCTION Every time that you go out on the water, there is a risk that you may be in for more than you expect. And the outcome of a misadventure on the water will depend on how well you prepare yourself. Many people, however, are ill prepared when they go boating. As a result, every year approximately 200 Canadians die in boating accidents. In addition, every year more than 6,000 Canadians are injured in boating accidents. Because of these statistics, Canada enacted regulations to establish strict training requirements for all boaters on Canadian waterways. Under the regulations anyone born after April 1, 1983 must obtain a Canadian Coast Guard Pleasure Craft Operator Card. After September , all operators of boats under 4 metres in length are required to carry a Pleasure Craft Operator Card or equivalent proof of competency. After September 15, 2009, all operators of all pleasure craft will be required to obtain an operator card. To obtain an operator card, boaters must write an approved Operator Proficiency Exam, provided by a course provider whose course and exams have been accredited by the Canadian Coast Guard. Those boaters lacking the experience to obtain a passing grade on an Operator Proficiency Exam may first take a boating safety course from an accredited course provider. This manual of boating safety has been accredited by the Canadian Coast Guard on the basis that it meets the minimum requirements of basic boating safety knowledge set out in the Canadian Coast Guard Boating Safety Course Standard. The standard was implemented by the Canadian Coast Guard to establish a minimum level of understanding of safe boating practices and skills that are essential for Canadian pleasure craft operators. You will find no better way to study for and obtain your Pleasure Craft Operator Card than by taking a course and Operator Proficiency Exam through freecourse.ca. This course manual is reviewed regularly for content. It is available in-class, by correspondence, or on-line via the Internet at (vii)

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9 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 1 MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO BOATING TERMINOLOGY Like any area of expertise, the nautical field has developed its own jargon to describe the equipment, activities, and manoeuvres of maritime navigation. A basic understanding of this maritime lexicon is a necessary first step to mastering the knowledge you need to operate your vessel safely. A reminder, required Coast Guard knowledge objectives are highlighted in bold face print throughout this manual. 1-1 TYPES OF HULLS Planing Hull A planing hull is designed to lift and ride on top of the water as it gains speed. Displacement Hull A displacement hull is designed to travel through the water. Pontoon Hull A pontoon hull is a flat decked boat, with or without a cabin, which floats on two or more pontoons. 1-2 GENERAL HULL TERMINOLOGY Beam The beam is the width of a vessel at its widest point Bilge The bilge is the lowest interior part of a vessel s hull and the point in the hull where water that is splashed into a vessel will accumulate. Bow The bow is the forward part of a hull. Chine The chine is the line or edge formed where the side and the bottom of the hull meet. Deck The deck is the horizontal surface that covers the hull. Draft The draft (or draught) is the depth of water that a vessel requires to float (and is measured as the distance between the waterline and the lowest point of the hull). On a boat equipped with an outboard motor, the draft is usually the distance between the waterline and the lowest point on the engine. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 1

10 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 1 Power-driven Pleasure craft Freeboard The distance between a vessel s deck and the waterline. Gunwale The gunwale (pronounced gunnel ) is the top of the side of a vessel. Hull The hull is the body of a vessel. It does not include rigging, superstructure, machinery, or equipment. Keel The keel is the fore and aft line along the centre of the bottom of a hull. Length at the waterline The distance from the bow to the stern at the waterline. Length Overall The distance between the foremost point on the hull and the aft-most point (above or below the waterline). Rudder A flat steering surface usually attached to the stern of a vessel. Stern The stern is the aft end of a vessel. Stem The stem is the forward leading edge of a hull. Transom The transom is the vertical surface of the hull across the stern of the vessel. Sail-driven Pleasure craft Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 2

11 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD DIRECTIONS AND SECTORS WHEN AFLOAT It is important to know directions relative to your vessel. For instance, a direction that is straight out from the middle of the vessel on the right side is termed off the starboard beam. Similarly, a direction off the left-hand side of the boat is referred to as off the port beam. Moving toward the front of the boat is said to be going forward while moving to the stern of the boat is termed going aft. Abaft (aft) Abaft and aft both refer to a direction toward the stern of a vessel. Abeam Away from a vessel in a direction perpendicular to the vessel s centreline at the widest point of the hull. Dead ahead On the port bow On the starboard bow On the port beam On the starboard beam On the port stern On the starboard stern Dead astern Ahead Ahead refers to a direction directly in front of a vessel. Amidships A point on a vessel that is midway between the bow and the stern. Astern A direction behind the stern of a vessel. The term dead astern means directly behind the vessel. Forward On a vessel, the term forward refers to the part of the vessel structure toward the bow of the vessel. Port Side The port side is the left-hand side of a vessel when looking forward. Starboard Side The starboard side is the right-hand side of a vessel when looking forward. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 3

12 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD MORE NAUTICAL TERMINOLOGY Aids to navigation As opposed to navigational aids (charts, compass, etc.), aids to navigation are structures or devices that are external to a vessel and can include such things as buoys, range markers, and lighthouses. Bitter end The bitter end is the free end of a rope line. Boom A horizontal spar attached to the lower edge of a sail and which is attached at one end to a mast. Bow line The bow line is a rope attached between a dock and the bow of a vessel and prevents the vessel from moving astern. Breast line A breast line is a rope attached at right angles between a dock and a vessel, Its purpose is to restrict the movement of a vessel laterally, away from the dock. Commercial Vessel Under Canadian regulations a commercial vessel is any vessel that is used directly or indirectly to earn revenue. Commercial vessels include freighters, tankers, passenger ferries, fishing boats, tugboats, and excursion boats. Compass A compass contains a magnetised needle that points toward magnetic north. It is used to determine direction and to take bearings on buoys or landmarks. Dinghy A small craft used by the crew of a larger craft for trips between vessels and to go ashore. Fairway A fairway is a safe route through a channel or between docks in a harbour. Fenders Fenders are various devices (usually hollow cylinders made of white plastic) that are hung from the side a vessel to prevent damage and cushion against shocks when it rubs against a dock or against another vessel. Ground Tackle Ground tackle is composed of three components attached to each other: the anchor, attached to a 2 to 3 metre length of chain which, in turn, is attached to the anchor line (at least 15 m in length). Heading The heading is the direction in which the bow is pointing while underway. Helm The helm is the steering system or mechanism on a boat. A helmsman, in turn, is the person using this mechanism to steer the boat. Inboard engine An inboard engine is one where the engine and most of the drive train are installed within the hull. Only the propeller and propeller shaft protrude outside the hull. Inboard/Outboard Engine Where the engine portion of a boat s power unit is inside the hull (inboard) while the lower unit (composed of the drive train and propeller) is outside the hull (outboard). Knot A measure of velocity on water, where 1 knot is equal to 1 nautical mile per hour. One nautical mile per hour, in turn, is equivalent to 1.85 km/h or 1.1 mph. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 4

13 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 1 Lee shore A lee shore is one that has wind blowing onto it. Lee shores are dangerous. If you are upwind of a lee shore and you lose headway, the wind may drive you onto the shore, unless you can set an anchor to keep you offshore. Leeward Leeward means downwind; the direction in which the wind is blowing. Leeway Leeway is the sideways motion of a vessel caused by either wind or current. Life jacket A life jacket is a flotation device that although bulky, provides excellent buoyancy and is designed to turn an unconscious person face-up in the water. List If a vessel leans constantly to one side it is said to have a list. Line On a vessel, any rope that serves a special purpose, is a line; examples: mooring line, bow line, spring line. Making way A vessel that is in motion under motor power or sail power is said to be making way. If it is not moving, it is said to have no way. Mast On a vessel, a mast is a vertical support used to support sails or boat equipment such as antennae and navigation lights. MAYDAY From the French word m aider. If you have a radio and you are in grave and imminent danger (for example, you are taking on water and in danger of capsizing), then use channel 16 and repeat MAYDAY three times and then state your location and the nature of your emergency. Navigational Aids Navigational aids include any shipboard tools (such as a compass, sextant, or nautical charts) that can be used in determining the position of a vessel. Operator The operator of a vessel is person in charge of a pleasure craft. Under Canadian regulations, the operator of a pleasure craft is responsible for its condition, how it is operated, and the safety of all on board. Painter A line attached at the bow of a boat. PFD A personal flotation device (PFD) is a device designed to provide enough buoyancy to keep the wearer s chin out of the water. It is not, however, a life jacket, which is designed to turn an unconscious person face-up in the water. Pleasure craft A pleasure craft is any type of watercraft that is used exclusively for pleasure and does not carry passengers or goods for hire, reward, remuneration, or any object of profit. As soon as remuneration is provided for a service provided by a vessel, that vessel becomes a commercial vessel. Power-driven vessel A power-driven vessel is one that is propelled by any type of engine or machinery. A sailboat that is being propelled by its engine, even if it has its sails up, is deemed a power-driven vessel. Rapids Rapids are stretches of a river where the water is shallow, fast moving, and tumbles over rocks. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 5

14 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 1 Rode A rode is a combination of chain and rope attached to an anchor. Sailing Vessel Any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used. Seaworthy A vessel is considered seaworthy if the hull is undamaged and appropriate for the type of sea condition, the engine is in conformance to the hull capacity plate, the vessel is not overloaded, and all equipment is in good working order. Spring line A spring line is a line tied between the boat and the dock in such a way that if one end is tied to the bow, the other end is tied to the dock at a point near the stern. And, if one end is tied to the stern, the other is tied to the dock near the bow. A spring line limits the forward and backward motion of the boat. Stern line A stern line is a mooring line that is used to limit a boat s forward movement while docked. It attached between a stern cleat on the boat and a point on the dock aft of the boat s stern. Underway Underway means that a vessel is not at anchor or made fast to the shore. Wake The wake is the disturbed column of water and waves around and behind a boat that are set in motion by the boat s passage. Wash Wash is the loose or broken water left behind a boat as it moves along and includes the water thrown aft by the propeller. Windward The direction from which the wind is blowing. Windward side The windward side of a boat is the side of the vessel upon which the wind is blowing. The windward side of a sailing vessel is also the side opposite to that on which the sail is being carried. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. If you see something off the port beam, you are seeing something that is: a.) straight out from the middle of the vessel on the left side b.) straight out from the middle of the vessel on the right side c.) straight ahead of the vessel d.) directly behind the vessel 2. What does the term abaft mean? 3. What is an operator? 4. What is rode? 5. How is the term pleasure craft defined in this course? 6. What is a chine? 7. What is the freeboard on a vessel? Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 6

15 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 MODULE 2 ACTS AND REGULATIONS AFFECTING PLEASURE CRAFT OPERATORS IN CANADA Just as the operation of cars, trucks, and other wheeled vehicles is governed by acts, regulations, and codes, so too is the operation of all vessels that navigate Canadian waters. A reminder, required Coast Guard knowledge objectives are highlighted in bold face print throughout this manual. An act (often referred to as a statute) is a law made by Parliament, or by a provincial legislature, that broadly prescribes the powers of a federal or provincial authority, prohibits or controls certain activities, and provides the legal framework on which supporting regulations are based. Regulations are laws made under the authority of a statute to further the purposes of that statute. A standard is a collection of guiding principles applied to govern design, operational activities, and procedures. A standard that is referenced in a statute or regulation has the force of law. The major acts, regulations, and codes affecting boaters in Canada are listed below: Canada Shipping Act Small Vessel Regulations Collision Regulations Boating Restriction Regulations Charts and Nautical Publications Regulations Competency of Operators of Pleasure Craft Regulations Contraventions Act Criminal Code of Canada The Canada Shipping Act includes rules and regulations that govern shipbuilding and navigation. For example, Section 451 of the Act states that the operator of a pleasure craft, insofar as he/she can do so without serious danger to his/her craft and passengers, must assist any person found at sea and in danger of being lost. Regulations and standards implemented under the Act include the Small Vessels Regulations, the Boating Restriction Regulations, and the Construction Standard for Small Vessels. Under the Act, all of these statutes and regulations have the force of law and they apply to all pleasure craft operators. A violation of any of these statutes, regulations, or codes can result in penalties, fines, or both. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 7

16 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD CHARTS AND NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS REGULATIONS Charts are graphic representations depicting water areas, including depths, underwater hazards, traffic routes, aids to navigation, and adjacent coastal areas. They are intended primarily for the use of mariners in navigation and are published by the Canadian Hydrographic Service of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The Charts and Nautical Publications Regulations require operators of all vessels to have on board the latest edition of the largest scale chart, documents, and publications for each area that they navigate and to keep these publications up to date. Vessels under 100 tons are exempt under certain conditions. The Canadian Coast Guard publishes monthly Notices to Mariners, which contain important information and amendments to marine charts and publications. These notices can be obtained free-of-charge online at Note: Topographic maps of land adjacent to a water body can also be useful to boaters. These maps depict natural and artificial features of the land, including elevation contours, shoreline, rocks, and land features above water. They are published by Natural Resources Canada and some provincial authorities and are intended for use by the general public on land. They are sometimes used for areas where no nautical charts are available but they do not depict underwater hazards, marine aids to navigation, channels, or anchorage areas. 2-2 SMALL VESSEL REGULATIONS The Small Vessel Regulations outline licensing requirements and power limits for recreational vessels and specify the minimum mandatory safety equipment that is required onboard. The regulations also describe the required safety precautions to be taken while operating a boat as well as the construction standards to be adhered to by boat builders. These regulations apply to all boaters. CAPACITY PLATES Any pleasure craft sold in Canada that is under 6 m long and capable of carrying an engine of 7.5 kw (10 hp) or more is required by the Canadian Coast Guard to carry a capacity plate. The plate must be permanently attached to the hull of the vessel, usually at the back of the vessel, in a location where it can be read from inside the vessel. By installing a capacity plate, a manufacturer confirms that the boat has been designed and constructed to comply with the Construction Standards for Small Boats. Under the Small Vessel Regulations, a capacity plate must indicate the vessel s recommended gross load capacity. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 8

17 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 The recommended gross load capacity indicated on a manufacturer s capacity plate is the maximum load that can be safely carried by a hull and includes: the weight (measured in kilograms) of people, engine, fuel, gear, steering controls, and cargo, all combined; or the equivalent number of adults allowed onboard. The recommended safe limit of engine power is the outboard engine size recommended for the hull concerned based on the gross load capacity and is indicated on the capacity plate. Note: The maximum load and power limits indicated on the capacity plate assume that the vessel will be operated in fair weather and that the weight of equipment and people carried in the vessel is properly distributed to balance the hull. An unstable boat is more difficult to manoeuvre and has a greater risk of swamping or capsizing. Obey a vessel s capacity plate; a boat that is overloaded or overpowered sits lower in the water and is more at risk of swamping, capsizing, or sinking especially in poor weather or water conditions. Overloading is dangerous; know and respect the limitations of your vessel. A pleasure craft in Canada must have a capacity plate. If you are building or importing a boat, you should contact the Canadian Coast Guard s Office of Boating Safety for information on how to obtain a plate. LICENSING In Canada, the Small Vessel Regulations require that all vessels not more than 15 tons gross tonnage or which are equipped with an engine 7.5 kw (10 hp) or larger must be licensed. Licensing is a simple procedure. First, obtain an application form from the Canada Customs and Revenue Agency (refer to the blue pages in the phone book), complete the form, and submit it with your proof of ownership (can be vendor s receipt or previousowners permit signed over to you). After the application is processed, you will receive a boat licence, which includes a unique identifier number. Licensing is free-of-charge. A craft can be voluntarily licensed even if it has an engine smaller than 7.5 kw. The licence number stays with the boat, regardless of changes in ownership. The Small Vessel Regulations state that the licence number must be displayed above the waterline on both sides of the bow of the vessel in block letters and numbers at least 7.5 cm high. The letters and numbers should contrast with the colour of the hull. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 9

18 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 Note: Any vessel with an engine 7.5 kw or larger must be licensed. Thus, a dinghy that accompanies a larger vessel and has a motor larger than 7.5 kw must be licensed. REGISTRATION Vessels of 20 tons or more must be registered. The registration process is different from licensing. A boat is registered through the Registrar General of Shipping at the port where the vessel is to be registered. Before a boat can be registered, it must be surveyed and measured by a marine surveyor. When a boat is registered it is given a unique name and registration number. The name must be displayed on both sides of the bow and both the name and port of registry of the vessel must be displayed on the stern of the vessel. In addition, the registration number and registered tonnage of the vessel must be displayed in a conspicuous place on the inside of the hull. Both the bow and stern registration insignia must comply with the same lettering requirements; specifically the craft s name must be displayed above the waterline in block letters and numbers that are at least 10 cm in height. A fee must be paid to the port of registry to register a pleasure craft, to change its name, or to transfer ownership. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 10

19 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 TYPES OF SAFETY EQUIPMENT The Small Vessel Regulations require various types of safety equipment to be carried on vessels. There are four categories: 1) Personal protection equipment (such as PFDs and heaving lines), 2) Boat safety equipment (such as bailers, paddles, and anchors), 3) Distress equipment (such as flares), and 4) Navigation equipment (such as lights and signal horns). The different types of safety equipment and their uses are described below: PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Approved PFDs and Lifejackets An approved PFD or lifejacket is one that bears a label or stamp indicating that it has been approved by the Canadian Department of Transport (or the Canadian Coast Guard). Approval of a PFD or lifejacket lapses if the PFD or lifejacket has been damaged, altered, or repaired. It is important that a PFD or lifejacket be sized to fit the person that will wear it; a child can easily slip out of a floatation device that is too large. A PFD or lifejacket should fit snugly (not tightly) and allow freedom of movement of arms and legs. PFDs come in a variety of colours. Specialised PFDs are available for sports such as water skiing and kayaking. PFDs should be wo rn at all times while in a boat. Use only a mild soapy solution when cleaning a PFD or lifejacket; dry-cleaning, strong detergents, gasoline, or solvents should never be used to remove a stain from a PFD or lifejacket. Never store a PFD or lifejacket that is wet; first dry it in the open air (not in constant exposure to sunlight and not close to a direct heat source). When a PFD or lifejacket is not in use it should be stored in a dry, well-ventilated, easily accessible place on board the craft. PFDs do not have a lot of buoyancy, making them unsuitable for rough water and, unlike lifejackets, they are not designed to turn an unconscious person upright in the water. Some PFDs are inflatable. Inflatable PFDs are not approved for persons less than 16 years old or who weigh less than 36.3 kg. They are not approved for use on PWCs. Some inflatable PFDs are equipped with a device that inflates the PFD automatically the instant it is immersed in water. Automatically inflating PFDs are not approved for use on sailboards or for any white water activity (kayaking, rafting). It is a good idea to test the buoyancy of a PFD or lifejacket at the beginning of every boating season. This can be done by the following technique : 1. put on the PFD or lifejacket; 2. wade into chest-deep water; 3. bend at the knees to lower yourself further into the water; 4. float on your back; and 5. verify that the device keeps your chin above water and it is easy to breathe. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 11

20 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 Lifejackets Lifejackets serve the same purpose as PFDs but do a better job. They are much more buoyant than PFDs and they are specifically designed to turn an unconscious person face-up in the water. Lifejackets come in only three colours: orange, red, and yellow. They are more bulky and less comfortable than PFDs and, as a result, are rarely worn. There are lifejackets available that are inflatable (they inflate automatically in water), or they can be triggered, or they can be inflated by blowing into a tube. Note: children under 16 years of age must not wear inflatable lifejackets. Canadian Coast Guard data show that if you are involved in a serious boating accident, you are 5½ times less likely to drown if you are wearing your PFD or lifejacket. Your PFD will not be much help to you if you do not wear it. Parents Take Note A PFD or a lifejacket is no substitute for adult supervision. Children should be reminded to wear their PFDs and they should be taught how to put them on in the water. PFDs are available that are designed specifically for children. Select one that best suits your child s size and weight. Get children used to being in the water. Because of the way their body weight is distributed, they do not float well in a face-up position and tend to panic. Buoyant Heaving Lines Heaving lines with a buoy or a float attached at one end are designed to be thrown to someone in the water. Under the Small Vessel Regulations, a buoyant heaving line must be at least 15 metres in length. An acceptable product is a throw bag, which consists of a weighted canvas or nylon bag with a buoyant line coiled inside. Life Buoys A life buoy serves the same purpose as a buoyant heaving line. Regulations require operators of larger boats to carry life buoys that are attached to 15 m lines. The buoy must be circular in shape with an outside diameter of either 610 mm or 762 mm. When buying a lifebuoy, select one that carries a sticker showing that it has been approved by Transport Canada. Re-boarding Equipment Under the Small Vessel Regulations all vessels 6-12 m in length with a freeboard greater than 0.5 metres, and all vessels longer than 12 m, must carry a boarding ladder or other equipment to allow easy re-boarding of the vessel from the water. Boats equipped with transom ladders or swim platform ladders meet this requirement. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 12

21 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT Sound Signalling Devices Sound travels well over water. Thus, sound signalling devices (such as whistles, or hand-held compressed-air horns, are an excellent means of attracting attention in an emergency. Attaching a whistle to a PFD or a lifejacket is also a good practice; it allows you to continue signalling for help even after you are in the water. Under the Small Vessel Regulations, all vessels must have some type of sound signalling device. Not having one risks a fine of $150. Sound Signalling Appliances Under the Collision Regulations, vessels under 12 m in length shall carry a sound signalling appliance (such as a bell or an electric horn) or some other means of producing an efficient sound signal. Vessels 12 m in length and longer must be fitted with both a bell and some type of horn that both have the range and frequency required by the Collision Regulations. Navigation Lights Navigation lights (also called running lights) are required under the Collision Regulations if a vessel is operated after sunset and before sunrise or in periods of restricted visibility. The primary purpose of these lights is to ensure that a vessel is visible from all sides after dark. Navigation lights also help vessels that are converging on crossing courses to determine which has the right of way. These lights must comply with the requirements of the Collision Regulations. Passive Radar Reflectors A radar reflector can help a radar-equipped vessel to detect your vessel. Under the Collision Regulations, all nonmetallic vessels and all vessels less than 20 m in length should carry a passive radar reflector mounted above the superstructure and not less than 4 m above the water unless in limited traffic conditions (such as a canal), daylight, or favourable environmental conditions. You are not required to carry a reflector if it is not essential to the safety of your boat, or if it is impractical to mount, or you operate where radar is not used by other vessels. The amount of safety equipment required on a particular vessel depends on the size of the vessel. Bigger vessels are required to have more equipment. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 13

22 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 DISTRESS EQUIPMENT Watertight Flashlight Almost all vessels are required to have at least one watertight flashlight. This is especially true for small boats, such as canoes, rowboats, or sailing dinghies that are not equipped with navigation lights. Pyrotechnic Distress Signals Pyrotechnic distress signals (flares) can be highly visible but they can also be dangerous to use. Pyrotechnic flares should be treated like they are explosives (they are). They must be stored in a watertight container in a cool, dry, secure location. All pyrotechnic devices (such as flares and rockets) must be approved by the Department of Transport Canada. Approved pyrotechnic devices are valid for only four years from their date of manufacture. Pyrotechnic devices are not regarded as meeting the Small Vessel Regulations if they have expired. (Consult your local law enforcement agency, the Canadian Coast Guard, or a local fire department for advice on disposing of out-of-date flares). Flares are required for vessels operating in any ocean as well as for vessels operating in waters that empty into a waterway where one can be more than one mile from shore. Vessels that are more than 6 m in length and less than 12 m in length are exempt from carrying flares if they are operating in a river, canal, or lake where one is always within 1 mile of a shoreline, or the vessel is engaged in an official competition. There are four main types of pyrotechnic distress flares (Types A, B, C, and D). Read the manufacturer s instructions before using a flare. Each type of flare has specific characteristics and uses: Type A: Parachute Flare An aerial flare that, when launched, reaches a height of approximately 300 m and then floats down beneath a parachute. Type B: Multi-Star Rocket An aerial flare that, when launched, fires two red stars to a height of 100 m. They burn for 4 to 5 seconds and are visible from the air or from the surface. Type C: Hand-held Flare This is a red-flame torch that can be held in the hand. It has limited visibility and is best used to help rescuers pin-point your location during an air search. Type D: Buoyant or Hand-Held Smoke This is a smoke bomb that can be held in the hand or left to float on the water. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 14

23 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 BOAT SAFETY EQUIPMENT Manual Propelling Devices Oars (with oarlocks) or paddles should be carried on a powerboat to provide a manual means of propelling the boat if the engine quits. Anchor An anchor is good to have for when your engine quits and you do not have oars or paddles (or they are insufficient to keep a current from carrying your vessel into shallow water or onto rocks). Canada s Small Vessel Regulations require anchors to be attached to at least 15 metres of chain, cable, or rope. Hand Bailers and Buckets Bailers are usually home-made plastic or metal scoops fashioned from old containers. The Small Vessel Regulations require that bailers and bailing buckets must have a volume of at least 750 ml and an opening that is a minimum of 65 cm 2 in area. Manual Pumps A manual bilge pump looks like a bicycle tire pump. The pump s water intake is at the bottom and is placed in a low part of the hull where water has collected and the discharge hose is put over the side of the boat. Fire Extinguisher A class 5BC fire extinguisher is required on any boat that has either an inboard motor, a fixed fuel tank, or an appliance that burns fuel. The letters BC identify the types of fire that the extinguisher will put out. Class A means the extinguisher puts out fires of combustible solid materials (wood, paper, etc.). Class B is for combustible liquids (gas, oil, etc.) and Class C is for electrical fires. The number before the letter(s) on an extinguisher rates the extinguisher s relative fire-fighting effectiveness (a 3AB extinguisher puts out a bigger fire than a 2AB extinguisher). Bigger boats are required to carry bigger fire extinguishers. Although the Small Vessel Regulations accept Class BC fire extinguishers, class ABC fire extinguishers are preferable. A marine fire extinguisher is highly recommended because of its resistance to corrosion. The extinguisher you choose should be approved by Transport Canada, Underwriters Laboratories of Canada, the British Board of trade for Marine Use, or the United States Coast Guard. Fire extinguishers should be checked regularly to verify that they are charged. With chemical-type devices, shake them vigorously in the upside down position once a month to prevent the extinguishing agent from caking on the bottom. CO 2 -type devices should be recharged if they contain less than 90 percent of their capacity. If you use a Halon 1211 system, have it inspected annually. Note that both CO 2 and Halons are colourless, odourless gases that displace oxygen. Exercise caution when storing or using them below decks. Even if your boat has an automatic fire suppression system the Small Vessel Regulations still require you to carry the portable extinguishers specified for your vessel. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 15

24 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 MINIMUM SAFETY EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS UNDER THE SMALL VESSEL REGULATIONS As the owner or person entrusted by the owner, you are in violation of the Small Vessel Regulations if your vessel does not have all required safety equipment onboard. Under the regulations, this equipment must be maintained so that it functions properly. Ensuring that safety equipment is in working order is not just good sense, it s the law. The amount of safety equipment required by the regulations depends on the overall length of the boat. The overall length of a boat is the distance from the furthest point forward on the hull exterior to the aftermost exterior surface of the hull. Under the equipment carriage requirements of the Small Vessel Regulations, powered pleasure craft are divided (in terms of their required safety equipment) into the following groups: up to 6 m in length; more than 6 m but less than 8 m in length; more than 8 m but less than 12 m in length; more than 12 m but less than 20 m in length; and more than 20 m in length. Powered pleasure craft up to 6 m in length (not including PWCs) Approximately nine out of 10 boating fatalities are found without a PFD or lifejacket. Thus, the Small Vessel Regulations require that there must be a PFD or lifejacket that is in good condition and of appropriate size and fit for every person onboard (except for infants who weigh less than 9 kg (20 lbs.) or persons whose chest size exceeds 140 cm (55 in.). Most on-water enforcement agencies have a zero tolerance when it comes to each person on board having an approved PFD or lifejacket. In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba, the fine for this offence is $200 for each person onboard who does not have an appropriate PFD or lifejacket. In addition, the regulations require that the boat be equipped with: one buoyant heaving line of not less than 15 m in length; paddle or oars or an anchor with not less than 15 m of cable, rope, or chain; One Class 5BC fire extinguisher (if the boat is equipped with an inboard engine, a fixed fuel tank of any size, or a fuel-burning appliance); one bailer or one manual pump (with sufficient hose to pump water from the bilge and discharge it over the side of the boat). Failure to have a bailer or manual water pump on board can result in a fine of $175. A bailer or manual water pump is not required for a sailboat with a recess-type cockpit. It is also not required for a multihull vessel, such as a pontoon boat; One watertight flashlight or three Canadian-approved flares of Type A, B, or C; A sound signalling device such as a whistle or horn; and Navigation lights during periods of restricted visibility and at night. These lights must comply with the Collision Regulations. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 16

25 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 Powered and unpowered pleasure craft more than 6 m but less than 8 m in length These vessels require the same equipment as powered vessels up to 6 m in length but in addition, they must also have: A re-boarding device if the freeboard of the vessel is greater than 0.5 m; One Class 5BC fire extinguisher if the vessel is power-driven plus a second Class 5BC extinguisher if the craft is equipped with a fuel-burning appliance; and Six flares of Types A, B, or C instead of three as specified for boats up to 6 m; In addition, on these vessels the buoyant heaving line can be substituted with a circular lifebuoy attached to a buoyant line not less than 15 m in length. These craft do not need to carry pyrotechnic distress signals if they are never more than 1 mile from shore or if they are engaged in an official competition. Powered and unpowered pleasure craft more than 8 m but less than 12 m in length These vessels require the same equipment as powered and unpowered vessels up to 8 m in length but in addition, the regulations require these vessels to have: Both a 15 m heaving line and a lifebuoy attached to a 15 m buoyant line; An anchor attached to not less than 30 m of cable, rope, or chain (instead of either an anchor or manual propelling devices as specified for boats up to 8 m); 12 flares of Types A, B, C, or D (instead of six flares as specified for boats up to 8 m); not more than 6 of which can be Type D; and One Class 10BC fire extinguisher (instead of 5BC as specified for boats up to 8 m) if the boat is power driven, plus a second Class 10BC extinguisher if the craft has any fuel-burning appliance. These vessels do not need to carry pyrotechnic distress signals if they are never more than 1 mile from shore or if they are engaged in an official competition. Powered and unpowered pleasure craft more than 12 m but less than 20 m in length These vessels require all same equipment as powered and unpowered vessels up to 12 m in length but in addition, the regulations require these vessels to have: A bilge pump system (instead of a hand pump or bailer required on boats up to 12 m); One Class 10BC fire extinguisher at each of the following locations: - at each entrance to a space containing a fuel-burning appliance - at the entrance of any accommodation space - at the entrance to the engine space One axe; Two sound signalling devices (bell and whistle) instead of one as specified for vessels up to 12 m; and Two 10-L buckets. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 17

26 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 Vessels more than 20 m in length These vessels are required to have the same equipment as vessels up to 20 m in length but in addition, they must have: A buoyant line at least 30 m in length; Two approved life buoys 762 mm in diameter; Standard re-boarding equipment and a lifting harness with rigging; At least three 10BC fire extinguishers; One fire pump capable of shooting water onto any part of the boat; Four 10-L buckets; and Two fire axes. Personal Watercraft (PWCs) The Small Vessel Regulations require that PWCs must carry: PFDs or lifejackets that are in good condition and of appropriate size for each person onboard; A buoyant heaving line; A watertight flashlight or three approved flares; and A sound signalling device or a sound signalling appliance. Additional equipment (anchor, paddles, bailer, fire extinguisher) is not required if all onboard are wearing a Canadian-approved PFD. Canoes, Kayaks, and Rowboats The Small Vessel Regulations require these vessels to carry: PFDs or lifejackets that are in good condition and of appropriate size for each person onboard; One buoyant heaving line; One manual propelling device or an anchor with 15 m of cable, rope, or chain; One bailer or a manual pump; A sound signalling device; and A watertight flashlight or navigation lights if the boat is operated after dark. Sailboards The Small Vessel Regulations require sailboards to have: PFDs or lifejackets that are in good condition and of appropriate size for each person onboard; and A sound signalling device such as a whistle. No other equipment is mandatory if all people on the sailboard are wearing approved PFDs. A tabular summary of minimum requirements under the regulations based on boat length is provided in Table 4-1. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 18

27 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 Table 4-1 Minimum Safety Equipment Requirements For Pleasure Craft on Canadian Waters Type of vessel: Kayak Canoe Sail PWC Unpowered and Powered Craft Vessel length: < 6 metres < 6 metres 6 to 8 metres 8 to 12 metres 12 to 20 metres > 20 metres Required Safety Equipment PFD or lifejacket for each occupant Buoyant 15 m heaving line 610 or 762 mm lifebuoy Re-boarding device Lifting harness Manual propelling device or anchor(s) Bailer or manual water pump if freeboard > 0.5 m On 15m line if freeboard > 0.5 m 30 m anchor line Bailer and pump 2 10BC on 15m line 50 m anchor line Fire or 2 1 or 2 3 5BC 5BC 5BC 5BC 10BC extinguisher(s) Fire axe L bucket(s) 2 4 Powered fire pump Watertight flashlight or flares Sound signalling device/appliance Navigation lights Light or 3 flares A/B/C any type or a flashlight Light or 3 flares A/B/C any type Light or 3 flares A/B/C any type Light or 3 flares A/B/C any type Light + 6 flares A/B/C any Type Light + 12 flares A/B/C/D Light + 12 flares A/B/C/D bell on 30 m line on 15m line 50 m anchor line 3+ 10BC Light + 12 flares A/B/C/D 1 + bell Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 19

28 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 SUPPLEMENTAL EQUIPMENT CHECKLIST It is important to recognise that the items of safety equipment specified under the Small Vessel Regulations are minimum requirements only. freecourse.ca believes that any person who wants to be well prepared for emergencies and breakdowns when heading out in a pleasure craft should have more than the minimum safety equipment required by law. This cannot be emphasised enough. The following items are not required under the Small Vessels Regulations but they are recommended by freecourse.ca as standard equipment on pleasure craft if you plan to be out for more than a few hours: Spare clothing in a watertight bag; Survival kit in a watertight bag (containing potable water, emergency rations, flashlight, whistle, and knife); Tool kit (containing adjustable wrench, socket set, spark plug wrench, screwdriver set, hammer, vise-grips, slip-joint pliers, needle nose pliers, and a voltmeter); Spare parts (including fuses, bulbs, spare propeller, shear and cotter pins, nuts and bolts, penetrating oil, lubricating oil and grease, duct tape, electrical tape, filters, spark plugs, fan belt, spare fuel line, and hose clamps; Tools and materials to temporarily stop a hull leak; First aid kit stored in a dry place; and VHF radio. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULES A racing pleasure craft and its crew may carry alternative safety equipment when they are engaged in formal training, engaged in an official competition, or in final preparation for a competition. A racing canoe or racing kayak is not required to carry the equipment required by the Small Vessel Regulations if it and its crew are engaged in formal training, in an official competition, or in final preparation for an official competition and it is attended by a safety craft carrying appropriate safety equipment. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 20

29 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD COLLISION REGULATIONS Travelling on a body of water is much like driving a car across a broad surface upon which other cars can approach yours at any speed and from any direction. So, when you meet another boat while underway, which one of you has the right of way? The Collision Regulations set out right-of-way rules to help boaters to determine who has the right of way; that is, which vessel maintains its course and speed (called the stand-on vessel), and which vessel gives way (termed the give-way vessel) The Collision Regulations, also referred to as the COLREGS, can be best thought of as the rules of the road for boaters in all types of weather and visibility. The Collision Regulations are based on International Regulations (with Canadian modifications) for preventing collisions at sea and in navigable waters connected to them. The rules of the road described in the Collision Regulations apply to all vessels from small pleasure craft up to large freighters on all navigable waters in Canada. Failure to comply with these regulations can result in fines, imprisonment, or both. To understand how the Collision Regulations work, one should think of the space around a vessel as being divided into three sectors: 1. port sector, 2. starboard sector, and 3. stern sector. WHEN POWERED VESSELS MEET Under rule 3 of the Collision Regulations, a power driven vessel is any craft propelled by machinery. Under these regulations, the rules of the road for power-driven boats can be summed up in the following crossing situations: If a power-driven vessel approaches your powered vessel in your port sector, maintain your course and speed with caution and be ready to take evasive action quickly if the approaching vessel does not take action to stay clear of you. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 21

30 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 If a power-driven vessel approaches your powered vessel from within your starboard sector and there is a risk of collision, you must alter your course and speed to stay well clear of the other vessel as well as avoid passing in front of the other craft. Take substantial, early action to make your intentions clear. If a power-driven boat approaches your power-driven vessel from directly in front of you (i.e. on a reciprocal course), then you should deliver one short-blast sound signal and alter your course to starboard so that your vessel passes the approaching vessel on your port side. If any vessel approaches your vessel from within your stern sector, maintain your course and speed with caution. Rules 13 and 16 of the Collision Regulations state that any vessel overtaking another must take early and substantial action to keep well clear of the vessel being overtaken. This rule applies to both powered vessels and sailing vessels. If your power-driven vessel is on a crossing course with either a sailboat or a vessel that is fishing with nets or trawls, you must take early and substantial action (alter your course and speed) to keep well clear of the other vessel. (Note: sailing vessels must take early and substantial action to keep clear of vessels fishing with nets or trawls. Just because a commercial fishing vessel with nets or trawls is a powered vessel does not mean that the sailboat has the right of way). In the above examples of crossing situations, the vessel that maintains its course and speed is referred to as the stand-on vessel, while the vessel that must alter its course or speed to prevent passing in front of the other vessel is termed the give-way vessel. The give-way vessel must always give way early and obviously. The Collision Regulations state that less-manoeuvrable vessels must be given the right of way. Thus, a vessel towing a barge or a vessel that is fishing with nets or trawls is always the stand-on vessel. Sport fishing boats and water-ski boats are considered fully manoeuvrable and are not exempt from the Collision Regulations. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 22

31 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 At sea, when a large vessel, such as a freighter, crosses paths with a smaller vessel, such as a motorboat, and the motorboat is the stand-on vessel, then the freighter must alter course or speed to keep clear of the motorboat. On inland waters, however, there are circumstances where a smaller vessel, even if it is the stand-on vessel, must give way to a vessel that is large or for which manoeuvring is difficult. For instance, if two vessels meet in a narrow channel where tide or river flow creates dangerous currents, then the vessel going down river automatically has the right of way. In addition, under rules 9 and 10 of the Collision Regulations, power-driven vessels less than 20 m in length and sailing vessels must give way to a vessel that can safely navigate only in a narrow channel or that is following a traffic lane. Under these circumstances, the smaller vessel is the give-way vessel regardless of its course. A large vessel may remind a give-way vessel of the requirements of rule 9 by sounding five short blasts on the ship s horn. The more boat traffic that one must contend with while afloat, the more important it is to know the rules of the road. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 23

32 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 WHEN SAILING VESSELS MEET Under rule 3 of the Collision Regulations, a sailing vessel is any craft under sail, provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used. The deciding factor in establishing right of way when sailing vessels meet is to determine the side of the vessel onto which the wind is blowing, called the windward side. Under the Collision Regulations, the windward side of a sailing vessel is defined as the side of the vessel opposite the side on which the main sail is being carried. If the sail is lying on the starboard (right) side, for instance, then the port (left) side of the vessel is the windward side. The Rules of the Road for sailing vessels can be summed up in the following crossing situations: Under rules 12 and 16 of the Collision Regulations, a sailing vessel with the wind on its port side must take early and substantial action to keep clear of any sailing vessel that has the wind blowing on its starboard side, i.e. the vessel with the wind on its starboard side is the stand-on vessel. In the crossing situation depicted at the left, vessel A must alter course and speed to stay clear of vessel B. Rules 12 and 16 of the Collision Regulations also state that if two sailing vessels both have the wind on the same side, then the sailing vessel to windward (the vessel that is upwind) must take early and substantial action to keep well clear of the leeward vessel (the boat that is downwind). Thus, in the crossing situation depicted on the right, Vessel B must alter course and speed to stay clear of Vessel A. If a sailing vessel has the wind on its port side but the operator cannot determine with certainty if an upwind (windward) sailing vessel has the wind on its port or starboard side, then the downwind sailing vessel with the wind on its port side will take early and substantial action to keep well clear of the upwind vessel. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 24

33 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 NAVIGATION LIGHTS Under the Collision Regulations, a masthead light facing forward, sidelights, and a stern light, must be exhibited on any power-driven pleasure craft that operates between sunset and sunrise or during periods of poor visibility, such as is caused by fog, mist, or rain. Pleasure sailing craft underway between sunset and sunrise must exhibit sidelights and a stern light. The colour and location of navigation lights displayed by a vessel vary depending on the size of the vessel, whether it is sail-driven or power-driven, and whether it is underway or at anchor. Since light configurations differ between power-driven vessels and sailboats, navigation lights can help you to determine if the vessel you are meeting is under power, under sail, or at anchor. This information, combined with the colours of the lights that you see, lets you determine if you should stand on or give way. All vessels have to show sidelights and a stern light. The port sidelight displays a red light through a horizontal arc of and is mounted so that the light shows from straight ahead to 22.5 abaft the beam on the port side. The starboard sidelight, in turn, displays a green light through a horizontal arc of and is mounted so that the light shows from straight ahead to 22.5 abaft the beam on the starboard side. The stern light is white and mounted at the stern so as to point directly astern and displays light through an unbroken horizontal arc of 135 across the stern. Any power-driven vessel (which includes any sailboat using its engine) must also display a masthead light, which faces forward and is mounted over the fore and aft centreline of the vessel. This light is mounted higher than the sidelights and displays an unbroken arc of white light through an angle of 225 (i.e. through the same arc occupied by the combined arcs of the port and starboard sidelights). This light lets you determine if another vessel is under power and whether you must stand on or give way. Following are some crossing situations that an operator might encounter while operating a power-driven vessel after dark or in low visibility: If you meet a vessel on which you can see a green sidelight but no masthead light, then it is sail-driven and you are the give-way vessel. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 25

34 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 If you meet a vessel on which you can see a green sidelight and a white masthead light, then the vessel is under power and you are the stand-on vessel. If you meet a vessel on which you can see a red sidelight and a white masthead light, then the vessel is under power and you are the give-way vessel. If you come upon a vessel displaying a white stern light, then you are overtaking and you must alter course and speed to stay well clear. If you meet a vessel displaying a green light and a red light but no masthead light, then you are on a reciprocal course with a sail-driven vessel and you must give way. If a vessel under 50 m in length is at anchor, it must display an all-round light in the forepart, which is a white light that displays an unbroken arc of light through a horizontal angle of 360. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 26

35 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 If a power-driven vessel underway is less than 12 m long, it may display, from sunset to sunrise, an all-round white light and sidelights instead of a masthead light forward, sidelights, and a stern light. The all-round light must be higher than the sidelights. Sail-driven vessels under 20 m in length have the option of displaying a tri-light at the top of the mast (in lieu of sidelights and a stern light) while underway between sunset and sunrise. A tri-light is divided into three sectors: a red light showing through a horizontal arc of 112.5, a green light displayed through an arc of 112.5, and a white light (to show across the stern) displayed through an arc of 135. For sailing vessels that are under 7 m in length and for which navigation lights are impractical, the operator must have readily at hand a flashlight or lantern showing a white light so that an approaching boat can be signalled in time to avoid a collision. It is sometimes effective to use the light to illuminate the sail. Vessels under oars (such as canoes and rowboats) without a power supply to operate navigation lights must carry a flashlight or lantern showing a white light to signal their presence to other vessels when travelling after dark. REQUIRED LIGHTS WHEN TOWING Learn to recognise the following light patterns so that you do not get caught between a vessel and its tow. In the case of a power-driven vessel towing another vessel from her stern, the towing vessel must show: 1. sidelights and a stern light; 2. a towing light (a yellow stern light); and 3. two masthead lights in a vertical line. The vessel being towed must exhibit: 1. sidelights and stern light; 2. a diamond shape, placed to be seen easily if the tow is more than 200 m long; and 3. if the towed vessel does not have sidelights, then it must have two all-round lights, one each, fore and aft. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 27

36 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD BOATING RESTRICTION REGULATIONS The Boating Restriction Regulations regulate the operation of small vessels on specific bodies of water in Canada. These regulations may impose shoreline speed zones (both posted and unposted), they may restrict the maximum horsepower on powerboats, and they may prohibit certain types of vessels from a body of water. For instance, a body of water may be restricted to only non-powered boats such as canoes and sailboats. Under the Boating Restriction Regulations children less than 12 years old may only operate powerboats with motors under 10 hp (7.5 kw) while unaccompanied by an adult. A person who is between 12 and 16 years old may only operate boats powered by no more than 40 hp (30 kw) while unaccompanied by an adult. These regulations also specify that no-one under 16 years of age may operate a personal watercraft. There are no power restrictions on boaters 16 years of age or older. The Boating Restriction Regulations may also restrict when and where certain activities are permitted. Water-skiing, for instance, might be restricted to certain parts of a lake or to between certain times of the day. Boaters should always be on the lookout for boating restriction signs. These regulations can be enforced by peace officers from several levels of government. Failing to comply with a restriction (either posted or unposted) can result in substantial fines for the operator. To avoid violating these regulations, all operators should familiarise themselves with the Boating Restriction Regulations signage system. Basically, restriction signs come in five types of shapes: Circular (with or without crossbar); Diamond shape with a cross inside (keep-out buoy; see p. 39); Circular with an arrow on the side; and Circle/box combinations; and Combined sign (more than one restriction). No internal combustion or steam engines permitted Power limit Standardised speed limit (usually 5, 10, 25, 40, or 55) Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 28

37 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 The symbol on a restriction sign is usually black in colour and indicates the type of restriction that applies. If the border of the restriction sign incorporates an arrow shape, then the restriction applies in the direction indicated by the arrow. The main borders on restriction signs are orange in colour. If a special condition applies to the restriction (such as the times of day when an activity is allowed), then a section of the border will be green in colour. For example, if special conditions apply to a time restriction, (time of day, days of the week, or months of the year) then the times when an activity is permitted will be indicated within the green border (for time restriction conditions, red indicates the prohibition period and green indicates the permissible period of operation). No power vessels between the hours and days indicated in red. No water skiing north of the restriction sign No power vessels in the direction of the arrow NOTE Not all boating restrictions are posted. For instance, within 30 metres of the shoreline, a 10 km/h speed limit is in effect on all waters within Alberta, Saskatchewa n, Manitoba, and Ontario as well as on selected lakes and rivers in other provinces, whether or not speed limit signs are posted. There are some exemptions to these restrictions; they include: water skiing, where the towboat follows a course perpendicular to the shoreline when leaving or returning; where buoys designate that another speed is permitted; in rivers less than 100 m wide; and in waters where the regulations prescribe another speed limit. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 29

38 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD COMPETENCY OF OPERATORS OF PLEASURE CRAFT REGULATIONS These regulations require operators of any pleasure craft that is fitted with a motor and used for recreational purposes to have proof of competency on board at all times. Proof of competency can take one of three forms: 1. Proof of successfully completing a boating safety course prior to April 1, 1999; 2. A Pleasure Craft Operator Card obtained by receiving a mark of at least 75% on a Canadian Coast Guard accredited test; or 3. A completed rental-boat safety checklist. These requirements are being phased in over 10 years. In the first phase all operators born after April 1, 1983 must obtain an operator card. In the second phase, all operators of pleasure craft under 4 metres in length (including personal watercraft) must obtain an operator card by September 15, In the final phase, all operators of power-driven pleasure craft will be required to obtain an operator card by September 15, The above requirements do not apply in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut at this time. They do, however, apply to non-residents who operate their pleasure craft in Canadian waters after 45 consecutive days in Canada. An operator card issued by another state or country will be considered as proof of competency. 2-6 CONTRAVENTIONS ACT The Contraventions Act changed the way that boating regulations are enforced in Canada. Previously, violations of boating regulations were processed through the courts; where the burden of proof is placed upon the court to prove the guilt of the accused. Under the Contraventions Act, however, boating regulations are now compliance based. A compliance-based violation is much like getting a speeding ticket; where the burden of proof is placed on the accused to demonstrate their innocence. Under this Act, municipal police and provincial police can ticket on the spot any boaters who violate federal boating regulations instead of requiring them to appear in court. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba now use this system. In Ontario, the Ontario Provincial Police enforce Canadian boating regulations. In Quebec, they are enforced by the Surêté du Quebec and by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). In other provinces the RCMP enforces the regulations. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 30

39 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD CRIMINAL CODE OF CANADA The Criminal Code of Canada applies to offences such as failure to render aid to other pleasure craft operators and operating a vessel while drinking. Pleasure craft operators can be charged with offences under any of the following sections of the Code: Section 249 (1) This section of the code states that it is an offence to operate any type of pleasure craft in a fashion that is dangerous to the public. Thus, it is illegal if an operator operates dangerously close to other vessels, or operates at dangerously high speeds, or disturbs swimmers with the vessel s wake, or fails to slow the vessel when visibility is reduced. Section 250 (1) This section states that a pleasure craft operator must have a responsible person as spotter to keep watch on any person being towed. Section 250 (2) Under this section it is an offence for a pleasure craft operator to tow a person after dark. The obvious danger here is that at night other boaters will not be able to see the person being towed. Section 251 (1) Under this section, it is an offence for an operator to knowingly operate a vessel that is unseaworthy. Section 252 (1) Under this section, if you are involved in an accident with another vessel you must render assistance to that vessel. In addition, operators of vessels involved in an accident must exchange their names and addresses. Section 253 This section of the code makes it a criminal offence to operate a vessel while in any way impaired. The consumption of alcohol, drugs, or controlled substances can rapidly and significantly impair a person s ability to operate a pleasure craft. Just as with automobiles, never hitch a ride with a boat operator who is impaired; instead, take action to prevent the impaired person from operating a vessel. Section 372 Under this section of the code it is an offence to send false messages or signals. Believe it or not, there are people among us who are amused by sending false distress signals. If a rescue unit is responding to a false call for help, it is unavailable for a real emergency, which could cost somebody their life. Section 439 This section prohibits interfering in any way with an aid to navigation. Under this section, it is an offence to conceal, remove, or alter a navigational aid such as a buoy, signal, or sea-mark. Thus, tying up to a buoy, for instance, is illegal since the mass of a boat can move a buoy. In addition, if a boat is high enough, it will conceal the buoy from other boaters. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 31

40 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS 8. The weights of what items are included in a boat s maximum carrying capacity? 9. What is the major factor governing what safety equipment must be carried on a boat? 10. You should always have the following equipment on board your vessel: a.) an approved PFD for each person on board b.) paddles or oars c.) tool kit and spare parts d.) all of the above 11. Flares are approved for how many years from their date of manufacture? 12. What are two exceptions to the requirement that there must be a PFD or lifejacket that is in good condition and of appropriate size to fit every person onboard? 13. Describe how to clean a soiled PFD. 14. What is the major difference between a PFD and a lifejacket? 15. Two boats are approaching each other on a reciprocal course (head-on). To pass by each other safely, should they each alter course to port or to starboard? 16. Two powerboats are crossing paths and there may be a risk of collision. Boat B is to starboard of boat A. Which is the give-way vessel? 17. A sailboat usually has the right of way over a power-driven vessel except: a.) when it yields to commercial vessels in a narrow channel b.) when the sailboat is the overtaking vessel c.) when the sailboat is under power d.) all of the above 18. A vessel being overtaken must: a.) move to port b.) move to starboard c.) maintain course and speed d.) maintain course but slow down 19. When do running lights have to be turned on? 20. What is a masthead light? What is a tri-light? 21. What lights must a power-driven vessel display while underway at night? 22. What lights must be displayed when a boat is at anchor? 23. What is the maximum horsepower of engine that a person under 12 years of age may operate while unaccompanied by an adult? 24. What is the minimum age required for a person to be permitted to operate a PWC? 25. Which of the following is an offence under the Criminal Code a) operating a vessel in a dangerous manner b) operating a vessel while impaired c) operating an unseaworthy vessel d) all of the above 26. Under what conditions can you refuse to render aid to someone in danger at sea? 27. Mooring your boat to a navigational aid such as a buoy violates which statute? 28. Under the Criminal Code of Canada, what must you do if you are involved in a collision with another vessel? Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 32

41 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 3 MODULE 3 AIDS TO NAVIGATION ON CANADIAN WATERWAYS When travelling on Canadian waterways, pleasure craft operators encounter a comprehensive system of aids to navigation that have been installed by the Canadian Coast Guard to help boaters identify the safest route to travel as well as warn them of hazards such as reefs and rocks. Aids to navigation are devices or systems that are external to a vessel and are provided to help the operator determine position and course, to warn of dangers or obstructions, or to indicate the location of the safest or preferred route. Navigational aids can include buoys, day beacons, range markers, and lighthouses. During daylight, a boater can identify the type of a buoy by its shape and colour. Buoys that are equipped with lights can be identified by the light s colour and the timing of its flash cycle. All topics covered in Module 3 are required Coast Guard knowledge objectives. 3-1 LATERAL BUOY SYSTEM Lateral buoys indicate safe routes by marking the left and right sides of the deepest water. By international convention, the left side of a stream, channel, or river is the side that is on your left when facing upstream. There are two main types of lateral buoys: port-hand buoys and starboard-hand buoys. Port-hand buoys are green in colour and mark a danger or the left-hand side of a channel (when facing upstream). When travelling upstream, a port-hand buoy should always be kept on the port side of the vessel. Port-hand buoys are flat on top. If it carries a topmark, the topmark is a single green cylinder. If a port-hand buoy is equipped with a light, it is green in colour and operates on either a (F1) 4s pattern (single flashes 4 seconds apart) or a (Q) 1s quick-flash pattern (single flashes 1 second apart). These buoys are identified by letters and odd-digit numbers. There are three models of floating buoys: light buoys (on the left above), spar buoys (also called pillars; in the middle above), and cans (on the right above). Floating buoys are held in place by cables attached to anchors. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 33

42 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 3 Starboard-hand buoys are red in colour and mark a danger or the right-hand side of a channel (when facing upstream). When travelling upstream, a starboard-hand buoy should always be kept on the starboard side of the vessel. A starboard-hand buoy's topmark is a single red cone pointing upward. If a starboard-hand buoy is equipped with a light, it is red in colour and operates on either a (Fl) 4s flash cycle (single flashes 4 seconds apart) or on a (Q) 1s quick-flash cycle (single flashes 1 second apart). A simple way to remember on what side to leave buoys when travelling upstream or down is to use the pneumonic code red, right, return, which means keep red buoys on the right (starboard) side of the boat when returning upstream. The term upstream means any direction that is moving up-river, into a harbour, or toward a shoreline. When travelling upstream, port-hand buoys should always be kept on the port-side of the vessel and starboardhand buoys should be kept on the starboard side of the vessel. When travelling downstream, port hand buoys should be kept on the starboard side of the vessel and starboard hand buoys should be kept on the port side of the vessel. Port junction (bifurcation) buoys are green in colour with a red horizontal band across the midsection. Junction buoys are used to mark a junction where one channel splits into two. You may travel on either side of the marker. To enter the preferred or main channel, keep a port junction buoy on your port side when travelling upstream. Starboard junction (bifurcation) buoys are red in colour with a green horizontal band across the midsection and are used to mark a junction where one channel splits into two. To enter the preferred or main channel, keep this buoy on your starboard side when travelling upstream Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 34

43 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD STANDARD DAY BEACONS Standard day beacons are usually fixed aids, meaning that they are erected either on land or on a pole or structure permanently erected in water. Day beacons are so named because they are unlighted and, thus, they are visible only during daylight hours. A port-hand day beacon is a fixed aid that marks the port (left) side of a channel or the location of a danger and must be kept on the vessel s port side when proceeding upstream or into a harbour. It is marked with a black- or green-coloured square centred on a white background surrounded by a square-shaped green reflecting border. This beacon may display an odd-digit identifier number made of white reflecting material. A starboard-hand day beacon is a fixed aid that marks the starboard (right) side of a channel or the location of a danger and must be kept on the vessel s starboard side when proceeding upstream or into a harbour. It is marked with a red-coloured triangle centred on a white background surrounded by a triangle-shaped red reflecting border. This beacon may display an even-digit identifier number made of white reflecting material. A port-junction (bifurcation) day beacon marks a point where a channel divides. This beacon may be safely passed on either side. If the preferred or main channel is desired, then this day beacon should be kept on the port (left) side of the boat. A starboard-junction (bifurcation) day beacon marks a point where a channel divides. This beacon may be safely passed on either side. If the preferred or main channel is desired, then this day beacon should be kept on the starboard (right) side of the boat. Range day beacons are fixed aids, which are used by a vessel to navigate through a channel. Range day beacons are constructed so that there is an upper marker and a lower marker. One navigates through the channel by maintaining a course that keeps one marker aligned top and bottom with the other. When the two markers are lined up vertically, you are on the recommended course. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 35

44 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD FAIRWAY AND ISOLATED DANGER BUOYS In addition to the buoys described above, the lateral system includes fairway buoys and isolated danger buoys. A fairway buoy is used to mark safe water and is usually used to mark a channel entrance, the centre of a shipping channel, or a landfall. This buoy indicates that there is safe water to pass on either side but it should be kept to the port (left) side of your vessel when proceeding upstream or downstream. It is painted half in red and half in white. If it is equipped with a light, it is white in colour and operates on a flash cycle (flashing Morse Code A, which is a short, then long flash, repeated 10 times per minute). An isolated danger buoy is used to mark an isolated danger such as a rock, shoal, or a wreck. The buoy is moored on or above the danger and has navigable water all around it. To be safe, stay well away from this type of buoy. Consult the chart for information concerning the danger (dimensions, depth, etc). This buoy is painted black with a horizontal red stripe midway up. If equipped with a light, it will be white in colour and will operate on a flash cycle (giving two flashes every 4 seconds). Below is an example of how buoys are used to mark channels. The middle of the channel is marked with a fairway buoy. The channel divides at the port junction buoy. One enters the preferred channel (to the right) by keeping the port junction buoy on the port side. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 36

45 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD CARDINAL BUOY SYSTEM Cardinal buoys are a special system of buoys that indicate a hazard by reference to the four cardinal directions (points) of the compass: north, east, west, and south. A cardinal buoy indicates that the safest water exists in the direction indicated by the cardinal point (direction) represented by the buoy. Cardinal buoys and lateral buoys are the two main systems of navigational aids used on Canadian waters. A north cardinal buoy is positioned so that the safest water lies to the north. The top half of the visible portion is black and the bottom half is yellow. If present, the top mark is two stacked cones, black in colour, both pointing up. If it is equipped with a light, it is white in colour and operates on either a (Q) 1s quick flash cycle (single flashes one second apart) or on a (VQ) 0.5s very-quick flash cycle (single flash every half second). If the buoy does not carry a light, it is normally spar shaped. (34.4) A south cardinal buoy is positioned so that the safest water lies to the south. The top half is yellow and the bottom half is black. If present, the top mark is two stacked cones, black in colour, both pointing down. If it is equipped with a light, it is white in colour and operates on a ((Q6)+LFl)15s cycle (six single flashes one second apart and one 3-second flash, every 15s) or a ((VQ6)+LFl)10s (six single flashes one half second apart and one 3-second flash, repeated every 10s. If the buoy does not carry a light, it is normally spar shaped. An east cardinal buoy is positioned so that the safest water lies to the east. This buoy is black in colour except for a broad horizontal yellow band around its midsection. Its top mark consists of two stacked black cones; the top one pointing up, the bottom one pointing down. Its light is white in colour and operates on a (Q3) 10s cycle (three flashes one second apart, repeated every 10 seconds) or a (VQ3)5s cycle (three flashes one half second apart, every 5 seconds). If the buoy does not carry a light, it is normally spar shaped. A west cardinal buoy is positioned so that the safest water is located to the west. This buoy is yellow in colour except for a broad horizontal black band around its midsection. Its top mark consists of two stacked black cones; the top one pointing down, the bottom one pointing up. Its light is white in colour and operates on a (Q9) 15s cycle (nine flashes one second apart, every 15 seconds) or a (VQ9) 10s cycle (nine flashes ½ second apart repeated every 10 seconds). If the buoy does not carry a light, it is normally spar shaped. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 37

46 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD SPECIAL PURPOSE BUOYS The shapes of these buoys have no special significance. They may be lettered but they are never numbered. Cautionary, scientific, and anchorage buoys may display a yellow X topmark. If a special purpose buoy has been equipped with a light, it will be yellow in colour. A cautionary buoy is a yellow-coloured buoy that marks traffic separations as well as dangers such as firing ranges, underwater pipelines, race courses, seaplane bases, underwater structures, and areas where no through channel exists. This type of buoy displays identification letters. If it carries a topmark, the mark is a single yellow X. If it carries a light, it operates on a flash cycle, (F1) 4s, (i.e. flashing once every 4 seconds). An anchorage buoy marks the perimeter of designated anchorage areas. One should consult the chart for anchorage depths to ensure the anchorage can accept your vessel s draft. A mooring buoy is used for mooring or securing vessels. Be aware that another vessel may be secured to this type of buoy. An information buoy displays by means of words or symbols information such as locality, a marina, or campsite. This type of buoy is white in colour and displays information within a hollow orange square with two horizontal orange bands, one above the square and one below. If it carries a light, the light is yellow in colour and operates on a flash cycle, (F1) 4s, (one flash, repeated every 4 seconds). A hazard buoy marks random hazards such as rocks and shoals. This type of buoy is white in colour and is marked with an orange diamond with two horizontal orange bands, one above the diamond and one below. Information concerning the hazard is indicated by a black symbol displayed inside the orange diamond. If it carries a light, the light is yellow in colour and operates on a flash cycle, (F1) 4s, (i.e. flashing once every 4 seconds). Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 38

47 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 3 A control buoy is used to mark an area where a restriction has been placed on boating. The restriction may be a speed limit or a wake and wash restriction. This type of buoy is white in colour and has a hollow orange circle with two horizontal orange bands, one above the circle and one below. A black symbol displayed inside the orange circle indicates the type of restriction that is in effect. If it carries a light, the light is yellow in colour and operates on a flash cycle, (F1) 4s, (i.e. flashing once every 4 seconds). A keep-out buoy is used to mark an area in which boats are prohibited. It is white in colour and is marked with an orange diamond the interior points of which are joined by an orange cross. It also has two orange, horizontal bands, one above and one below the diamond-shaped symbol. If it carries a light, the light is yellow in colour and operates on a flash cycle, (F1) 4s, (i.e. flashing once every 4 seconds). A scientific buoy, also called an ODAS buoy (for Ocean Data Acquisition System), collects meteorological and other scientific data. The hazard represented is the buoy itself. A diving buoy is used to mark areas where scuba or other diving is in progress. This buoy is white in colour. It carries a red flag not less than 50 cm square with a white diagonal stripe extending from the tip of the hoist to the bottom of the fly. If the buoy is equipped with a light, it operates on a flash cycle, (F1) 4s, (i.e. flashing once every 4 seconds). A swimming buoy is used to mark the perimeter of a swimming area. It is white in colour and carries no markings. If it carries a light, the light is yellow in colour and operates on a flash cycle, (F1) 4s, (i.e. flashing once every 4 seconds). Other aids to navigation that a boater will encounter include command signs and warning signs, either posted in water or on shore. The types or commands and warnings that one may see posted on these signs include: No-wake zone; No-anchorage area; Speed limit zone; Low-head dam hazard; Power line hazard; and Pipeline hazard. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 39

48 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 3 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What colour are port-hand buoys? Starboard-hand buoys? 2. When proceeding out of a harbour or downstream, on what side of the boat should you keep starboard-hand buoys? 3. What type of buoy is a port-hand buoy? What does it indicate? 4. While proceeding into a harbour, you spot a red buoy. What type of buoy is it? 5. On what side of your vessel should you keep this buoy? 6. Under the lateral buoy system, you can tell what side of a channel a buoy is on by its: a.) colour b.) shape c.) flash cycle d.) all of the above 7. What does a starboard junction buoy indicate? What does it look like? 8. On what side should you pass a starboard junction buoy if you wish to stay in the main or preferred channel? 9. What does a west cardinal buoy look like? 10. A west cardinal buoy indicates a) That hazardous water lies to the east b) That the safest water lies to the east c) The east side of a channel d) None of the above 11. What colour is the light on a port-hand buoy? A cardinal buoy? A special purpose buoy? 12. A buoy painted with red and white vertical stripes is a a) Hazard marker b) Starboard-hand buoy c) Fairway buoy d) Control buoy 13. What is a range day beacon? What does it mark? 14. A white buoy flying a red flag with a white diagonal stripe indicates: a.) the first leg of a race course b.) divers down steer clear c.) ski slalom course steer clear d.) fish hatchery proceed slowly 15. Under what statute can you be charged if you moor your vessel to a buoy? Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 40

49 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 4 MODULE 4 BEFORE HEADING OUT The best way to keep out of trouble on the water is to be prepared. This means having at least the minimum required safety equipment on board, keeping your vessel and equipment properly maintained, and going through a pre-departure checklist before heading out onto the water. A reminder, required Coast Guard knowledge objectives are highlighted in bold face print throughout this manual 4-1 PRE-SEASON MAINTENANCE A mechanical breakdown while afloat is a major inconvenience that can rapidly deteriorate into a real, full-blown emergency. Each year, more than 50 percent of the calls for help received by the Canadian Coast Guard are due to mechanical breakdowns. Each one of these calls occupies Coast Guard resources that may be needed for a more serious emergency elsewhere. You can avoid mechanical breakdowns by planning ahead and by ensuring that your vessel receives regular maintenance. According to the Canadian Coast Guard s Vessel Maintenance Guide, the following pre-season maintenance is recommended for vessels that operate less than 25 hours per week (vessels that operate longer will require more maintenance): Ensure that the battery is charged and that it holds a charge for more than 24 hours; Top up fluid levels; On outboard and inboard/outboard engines: replace the lower unit oil (if not done during post-season service); Check the fuel filter and water separation filter and replace if necessary; Check all boat systems: electrical, fuel, propulsion, and cooling; Check wire and cable terminals for tightness, dirt, and corrosion; Check that throttle connections are secure; Check all hoses and lines for leaks or cracks and replace if necessary; and (On gasoline inboard engines only): inspect and clean the flame arrestor with soap and water. If you are operating your pleasure craft for an average of 25 hours per week all season, you will have to complete a mid-season check to verify your craft is operating properly. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 41

50 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD TRANSPORTING YOUR BOAT If you cannot afford marina fees and you do not own waterfront property, then transporting your boat by trailer is a fact of life. Towing your boat can have its advantages, however, in that there is adventure in exploring new waterways. When buying a boat trailer, select one that will support the weight of your boat. Before towing a boat on a trailer, check your vehicle owner s manual and make sure that the combined weight of your boat, trailer, and equipment is less than the manufacturer s recommended maximum gross towing weight for your car. Remember that the gross towing weight includes the weight of the boat, the trailer, the engine, and all gear inside the boat. Your car will, of course, have to be fitted with a trailer hitch. The trailer hitch is a towing bar that is welded onto the frame at the rear of your car or truck. It is usually equipped with a ball onto which the trailer coupler attaches. Be sure that the trailer hitch is installed by a reputable installer and that it is designed to handle the combined gross towing weight of both your boat, its contents, the engine, and the trailer. Also, verify that the ball on your hitch is the correct size for the coupler on the trailer being towed (small trailers usually fit a 1 7 / 8 -inch ball. Heavier trailers use a 2-inch ball). You must always have safety chains attached between the trailer and the tow vehicle as a safety precaution in the event the trailer becomes unhitched. Thus, be sure that your trailer towing bar is designed to accept safety chains and that safety chains are installed on your trailer. The chains should be long enough to allow you to make tight turns but short enough so that the trailer tongue does not touch the road if it is hanging from the chains. Remember that once it is on the trailer, your boat will obstruct the rear-view mirror of your car. If the side mirrors are also obstructed, you will have to add extended side mirrors to your tow vehicle. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 42

51 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 4 HITCHING A TRAILER TO A TOW VEHICLE There are a number of safety tips to keep in mind when hitching your trailer to your vehicle: Use a spotter to help you back your vehicle up to the trailer. Before hitching your trailer to the car, verify that the trailer is properly balanced. The tongue weight should be about 10 percent of the total gross trailer weight. If the load at the tongue is too heavy, it will drag down the rear of your car, hampering steering. If the tongue load is too light, the trailer will not track properly behind your car and may become unhitched. Latch and lock the trailer coupler. Use tie-down straps to attach the boat securely to the trailer. There should be a strap or rope tie-down across the boat at amidships which, in turn, should be securely anchored to the trailer. Shake the boat after it is tied down. If you can shift the load, then the boat is not tied down tightly enough. Powerboats have a towing eye built into the stem. Attach the trailer s winch cable to the boat s towing eye and then tighten that cable to secure the boat against the trailer s bow chocks. Attach the safety chains so that they are crossed in the form of an X between the trailer and the tow vehicle. Connect the electrical cord that links the tow vehicle s signals to those of the boat trailer. MAINTENANCE Like your boat, your trailer will need regular inspections and maintenance. Be sure to check the air pressure in the trailer tires (including the spare). Heat is the enemy of all tires. If a tire s air pressure is too low, it will heat up while travelling, possibly leading to a blowout. A tire blowout while trailering your boat on a highway can be disastrous. Also check your trailer s tires for wear or damage. It is also a good idea to grease the wheel bearings at the beginning of every season. If the bearings loose their lubricant, they may seize up and, in turn, cause tire failure and axle damage. Inspect the trailer wiring and replace any corroded connectors or any wires with cracked insulation. Also, replace any cracked or broken reflectors. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 43

52 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 4 TOWING A TRAILER When a trailer is attached to your vehicle, the added length and weight will require you to make changes to the way that you drive. The following is a list of safety tips to keep in mind when your are towing a trailer. You now have to deal with a wider turning radius; thus, give yourself more room to turn; You also have to deal with a vehicle that is heavier and that will need more distance to stop. Thus drive at a slower speed than normal and give yourself plenty of space between you and the car ahead of you; and If your trailer is wider than your car, be sure to give obstructions and other vehicles more clearance than you would normally. When towing a trailer over any great distance, you should check the trailer s wheel bearings 30 minutes after starting the trip by checking to see if the wheel hubs are hot to the touch. If the hubs are hot, then your bearings are about to fail and seize up. Both bearing temperature and tire pressure should be checked every time you make a rest stop or when you stop for fuel LAUNCHING A BOAT FROM A TRAILER The following are a number of safety tips to keep in mind when you have arrived at your destination and you are preparing to launch your boat from a trailer: First, make sure there are no overhead wires that may contact a mast or other part of the vessel. Remove any tie-downs you may have used to secure the boat to the trailer (do not release the winch cable). Disconnect the trailer wiring from the car. Install the boat s drain plug (bung). Put your gear (paddles, lines, PFDs, etc.) on board. Attach bow and stern lines to the boat. Back down the ramp slowly following directions from a spotter. Stop before the trailer wheel hubs become submerged (to keep water out of the bearings). Ensure no one is in the or near the boat before releasing the winch cable. Let the boat slide off the trailer slowly until it is floating. Use the bow and stern lines to guide the boat from the trailer to where it will be docked or pulled up on shore. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 44

53 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD LOADING A PLEASURE CRAFT To avoid impeding the operation of a pleasure craft, and thus increase the risk of causing injuries or loss of life to persons on board, the operator of a pleasure craft should: 1. not overload the craft in excess of the recommended gross load capacity or the equivalent maximum number of adult persons; 2. Position persons on board and the gear so as to evenly distribute the weight; 3. Keep the load s centre of gravity as low as possible on board the craft; and 4. Lash the gear or stow it in lockers to prevent uncontrolled movement of the gear. Remember, overloading is dangerous. The number of persons that can be carried safely depends on the type of boat, distribution of occupants, and the equipment carried. As the operator, you must obey the loading limits indicated on your vessel s capacity plate. These are indicated as either the recommended gross load capacity or the equivalent number of adult persons. Remember, the maximum load is calculated for fair weather conditions. Be sure to position persons and gear so as to distribute the weight evenly. A vessel is less stable and more likely to capsize when it is overloaded or overpowered. Always remember to keep the load s centre of gravity as low as possible and to secure it to keep it from shifting and, thus, affecting the stability of your craft. When you carry bulky items in your arms, your view in front is restricted. In addition, if your arms are full, it is difficult to maintain your balance while boarding small craft. Thus, never carry bulky or heavy gear when loading a pleasure craft. The safest way to load heavy or bulky supplies or equipment onto a small vessel is from the shore or from a dock. To do this, before getting aboard lay the gear out where you can reach it easily from the boat or place it where someone can hand it to you after you are in the boat. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 45

54 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 4 There are a few tips that one should keep in mind when boarding a boat. First, the vessel must be kept tied up or held firmly in place until everyone is aboard. When boarding a pleasure craft, grab onto something solid (such as the gunwale or a stanchion) to steady yourself as you board. If boarding an unstable vessel such as a dinghy or canoe, crouch to keep your centre of gravity low and stretch to step into the boat. Board it near the bow and then move to your seat along the centre line of the hull. Never step onto the gunwale as this may cause the boat to capsize. When boarding a pleasure craft from a beach, first position the boat so that it is perpendicular to the beach, either pointing toward the beach or toward the water, with at least part of the hull touching the bottom. Then get aboard the boat by going over the sides, again crouching to keep your centre of gravity low and stretching to step onto the centre of the boat. Once you and your supplies and equipment are on board, stow them so that they are out of the way (but readily accessible in the case of safety equipment). Remember to distribute the weight of the gear evenly so that your vessel remains balanced; most boating fatalities are the result of capsizing or falls overboard. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 46

55 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD PRE-DEPARTURE CHECKLIST Regardless of whether you own, rent, or are borrowing a vessel, you must ensure that it is in good working order and properly equipped. Being sure to go through a pre-departure checklist may cause a few minutes of delay onshore but it can also prevent hours of delay in an uncomfortable or even dangerous situation, which could lead to emergencies. Your vessel s engine and all of its required safety equipment must be in working order. It is a criminal offence (under the Criminal Code of Canada) to knowingly operate a vessel that is unseaworthy. According to the Canadian Coast Guard, more than 50 percent of the calls received by federal Rescue Co-ordination Centres are from boaters who are in trouble as a result of a mechanical failure of their boat. The most common cause of a breakdown is running out of fuel. Your pre-departure checklist should start with an inspection of your vessel. Look for cracks or other signs of damage. If your craft is equipped with an engine, ensure that the throttle mechanism operates smoothly and does not stick or bind. Verify that the steering operates properly. Verify that all hoses, clamps, and belts are secure and in good condition. Check the battery s charge and its fluid levels. Check the oil and fuel levels. A good rule of thumb for fuel is that you require one third for the trip out, one third for the return trip, and one third as a reserve. Here s a good pre-departure checklist. Before every trip, avoid inconvenience and potential danger by taking a few minutes with this checklist: What is the weather forecast? Any local hazards or boating restrictions? Do you have maps or charts for the area in which you will be boating? Are there enough personal flotation devices of appropriate size for everyone on board? Is all required safety equipment on board and in good working order? Is there ample fuel for the trip or will you need to refuel along the way? Is your VHF radio working properly? Do you have a first aid kit, basic tools, and spare parts? and Have you filed a trip plan or let a responsible person know where you are going, when to expect you back, and what your vessel looks like? Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 47

56 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 4 WEATHER Understanding weather and water conditions is a key aspect of boating safety. The operator of a pleasure craft should check the weather forecast before making the decision to head out so as not to put the craft or its passengers at risk. Thus, boaters need to know how to obtain current weather information before they head out as well as how to obtain updates while out on the water, which requires the knowledge and skill to use a marine radio. A receiver for continuous marine weather forecasts is also available, and it is distributed through marine supply outlets. Marine weather forecasts can be obtained in a number of ways, including from: Personal observations; Newspapers; Radiotelephones; Local Environment Canada information lines; Radio channels 21B, 25B, and 83B on the Atlantic Coast and the Great Lakes; Radio channels 21B, WX1, WX2, and WX3 on the Pacific Coast; In Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax VHF broadcasts from Weatherradio Canada (a service of Environment Canada); Via the Internet at Regular am and fm radio weather forecasts; and Television weather channels and telephone weather services, where they exist. The Meteorological Service of Canada uses some specialised weather terminology in marine weather forecasts. If you obtain a weather forecast from Environment Canada, then be sure that you understand the following terms: Light winds Light winds are winds that are less than 15 knots (26 km/h). Moderate winds Moderate winds are winds that are in the range of 15 to 19 knots (27 to 35 km/h). Strong winds Strong winds are sustained wind speeds in the range of knots (36 to 61 km/h). Small craft warning Small craft warnings are issued when strong winds (sustained wind speeds in the range of 20 to 33 knots) or waves 3 to 6 m are expected. Gale Warning A gale warning is issued when sustained winds in the range of 34 to 47 knots (62 to 86 km/h) are expected. Storm warning Storm warnings are issued when sustained winds in the range of 48 to 63 knots (87 to 117 km/h) or waves 9 to 16 m are expected. Remember to consider local water hazards when going through your pre-departure checklist. Local water hazards, which may impede the operation of a pleasure craft or increase the risk of injuries or loss of life to persons on board, can include: lowhead dams, rapids, sudden winds, tides, currents, white water, overhead cables, bridges; or rapid build-up of high-wave conditions. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 48

57 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD PREPARING AND FILING A TRIP PLAN A trip plan, also referred to as a float plan or sail plan, is a voyage itinerary which should include the departure time, travel route, duration of the trip, and basic details about your vessel. These details are necessary to assist search and rescue personnel in the event of an emergency. All pleasure craft operators, especially of vessels not equipped with a VHF radio or other communications system, are encouraged to file a trip plan with a responsible person familiar with the instructions to follow in case of an emergency before heading out. If this is not possible, it can be filed with any Canadian Coast Guard Marine Communications and Traffic Services Centre by telephone, radio, or in person. If you are taking a long trip over several days, it is highly recommended that you file a daily position report (especially if you change your route). If you extend your trip, be sure to update the plan with the person with whom it is filed to avoid that person initiating an unnecessary search and rescue operation. Be sure to deactivate your trip plan by reporting that you have returned from your trip. This will prevent launching an unnecessary search. The person holding your trip plan should be instructed to contact the nearest Rescue Co-ordination Centre if you are overdue. The telephone number of the nearest centre can be found at the front of most telephone books. A good trip plan should include the following information: Name and license number of your vessel; Your vessel s type (i.e. whether it is a sailboat or power-driven) Name, address, and telephone number of the owner; Number of persons on board; Size, type, and colour of the craft; Type of engine; Distinguishing features of the vessel; Type of radiotelephone, if any, and channel being monitored; Safety equipment being carried, including flares, lifejackets, and life rafts; Description of the trip, including time of departure, time of return, and the proposed route, and; Instructions in case of emergency. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 49

58 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 4 SAMPLE TRIP PLAN Owner s Name: Address: Telephone Number(s): or Vessel s Name and License Number: Sail Power Type and Size: Colour: Hull: Deck: Cabin: Type of Engine: Other Distinguishing Features: Radio channel(s) monitored: HF VHF MF Safety Equipment onboard life raft(s): Dinghy or small boat (include colour): Flares (include number and type): PFDs or Lifejackets (include number): Other: Local Search and Rescue Telephone Number: Trip Details (include the details on every trip): Date of departure: Time of departure: Leaving from: Heading to: Proposed Route: Estimated time and date of arrival Stop-over Point Number of persons on board Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 50

59 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD BRIEFING ALL PERSONS ON BOARD Before taking passengers out on the water, the operator of a pleasure craft should inform all persons on board about the following safety points: 1. the location of personal flotation devices (PFDs) and/or lifejackets; 2. the techniques for putting on a personal flotation device or lifejacket; 3. the techniques for putting on a personal flotation device or a lifejacket when in the water; 4. the importance of wearing personal flotation devices or lifejackets at all times; 5. the location of the emergency kit; 6. the importance of keeping oneself low in the boat, on the boat s centreline, and holding onto a rigid part of the boat while moving around on board; 7. the importance of keeping one s hands, arms, and legs inside the pleasure craft when approaching or leaving a dock; 8. the effects of the motion of the pleasure craft, sunlight, waves, wind, sound, and alcohol on a person s reflexes and senses; and 9. the roles of all on board in the event of an emergency. 4-8 USING REQUIRED SAFETY EQUIPMENT All of a vessel s required safety equipment should be in good working order and located in readily accessible places on board the vessel. The operator of a pleasure craft and all passengers should always wear their approved personal flotation devices or lifejackets to prevent drowning. The operator should also instruct passengers that PFDs and lifejackets should never be used as seat cushions, nor as boat fenders, nor in any other way that might damage them. Any damage to PFDs or lifejackets (such as a broken zipper, a rip, or puncture) voids their approved status (i.e. a repaired PFD is not an approved PFD). The operator of a pleasure craft should take the following points into consideration when selecting PFDs or lifejackets: 1. PFDs or lifejackets should fit snugly (not tightly) and allow freedom of movement for arms and legs; 2. A PFD or lifejacket should be appropriate to the size of the person who will wear it; that is, adult-sized floatation devices for adults and child-sized flotation for children; 3. The PFD or lifejacket selected should be appropriate for the type of water activity in which it will be used (specially designed PFDs or lifejackets are available for activities such as kayaking, sail-boarding, water-skiing, and whitewater rafting); and 4. Lifejackets should be designed to turn an unconscious person face up in the water. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 51

60 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 4 The operator should place special emphasis on the importance of wearing a PFD at all times while on board. Since some passengers will prefer not to wear their PFD, the operator should also instruct them on how a person can don a PFD while in the water. A technique for donning a PFD while in the water should include the following steps: 1. Spread the PFD open so that it floats with the inside facing up out of the water; 2. Rotate the device so that you are looking at the end with the neck opening; 3. Extend both of your arms through the arm openings; 4. Lift your arms over your head; 5. Position the PFD around your body; and 6. Fasten it up so that it fits snugly. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 52

61 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD FUEL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Gasoline is a volatile liquid and gives off a combustible vapour that mixes with air to form an explosive mixture. At the right concentration, a flame or spark will cause such a mixture to explode. For combustion to occur, it is not sufficient simply for fuel and oxygen to be present; they must be present in the proper ratio of concentrations. The concentration of fuel in air, required for either combustion or an explosion to occur ranges between 1.4% and 7.6%. Combustion will not occur if the fuel concentration in air is less than 1.4%. On an engine, this can be thought of as the carburetor setting at which the fuel-air mixture is too lean. Combustion will also not occur if the fuel concentration is higher than 7.6%, which can be thought of as the carburetor setting at which the fuel-air mixture is too rich. SAFE FUELLING PROCEDURES As already mentioned, the vapours from gasoline can form an explosive mixture with air. In addition, raw fuel is extremely harmful to the aquatic environment and great care must be taken to prevent spills when refuelling a boat. The following procedure is a step-bystep guide that you should follow when refuelling a boat fitted with a gasoline or diesel engine. Note: these steps are not only good common sense, they re the law: 1. Moor the boat securely to prevent spillage; 2. Shut off all engines; 3. Ensure that persons not involved in fuelling the craft go ashore; 4. Extinguish all open flames; 5. Ensure no-one smokes in the area while refuelling is in progress; 6. Turn off electrical switches and batteries; do not operate electrical devices; 7. Close all windows, portholes, hatches, and cabin doors; 8. Move portable tanks ashore before refuelling; Gasoline and diesel fuels are highly volatile and readily give off explosive vapours. A fuel tank that is empty of fuel is dangerous because it is full of vapours given off by fuel residues in the tank. When you fill a portable fuel tank while it is still in a boat, vapours from inside the tank pour out and, because these vapours are heavier than air, settle into the cockpit of the boat. This is an extremely dangerous situation, one spark can ignite the vapour, resulting in fire or an explosion. Never fill a portable fuel tank while it is still in the boat. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 53

62 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 4 9. Sparks must always be avoided when filling a fuel tank. To prevent a spark while filling a tank, first touch the side of the tank with your hand while you insert the fuel-dispensing nozzle into the tank s fill inlet. This will prevent a spark from jumping between the fill opening and the dispenser. While the dispenser is in the tank opening, keep it grounded against the edge of the fuel tank opening. Maintain this contact as you withdraw the dispenser nozzle when you are finished filling the tank. Before withdrawing the nozzle completely, again touch the side of the tank with one hand while removing the nozzle with the other. 10. Know the capacity of your fuel tank and do not overfill it. You have a duty to prevent the release of fuel into the hull or into the water; 11. Clean up any spillage; 12. Operate the engine compartment ventilation blower for at least 4 minutes immediately before starting up the engine; 13. Always sniff the air to check for fuel vapours and odours before starting the engine. HOW TO START AN INBOARD OR INBOARD/OUTBOARD MOTOR SAFELY To prevent a build-up of explosive vapours, enclosed gasoline engine and fuel tank compartments must be fitted with a blower to remove fuel vapours before starting the engine. The boat must also be equipped with an underway ventilation system that ventilates the engine compartment without the aid of the blower while the vessel is moving. Both the blower and the underway ventilation system must comply with the Construction Standards for Small Vessels. If your vessel is equipped with a blower system, the Small Vessel Regulations require that it be operated for at least 4 minutes immediately before every time you start the engine to ensure the fuel concentration in the engine compartment air is less than 1.4%. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 54

63 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 4 Once the engine is started, allow it to warm up. While you are waiting, check and pump your bilge and check your fuel gauge to verify that you have enough fuel for your trip. In addition, keep an eye on the water temperature gauge, voltmeter, and oil pressure gauge. The water temperature gauge reports the temperature of coolant water circulating in the engine and warns you if it is overheating. The voltmeter tells you the condition of the battery by indicating how long the battery is charging. The oil pressure gauge warns you of low oil pressure, which could damage the engine. You are ready to depart when the engine is warmed up and running smoothly CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING Fuel-burning engines and appliances can produce carbon monoxide as the result of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Carbon monoxide (CO) is completely invisible; it is colourless, odourless, and tasteless. Carbon monoxide is acutely toxic because it cripples the ability of the body s blood to absorb and transfer oxygen to body cells, leading to asphyxiation or suffocation. Even at low concentrations, carbon monoxide can injure or kill those breathing it (a concentration of 1,000 ppm can cause unconsciousness after 1 hour of exposure and death by asphyxiation occurs after 4 hours). If your boat has accommodations and is fitted with an inboard engine, a generator, or a fuel-burning appliance, then you should install a high-quality carbon monoxide detector close to where people will be sleeping. Carbon monoxide poisoning is reversible. When exposure to carbon monoxide is discontinued, it is spontaneously released from the blood. FUEL-BURNING APPLIANCES The propane and butane often used in fuel-burning appliances on boats must be treated with the utmost respect. These fuels are actually riskier to use than gasoline. Propane and butane, like gasoline vapours, are heavier than air and will flow rapidly into the lower parts of the boat. These gases are extremely difficult to remove and they are highly explosive. To prevent accidents, always be sure to provide good ventilation when using a fuel-burning appliance with a pilot light. While on a boat, you should check regularly the condition of any open-flame heating, cooking, or refrigeration system that uses gaseous fuel. Verify that the installation complies with the manufacturer s recommended practices. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 55

64 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 4 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. List the work you should do as part of pre-season maintenance. 2. What is meant by the term gross towing weight? 3. Describe how safety chains should be attached between a trailer and its tow vehicle. 4. Why is low tire pressure on a trailer dangerous? 5. What are three things to keep in mind when towing a trailer? 6. Review the steps to follow when launching a boat from a trailer. 7. Describe how to bring bulky or heavy gear aboard a pleasure craft. 8. What items should be on your pre-departure checklist? 9. What are some sources of weather information? 10. List the following Environment Canada weather terms in decreasing order of wind speed: moderate winds, small craft warnings, strong winds, light winds, gale warnings, storm warnings. 11. What information should appear in a trip plan? 12. Describe a safe procedure for fuelling your boat. 13. When boarding a boat from a dock or low pier: a.) step onto the bow of the boat b.) step into the centre of the boat c.) step onto the side of the boat d.) jump into the boat 14. A boat is less stable and more likely to capsize when: a.) overloaded or overpowered b.) its load is kept low and evenly distributed c.) it is empty d.) it is in deep water 15. Describe a good practice to follow when starting your boat s engine. 16. Most boating fatalities are the result of: a.) collisions with other vessels b.) heart attacks from excitement c.) capsizings or falls overboard d.) lightning striking the victim Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 56

65 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 5 MODULE 5 UNDERWAY This module outlines common-sense protocols to help you to operate your boat safely. They include basic boating skills and things to keep in mind while underway. A reminder, required Coast Guard knowledge objectives are highlighted in bold face print throughout this manual 5-1 DEPARTURE If you have passengers with you, brief them on how to cast off the boat and how to sit while the boat is moving. Remember that as you pull away from a dock the stern of your vessel will tend to swing in toward the dock as the bow swings out and away from the dock. Thus, before putting your engine into forward gear always push your boat away from the dock so that the stern is clear by at least 1 foot and the bow is further out from the dock than the stern. In addition, the stern of a boat will sit lower in the water when you start to move forward, and there is a chance the propeller will strike bottom. Thus, leave the dock at slow speed, increasing your speed gradually as you move away from the shoreline. Remember that you have to turn the wheel more at slow speeds than you do at higher speeds. Always remember that a boat does not have brakes and that it has to be moving in order to be steered. Give yourself plenty of separation between your vessel and others so that you have enough room to stop or enough time to take evasive action. Keep away from designated swimming areas when boating; even a canoe or a kayak can easily injure a swimmer. Be on the lookout for people in the water any time that you come close to a shoreline. And keep in mind that swimmers may be snorkelling or engaged in other activities that make them hard to see. Be mindful of the fact that the sun s glare will also make it difficult to see people in the water. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 57

66 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD SHARING THE WATERWAYS Never buzz other users of a waterway or try to use your pleasure craft to spray other vessels or swimmers. Some of the worst boating accidents occur when someone misjudges speed or distance while trying to spray somebody, usually a friend or relative, with their boat. Other dangerous behaviour to avoid when sharing the waterways with other users include: jumping the wake of another boat, approaching too close to other boats, riding on the bow, or crossing in front of other vessels. The operator of a pleasure craft shall take the following actions when sharing the waterways with others: 1. stay well clear of swimmers and properties 2. adjust the speed of the craft so that the wash and wake created by your craft will not disturb others (such as swimmers and water-skiers), erode shorelines, disturb wildlife (such as nesting waterfowl), or damage property. 3. follow the Collision Regulations requirements regarding maintaining a safe speed depending on visibility and water conditions; and 4. use courtesy and common sense so as not to create a hazard, a threat, a stress, or an irritant to others or to the environment. To ensure that you can comply with the above restrictions, you should familiarise yourself thoroughly with the handling of your vessel so that you are better able to avoid a collision in an emergency. Practice turning the boat at both low speeds and high speeds. If your craft has a planing hull, familiarise yourself with how fast it must be going before it lifts out of the water. Remember that a planing hull at low speed plows through the water like a displacement hull and can create a substantial wake (waves) capable of swamping swimmers and smaller craft like canoes and dinghies. A planing hull creates much less wake when it is planing on top of the water. If you can adjust the trim on your vessel, you should adjust it so that the hull tilts up at approximately a 3-degree angle from the horizontal. Familiarising yourself with the planing characteristics of your hull will help you to choose a speed that avoids stressing or annoying other users of the waterway. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 58

67 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD STAYING CLEAR OF DIVERS People in the water, such as swimmers can be difficult to spot from a moving pleasure craft. Special care must be taken to watch for waters frequented by divers. Thus, pleasure craft operators should be sure that they know what diver down flags look like. If a vessel is engaged in diving, it will indicate that it has a diver down by displaying the blue and white International Code Flag A, which means I have a diver down: keep well clear and proceed at slow speed. Under Rules 18 and 27 of the Collision Regulations, all pleasure craft operators are required to reduce speed and to steer well clear of any vessel displaying a diver down flag. A red and white flag from the Private Buoy Regulations is displayed on buoys deployed to mark areas where diving is in progress. Keep in mind that it is easy for divers to stray from the area marked by a diving buoy. Always exercise extreme care (i.e. slow down) in water frequented by divers. If you see either of the above flags, keep well clear of the vessel or buoy marking the diving site, maintain a proper lookout, and proceed at slow speed. Popular diving areas are not normally indicated on charts. If you are new to an area where diving is popular, you should inquire as to what areas are frequented by divers. 5-4 MAINTAINING A PROPER LOOKOUT Under rule 5 of the Collision Regulations every operator of a pleasure craft shall at all times maintain a constant look-out for potential collision hazards and to use sight and hearing to detect and avoid any risk of collision with another vessel. Rules 5 and 7 of the Collision Regulations together state that whenever operating a vessel, the operator will use any available means including sight, hearing, (and radar and radio if applicable) to make a full appraisal of whether a risk of collision exists. Maintaining a proper lookout requires that someone remain on deck at all times when a vessel is underway. Besides looking for visual signs of danger, keeping a lookout also involves listening for signals from other vessels. The Canada Shipping Act requires that all operators of all pleasure craft must watch for signals that indicate distress and need of assistance. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 59

68 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD MAINTAINING A SAFE SPEED The faster a boat travels, the greater the distance required for it to stop and the less time that the operator has to react to a change in conditions. That is why Rule 6 of the Collision Regulations makes it the responsibility of the operator to at all times proceed at a safe speed while underway, i.e. a speed that allows one enough time to take proper and effective action to avoid a collision. An operator must be able to stop a vessel within a distance appropriate to the prevailing conditions. To determine the safe speed for your vessel, you should take into account all of the following factors: 1. The state of visibility poor visibility can occur due to fog, mist, rain, or darkness; all of which reduce the time one has to react to a hazard; 2. Traffic density note the number and types of vessels in your area, as well as their course, speed, and proximity; 3. Wind, water conditions, and currents; 4. The manoeuvrability of your vessel; and 5. The proximity of any navigational hazards. When you are not in sight of other vessels and you are in or near an area of restricted visibility, you must proceed at a safe speed adapted to those circumstances and conditions. When you are in or near an area of restricted visibility, signal your presence by sounding a combination of long and short blasts using a sound signalling device or appliance. Wind and water conditions, such as high waves and strong winds, can cause you to lose control your vessel and increase the risk of injury or loss of life. Always slow down in bad weather to ensure that you maintain control of your pleasure craft. Remember that at higher speeds, a boat needs a greater distance to stop and, because there is less time to react to changing conditions, the operator must be much more attentive. Regardless of your speed, you are always responsible for the wake and wash created by your vessel. You must at all times proceed with caution and at a speed such that wake and wash will not damage or adversely affect: Other vessels, including anchored vessels, grounded vessels, dredges, tows, rowboats, and canoes; The shoreline (erosion), docks, wetlands, or wildlife; Swimmers or divers; and Bathing or anchorage areas. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 60

69 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 5 OPERATING YOUR PWC Personal Watercraft (PWCs) are fast, high-performance craft that require skill and experience to operate safely. When operating your PWC, always remember to: Wear a Canadian-approved PFD at all times. (Note: inflatable PFDs or inflatable lifejackets are not permitted on PWCs); Make sure that your PWC is properly licensed and marked; Read the owner s manual before operating your PWC. PWCs have unique handling characteristics; for one thing, power is required to steer the craft; Attach the engine-kill lanyard to your wrist or to your PFD; Respect all speed limits and boating restrictions; Respect your neighbours. Many communities consider the noise from PWCs to be a nuisance, especially if they are operated continually in one place; Avoid high-speed operation near shorelines; Always exercise extreme caution. When operating at high speeds, it is very difficult to see swimmers and divers. Give swimmers and other vessels lots of room. Do not jump wakes. Do not pass close to other vessels. Never pass in front of other vessels. Do not ride after dark or in reduced visibility; and Always check for gasoline vapours before starting a PWC; and always close the engine cover before starting a PWC. 5-6 USING A COMPASS A marine compass is a navigational aid that can help a pleasure craft operator to find directions as well as to take bearings on buoys or significant landmarks. A compass can be either hand-held or, on larger boats, permanently mounted at the steering station so that the helmsman can refer to it while steering along a bearing. A compass can be invaluable to finding your way back to port if visibility becomes reduced due to factors such as fog or mist rolling in. All vessels should carry a compass, especially if you are operating in areas prone to fog and mist. Any magnetic compass is affected by the proximity of metals, magnets, and electrical devices. Thus, anything with a magnet, including screwdrivers, flashlights, and radio speakers should be kept well away from a compass. All boat wiring should also be kept away from a compass. A compass that is affected in this manner can easily provide false information. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 61

70 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD MONITORING THE WEATHER When you get to the water, make sure that the conditions that you see match those predicted in weather forecasts for that day. Once under way, remember to continue to keep an eye on the weather. If the sky starts to look dark and cloudy and conditions are changing rapidly, head for shore (check your charts in advance to know where to seek shelter). Summer thunderstorms can strike quickly and unexpectedly. Other good indications of approaching bad weather are falling barometric pressure, increasing winds, and changes in wind direction (which generally lead to increased wave action). Boaters need to know how to get weather information updates while they are out on the water. This requires the knowledge and skill to use a marine radio. A receiver for continuous marine weather forecasts can be purchased at most marine supply outlets. If you get caught out on the water in heavy weather, reduce speed and head for the nearest shore that you can approach safely. Make sure that everybody onboard dons his or her PFD. Secure loose gear but have emergency gear (anchor, bailers, and paddles) ready for use. During heavy weather, try to keep your vessel on a course that poses the least risk of taking a wave onboard. If you must move in a direction that is downwind, make sure that you do not go downwind directly. If you have an open cockpit and you move straight downwind, there is a risk that waves hitting the stern may flood over the stern and swamp your vessel. Thus, take a zigzag course when moving downwind so that you cross waves at a 45 degree angle and the waves do not strike directly against the stern. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 62

71 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD LOCAL WATER HAZARDS Being prepared goes beyond having your boat properly equipped and maintained. Before you travel in a new area, check your marine charts to determine whether you will encounter any overhead obstacles (such as bridges) or underwater hazards (such as reefs or cables). Obtain as much information as possible on the area where you plan to go boating. Reading marine charts in conjunction with publications like Sailing Directions and Tide Tables and Atlases of Currents, will indicate water depths, times of low, slack, and high tides, and the direction of flow. If you are boating in an area not covered by marine charts, ask knowledgeable local residents for information on potential water hazards such as low-head dams, white water, and shoals. For small unstable craft such as canoes and sailboards, rapids, currents, and commercial shipping lanes are especially dangerous. The following is a list of common local water hazards that can impede the operation of your pleasure craft or increase the risk of injuries or loss of life to persons on board: Low-head dams Many inland rivers, lakes and streams are regulated, meaning that a series of low head dams have been erected at various points in order to maintain a minimum water depth upstream of the dam. These dams are usually small structures no more than 4 m in height, although some are as low as 0.5 m. Because of their small size, they do not appear to be dangerous, especially from a boat or canoe upstream. In the spring and during other periods of high runoff, however, these dams become very dangerous. The re-circulating current created by the water pouring over the dam creates a backwash. At the face of the dam, this backwash current sucks any object including people wearing PFDs to the bottom of the stream, releases it to the surface, pulls it back to the face of the dam, and then sucks it back to the bottom again; the cycle can continue indefinitely. Keep in mind that they are dangerous whether you approach them from the upstream side (it is easy to get caught by the current and taken over the dam) or from the downstream Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 63

72 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 5 side (the backwash can pull a boat to the dam face where it becomes swamped). Swimmers, anglers, canoeists and people in motorboats have all fallen victim to this nearperfect drowning machine. Keep well clear of these structures. Sudden winds Some valleys can have a funnelling effect on wind, causing its force to be multiplied. Under these conditions, sudden, powerful gusts can overturn a light craft. Keep this in mind when boating in mountain lakes or on water bodies ringed by steep hills. Shoals Shoals are areas of shallow water where a vessel may run aground. They can be numerous in some waterways and, thus, they are often unmarked. Refer to marine charts to verify the locations of all shallow water. Tides or currents If you are boating in an estuary or in any other area affected by tides, refer to the tide tables and verify the timing of high, slack, and low tides. Failure to refer to a tide table can result in finding yourself high and dry. Tidal currents can also be a danger to boaters. In some areas, currents collide with each other or run counter to winds, creating dangerous wave conditions. Rapids Rapids are stretches of a river or stream where the water is shallow and fast moving. Because the water is moving so fast, you have little control over your vessel. Control is made more difficult because of standing waves that arise in the rapids. A boat swept into a standing wave can be easily swamped or capsized. In addition, large rocks usually lie just below the surface. Hitting one of these rocks can put a hole into the hull, causing it to take on water. Underwater Cables and Pipelines Underwater cables and pipelines can cause problems when anchoring. Ground tackle can become so firmly snagged on an underwater cable or pipe that attempting to way anchor can cause the boat to capsize. Normally signs are erected on shore to indicate where a cable enters a body of water. The locations of underwater cables are also indicated on marine charts. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 64

73 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 5 Overhead obstacles Overhead obstacles include hazards such as power lines, cables, and bridges. The operator of a vessel with a high superstructure or a mast must be mindful of how much clearance he needs to get his vessel under an obstacle safely. Hitting an overhead obstacle can be expensive, it can also be extremely dangerous. If a boat mast hits a power line, for instance, it is possible for a person onboard to be electrocuted. Rapid build-up of high wave conditions. In large water bodies, when waves move from deep water into water that becomes shallow suddenly, the height of the waves can increase dramatically. The situation can be worsened by wind. This is a common problem along Canadian coastlines and on some large inland lakes. Also, if you are approaching shore to seek shelter from storm waves, keep in mind that the waves will gain in height as you move into shallower water. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 65

74 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD SUN, WIND, MOTION SICKNESS, AND ALCOHOL When operating a pleasure craft it is important for the operator to take into account the effects that being on the water can have on both the operator of a vessel and the passengers. In fact, separately or combined the effect of the motion of a vessel, sunlight, waves, wind, sound, and alcohol can reduce significantly the ability of a person to operate a pleasure craft and can negatively affect all persons on board in terms of their alertness, balance, co-ordination, reflexes, judgement, response time, eyesight, and hearing. One can even suffer mild nausea (motion sickness). A safe boater is one who keeps the above factors in mind and takes steps to reduce their effects. Some of the steps to take are to be well rested before going out on the water. Also, wear sunglasses to reduce the effect of sunlight glaring on the water and wear sunscreen to protect your skin from the sun. Also, drink lots of water or juice. Never consume alcohol before or while operating a pleasure craft. Under the Criminal Code of Canada it is an offence to operate a pleasure craft if you have a bloodstream alcohol concentration of more than 80 milligrams per 100 millilitres of blood. Under the code, the penalties for impaired driving while operating a boat are the same as for impaired driving while operating a car. Thus, in legal terms, driving a boat is no different from driving a car (except that a boat can go faster and has no crash protection and no brakes). More than 40% of recreational boating fatalities in Canada are alcohol-related. Thus it is not surprising that according to the Canadian Coast Guard, approximately 37% of Canadian boaters say that they consume alcohol every time they go boating, while 66% report consuming alcohol sometimes when boating. Consideration for others and responsible use of alcohol will help make your boating safe and enjoyable. To ensure this, follow these tips: Wait until the end of the boating day before your start drinking. Never allow a person under the influence of alcohol to operate your boat. You are responsible for the safety of your passengers and crew. Make non-alcoholic beverages available. Encourage your passengers to wear their life jackets or personal flotation devices. Carry the required safety equipment for your vessel. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 66

75 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD ANCHORING Anchoring is a safety measure that one can take whenever weather forces you to take shelter near shore or when your craft is disabled and the anchor is needed to keep it from drifting into more serious trouble. According to the Small Vessel Regulations, the minimum length for an anchor line on a small pleasure craft is 15 m but to be safe it is recommended that you use an anchor line that is 30 m in length. It is important to ensure that the ground tackle (anchor, chain, and line) that you buy is the right size for your boat. When you anchor your boat, you must verify that the water has sufficient depth for your hull to clear the bottom yet not be too deep for your anchor line. If you are in an area affected by tides, do not forget to consider depth changes caused by a rising or falling tide. Also, make sure that your anchorage provides enough swing room for your boat to swing safely on the anchor line if the wind shifts direction. When anchoring your vessel, ensure that you provide enough scope. Scope is the ratio between length of the anchor rode (rode is the combined length of chain and rope attached to the anchor) and the depth of the anchorage. The amount of scope required depends on weather conditions. A scope of 6:1 is adequate in fair weather. A scope of 8:1 is preferable if wind or waves are expected. A scope of 10:1 is necessary in storm conditions. The more sheltered your anchorage, the less scope that you require. To ensure that you are able to get an anchor to set into the bottom, it is recommended that you have two types of anchor on board. Before deploying an anchor, it is important to verify that one end of the anchor line is securely attached to the vessel and that the other end is securely attached to the anchor. This may seem like obvious advice, but many anchors and anchor lines have been lost by boaters who just assumed that the anchor and line were attached to the boat. The anchor should be lowered from the bow slowly, not thrown over. Play out enough anchor line so that the length deployed is at least six times the depth of the water, then tie off the line on a cleat. Once the line is secured, back up your vessel slowly until the anchor line goes taut. This indicates that the anchor is set into the bottom. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 67

76 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 5 Some tips on anchors: 1. Never set an anchor over the side or over the stern of a boat under 6 m in length. If waves build up, the boat could be swamped and sink. 2. It is a good idea to attach an anchor chain between an anchor and the anchor line. The anchor chain weighs down the anchor and helps it set into the bottom. 3. It can also be a good idea to use a kellet on your anchor line. A kellet is a weight attached partway down an anchor line to keep the top part near vertical in orientation, thus decreasing the angle between the anchor rode and the bottom, thus helping the anchor to set into the bottom. Attaching a weight (kellet) partway down an anchor rode decreases the angle between the anchor rode and the bottom. The scope is the ratio between the length of the anchor rode and the depth of the anchorage. DRAGGING AN ANCHOR Sometimes when anchoring, the anchor does not set into the bottom properly and the boat begins to drift away, dragging the anchor with it. In this situation you should execute the following procedure immediately: Play out more of the anchor line; If all of the anchor line is out or if dragging continues, use a kellet to weigh down the bottom portion of the anchor line; and If the anchor continues to drag, hoist it up and reset the anchor in a different spot. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 68

77 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD WATER-SKIING Under the Small Vessel Regulations, the rules governing water-skiing apply to other towing activities such as barefoot skiing, tubing, kneeboarding, wake boarding, and parasailing. The regulations require that a spotter be on board to monitor the person being towed. The regulations also require the following: There must be a seat available for each person being towed This is required in case recovery is necessary. Thus, only personal watercraft that are designed to carry three or more people can be used for towing water-skiers. Towing activities are not allowed from one hour after sunset until sunrise. A vessel towing water skiers or others cannot be remotely controlled. When towing a water-skier, do not run parallel to shore in shallow water to drop the person off. Instead, keep your distance and let the skier swing in toward the shore. When picking up someone who has fallen into the water while being towed, turn off the engine before approaching closely. Water-skiers should always be able to control the actions of the towboat via hand signals. There is a set of standard hand signals that should be used by all water-skiers in Canada. The operator of a vessel should know these hand signals and should verify that both the water skier and the spotter also know the signals. Standard hand signals for water skiing are presented below. Hand signals for use by water-skiers in Canada. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 69

78 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 5 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. According to the Collision Regulations being a courteous boater includes: a.) no littering b.) keeping noise to a minimum c.) watching one s wake so as not to damage shorelines d.) all of the above 2. An example of negligent or reckless operation would be: a.) excessive speed in a congested area b.) operating under the influence of alcohol c.) operating in a swimming area d.) all of the above 3. What signal is represented by the International code flag A? 4. What does the term safe speed mean? 5. According to the Collision Regulations, what factors must be considered in determining safe speed? 6. What must the operator of a vessel do when approaching a vessel displaying a diver down flag? 7. What flag would one place on a buoy to indicate that diving activities are underway? 8. What regulations require you to keep a proper lookout while underway? 9. What constitutes keeping a proper lookout? 10. What is the legal limit of alcohol that one may consume while operating a vessel? 11. What percentage of boating fatalities are alcohol-related? 12. Low-head dams are dangerous because: a.) the current will carry a boat over the top b.) water circulation at the base of the dam tends to trap a boat against the face of the dam and keep it there c.) the bottom of the boat will be damaged when going over the dam d.) all of the above 13. If you are caught on the water in foul weather, you should: a.) stay where you are b.) reduce speed and head for the nearest safe shore c.) head out to the middle of the water body d.) abandon your vessel and swim to shore 14. In terms of anchoring, what is rode? Scope? 15. What should you verify every time before lowering an anchor? 16. During what hours are water-skiing activities prohibited? 17. Water-skiers should always be able to control the actions of the towboat through: a.) yelling b.) foot signals c.) hand signals d.) large signs Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 70

79 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 6 MODULE 6 EMERGENCIES AFLOAT Emergencies on the water are not like those on land. If, for example, your car is involved in a collision with another car it will not sink, whereas in a boat collision you may well end up in the water. Thus, with boats it is extremely important to be prepared for an emergency, whether it is a fire, a person overboard, a hull leak, a mechanical breakdown, or hypothermia. Practice drills are a good idea because they familiarise you and your passengers with emergency procedures and they verify that all required safety equipment is on board and in proper working order. A reminder, required Coast Guard knowledge objectives are highlighted in bold face print throughout this manual 6-1 RESPONDING TO BREAKDOWNS The operator of a pleasure craft should check and maintain his or her pleasure craft as well as all personal and boat safety equipment on a regular basis to ensure that they are capable of functioning properly at all times and, thus, reduce the probability of breakdowns occurring. A good rule of thumb is to check all personal and boat safety equipment at the beginning of every boating season and monthly thereafter until the end of the season. The following actions should be taken in the event of any breakdown during the operation of a pleasure craft: 1. Alter the speed of the craft as appropriate to the circumstances this means that you should slow down enough to investigate the problem. If your engine is acting up, stop completely unless you are in danger and must maintain headway. 2. Anchor the craft as appropriate to the circumstances if you have lost power and are drifting into a dangerous area, drop your anchor as soon as possible to maintain your position. If you are in a busy waterway, use paddles or oars to leave the channel and then either set an anchor or pull the boat up on shore; 3. Investigate the problem if there is a problem with the engine, refer to the trouble-shooting section of the engine s owners manual; 4. Correct the problem if possible using your onboard tool kit freecourse.ca recommends that all pleasure craft should carry a tool kit which should contain at least fuses, bulbs, a spare propeller and shear pin, nuts and bolts, penetrating oil, duct tape, and spark plugs); and 5. Use or exhibit signals to indicate distress and need of assistance if necessary. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 71

80 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD RECOVERING A PERSON OVERBOARD In rough weather or on those types of vessels where it is not all that unusual to fall off, you should wear a safety harness with a safety line secured to the vessel to prevent you from being lost should you fall overboard. To retrieve persons in the water, you should use a lifebuoy, a buoyant heaving line securely attached to the vessel, and a ladder or other device for re-boarding the vessel. The manoeuvre shown here can be used to return to the position where the person fell overboard. When recovering a person overboard, always manoeuvre to a position downwind of the person so that they drift toward your boat. Recovering a person overboard can be difficult and the technique should be practised with your crew so that you know what to do when the time comes. If someone falls overboard, you must be able to locate and retrieve them quickly, even at night or in rough weather, and especially in cold water. The following procedure should be used if someone does fall overboard: 1. Sound the alarm immediately; 2. Slow down, stop if possible, and throw the person something buoyant to help stay afloat (it will serve as a marker if they become submerged); 3. Assign one person to keep sight of the person overboard and to continuously point to the victim s location; and 4. Carefully manoeuvre to a position on the downwind side to recover the person (so that the person drifts toward the rescue vessel). As soon as you are close enough, throw the victim a buoyant heaving line or a lifebuoy secured to your boat with a line. Always try to recover the person over the windward side of the boat. A heavy rope, chain, or cable attached by both ends to the vessel and draped over the side, almost touching the water, can provide a makeshift step to help the victim climb up. A line attached by both ends to the vessel and draped over the side can provide a makeshift step to help a person to climb aboard. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 72

81 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 6 Learn a recovery technique that works for your vessel and crew and practice that technique and how to use your safety equipment until you and your crew know exactly how to do all tasks and can rely on each other to do them perfectly in any conditions, regardless of who ends up in the water. When learning how to recover someone who has gone overboard first practice manoeuvring your boat to become accustomed to its handling characteristics. Then practice picking up an inanimate object, such as a stick of wood. Always make sure that the operator and at least one other person on board are experienced in recovering persons overboard. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 73

82 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD RESPONDING TO COLD WATER IMMERSION OR SEVERE WIND CHILL Wearing a PFD or lifejacket is just one step toward surviving should you end up in the water. Exposure to low temperatures (such as by immersion in cold water or prolonged exposure to cold weather; particularly in water-soaked clothing) will lead to hypothermia. Hypothermia is a drop in core body temperature below the normal level. Hypothermia weakens a person s muscles, reduces co-ordination, and slows mental functions. A person who has been exposed to abnormally low temperatures will exhibit the following progressive signs and symptoms if he or she is experiencing hypothermia: Early Stage Shivering and slurred speech. Victim is conscious but withdrawn. Intermediate Stage Slow and weak pulse, slow respiration, lack of coordination, shivering is reduced or absent. Victim may be irrational, confused, and sleepy. Final Stage Weak, irregular or absent pulse or respiration. In the final stage, the victim will lose consciousness. To extend your survival time in water as much as possible, you must do everything possible to conserve energy and body heat. The following are ways to delay the onset of hypothermia: 1. Wear your PFD or lifejacket. The PFD helps insulate the body. In addition, energy is lost trying to stay afloat without it. Boaters can protect themselves further by wearing their PFD in conjunction with multiple light layers of clothing, a wateror wind-proof outer layer of clothing, or survival clothing (such as a dry suit, wet suit, immersion suit, survival suit, or exposure coverall). Keep your clothing on when in cold water. 2. If alone, climb onto a nearby floating object to get at least part of your body out of the water. 3. If you cannot get out of the water and you are alone, adopt the heat escape lessening position (HELP) by crossing your arms tightly across your chest and then drawing the knees up close. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 74

83 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 6 4. If you cannot get out of the water and you are in a group, huddle with the other persons by getting the sides of everyone s chest close together, with arms around the mid to lower back, and legs intertwined. As mentioned, hypothermia slows down the body s normal functions and will cause these functions to stop altogether unless the following steps are taken to reverse the effects of hypothermia: 1. remove the victim from the source of the cold or exposure; 2. provide dry shelter such as in a boat cabin, tent, or cottage; 3. if possible, prevent a further decrease in body temperature and warm the person s body gradually by: replacing wet clothing with dry clothing (only remove wet clothing if you can provide a warm dry covering such as a sleeping bag or a warm environment). wrapping the person in blankets. placing dry coverings over the person. covering the person s head (such as with a hat) and cover the neck. covering the person with an insulating device and vapour barrier. applying warm dry objects at a temperature between 40 C and 45 C. Direct body to body contact is an effective way to provide heat. 4. if asked for, offer warm milk, water, or juice but do not give alcohol or hot stimulants (such as tea, coffee, or cocoa) to the person; 5. do not rub or massage the surface of the victim s body or extremities as this can send cool blood to the body s core and can damage nerve endings at the skin; and 6. use or exhibit signals to indicate distress and need of assistance if necessary. Always carry an emergency kit on board your vessel. At a minimum, it should include a flashlight, whistle, knife, first aid kit, emergency rations, drinking water, and dry clothing. Remember that the items of safety equipment specified under the Small Vessel Regulations are minimum requirements only. Freecourse.ca believes that any person who wants to be well prepared for emergencies and breakdowns when heading out in a pleasure craft should have more than the minimum safety equipment required by law. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 75

84 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD RESPONDING TO HULL LEAKS OR FLOODING During the operation of a pleasure craft, you may strike a submerged object (such as a rock or a dead head) hard enough to cause the hull of your craft to leak. Sometimes leaks occur because the gasket around a through-hull fitting has failed. The emergency kit that an operator carries onboard a pleasure craft should contain tools and materials to temporarily stop hull leaks or flooding. There is a set of actions that you should take in response to a hull leak or flooding (i.e. when water is seen to be rising in your pleasure craft or accumulating at the bottom of the craft): If the boat is moving, bring it to a complete stop this will reduce water pressure against the hull and, thus, the amount of water entering the hull; Remove accumulations of water water can be removed from the hold or other compartments of the pleasure craft by using either hand-held bailers, manual pumps, or bilge pumping systems as appropriate to the circumstances and the craft; Locate the source of the hull leak or flooding while maintaining bailing, if possible; Stop the leakage or the source of flooding if possible some items that can be used to stop or to slow a leak include tapered soft wooden plugs, rags, foam sponges, towels, or some other soft material; and Use or exhibit signals to indicate distress and need of assistance if necessary. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 76

85 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD RESPONDING TO CAPSIZING, SWAMPING, SINKING, OR GROUNDING The following actions should always be taken in the event that your craft should capsize, swamp, run aground, or sink: 1. Immediately ensure that everyone on board is wearing a PFD or a lifejacket; 2. Stay with the craft when it is appropriate to do so; 3. Check that all on board are accounted for and safe; and 4. Use or exhibit signals to indicate distress and need of assistance as necessary. If your boat capsizes but is in no danger of sinking, climb onto the overturned hull and signal for assistance. Removing yourself from the water will prolong your survival time in cold water as well as make you more visible to potential rescuers. Do not leave a floating vessel to swim ashore; the shore is always more difficult to reach that it appears. To free a vessel that has run aground, it may be necessary to move crew and equipment to one side to make the boat heel over. The boat may have to be lightened by moving equipment and people to another boat. If the boat is small, it may be possible for crewmembers in the water to push the boat off. Take the following action if you are operating a powered pleasure craft and it runs aground: 1. Put the motor into neutral immediately to minimise damage to the propeller; 2. Check for damage or rising water in the hull; and 3. If the hull is intact, attempt to free the boat by moving in reverse (usually the best direction off an underwater hazard is opposite your direction before grounding). When operating your engine after grounding, avoid sucking sand and debris into the engine water intake. ABANDONING SHIP The method you should use to abandon ship depends on how much time is available. If, for instance, your vessel is on fire and sinking, then grab a PFD and go over the side as quickly as possible. If you can, jump over the windward side of the boat; the boat will drift away from you once you are in the water. When jumping from your boat, jump feet first, with your legs together and mouth closed. Once you are in the water, move clear of the boat and check to make sure that all crew members are accounted for. If the hull stays afloat, stay nearby or climb back aboard; the hull is large and easy to spot and hypothermia can be avoided longer by getting out of the water. If serious injury is not imminent, you can take more time in abandoning ship. Instruct all on board to put on their PFDs. If you have a radio, send a distress call. If you are in sight of land, launch a distress flare or use some other method to signal for help. If you have a raft or dinghy, launch it and put everybody on board. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 77

86 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD DISTRESS SIGNALS Knowing how to send a distress message and to request help can mean the difference between life and death in an emergency. The midst of an emergency (such as trying to keep your boat from swamping or trying to recover a person overboard) is not the time to sit down and figure out how to signal for help. On the water, you may only get one chance to call for help. Regulated marine distress and safety equipment (such as radios and position-indicating beacons) work together to form the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). Although recreational vessels are not required to have equipment that is GMDSS-compatible, it is recommended. If you do use compatible equipment, you should connect is to a global positioning system (GPS) receiver so that your position is transmitted automatically during a distress call. If you are using a regular VHF radio and you are in grave and imminent danger and immediate assistance is required (for example, you are taking on water and in danger of capsizing), then use channel 16 and repeat MAYDAY three times. Then, give the name of your vessel, its position, the nature of your emergency, and the type of assistance needed. If you need assistance but you are not in immediate danger (for example your motor has quit and you are adrift), then use channel 16 and repeat PAN PAN three times. Then, give the name of your vessel, its position, the nature of your problem, and the type of assistance needed. Distress signals can also be sent via a device called an Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB). An EPIRB is a buoyant radio distress beacon that transmits a signal to satellite receivers that, in turn, relay the signal to rescue co-ordination centres. Recreational boats are not required to carry an EPIRB. However, if you are boating offshore or in a remote location (such as the Labrador cost where VHF radio coverage is limited), then it is highly recommended. An EPIRB must be registered with the National Beacon registry at The Collision Regulations require all boaters to both know how to signal for help as well as be able to recognise distress signals they may see or hear while boating. The Criminal Code of Canada, in turn, requires all boaters to assist those in distress if it can be done without endangering your own life or the safety of your vessel. If you have an operating radio or mobile phone, you must also contact the nearest Rescue Co-ordination Centre and inform them of the type and location of the distress signal you saw or heard. It is also an offence under the Criminal Code of Canada to make or report a false distress signal. False alarms can cause search and rescue personnel to be unavailable for or further away from a real emergency. Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 78

87 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 6 The Collision Regulations require that as a pleasure craft operator, you must recognise, use, or exhibit the following signals (presented in the following table) to indicate distress and need of assistance. Knowing these standard distress signals will enable you to recognise when other boaters need help as well as be able to signal for help yourself should it ever be required. A continuous sound signal from a fog horn, air horn, whistle, or bell or a gunshot or other explosive sound signal fired at intervals of one minute Slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to each side Rockets or shells throwing red stars fired one at a time at short intervals A rocket parachute flare or hand-held flare showing a red light A smoke signal giving off orange-coloured smoke Flames showing onboard the vessel A signal consisting of a square black flag having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball A signal consisting of the word Mayday broadcast by radiotelephone The Morse code SOS signal (dot-dot-dot, dash-dash-dash, dot-dot-dot) transmitted by any signalling method (ex: by flashlight) The International Code Signal of distress; indicated by displaying the flags N (November) and C (Charlie) A piece of orange-coloured material (such as canvas) displaying a black square shape (or anything resembling a square shape) and a black circle, big enough to be seen from the air A high-intensity white light flashing 50 to 70 times per minute A signal transmitted from an emergency position indicating radio beacon (EPIRB) Marker dye (various colours) Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 79

88 SAFETY AFLOAT MOD 6 It is a good idea to always carry more than one type of pyrotechnic distress signal on your vessel. If an emergency requires you to use a flare or rocket, first familiarise yourself with the operation of your flares to ensure that you use them safely and effectively (i.e. read the manufacturer s instructions before using a flare). Each type of flare has specific characteristics and uses: Type A: Parachute Flare This type of aerial flare should be fired at an angle into the wind to allow it to drift back over your position. If the wind is strong, the flare should be fired at a 45 angle. Type B: Multi-Star Rocket This type of aerial flare should be fired almost straight up from the boat. Some type B flares fire only one star at a time. When using this single type, you must fire two flares within 15 seconds of each other. Type C: Hand-held Flare This is a red-flame torch that can be held in the hand. It has limited visibility. It is best used to help rescuers pin-point your location during an air search. A type C flare burns for about 1 minute. When burning, the flare should be held clear of the boat on the downwind side. Do not look at the flare while it is burning. Type D: Smoke Flare A smoke flare may be designed to be buoyant or hand-held. When activated, this type of flare should be positioned on the downwind side of your vessel. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What steps should be taken immediately upon a breakdown occurring on a pleasure craft? 2. Describe the basic re-boarding equipment that is required on all vessels. 3. What steps should be followed when a person is lost overboard. 4. On what side of the boat should you recover a person from the water, the windward side or downwind side? Why? 5. What are some symptoms of hypothermia? 6. What actions should you take if your vessel runs aground or sinks? 7. List the types of distress signals that a pleasure craft operator should know. 8. Should a parachute flare be fired upwind or downwind? 9. Should a smoke bomb be deployed upwind or downwind? Copyright 2002 freecourse.ca All rights reserved 80