Illinois Center for Transportation
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1 Brief Introduction to the Illinois Center for Transportation Imad L. Al-Qadi
2 ICT Vision, Since its inception in 2005 Serve the transportation needs of IDOT, the State of Illinois, and the nation through research, education, and outreach Rapid response to future scientific challenges in transportation Adapt to changing needs Develop and implement innovative and costeffective technologies Optimize the limited resources of IDOT
3 Initial Projects, 2005 Pavements 9 (76%) Structures 1 (8%) Safety 1 (8%) Traffic Ops./ Maintenance 1 (8%)
4 Now - Transportation Structures 17 (21%) Other 3 (4%) Diversity! Pavements 20 (25%) Traffic Ops./ Maint. 11 (14%) Safety 10 (12%) Construction 2 (2%) Planning 6 (7%) Public Trans. 7 (9%) Environment 5 (6%)
5 Research Progress/ Status Total Projects Approved to Date = Regular Projects Selected by Exec. Committee 12 Special (Short-Term) Projects 29 Projects Are Completed 19 Regular Projects 10 Special (Short-Term) Projects 26 ICT Reports Published on Website 64 Active ICT Projects
6 Who s Participating in ICT? 40 Academic Researchers (PI s/ Co-PI s) 50 Graduate Students 9 Universities 4 Private Consulting Firms 2 Federal/ Local Gov t. Agencies Consultants
7 Served by a Top Facility - ATREL
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10 Bonding HMA to PCC the Key to Overlay Performance Imad L. Al-Qadi
11 Outline Introduction Objective Experimental Program and Lab Test Results HMA Overlay Construction Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) Results Conclusions and Recommendations
12 Introduction Interface bonding between HMA overlays and PCC pavements is critical to overlay performance. Various pavement distresses can be caused by poor interface bonding. Most of the previous research studies have focused on the interface between HMA layers, and few field validated studies have been conducted.
13 Objective To quantify the effectiveness of tack coat application between existing PCC pavement and HMA overlay. Laboratory Testing Accelerated Pavement Testing
14 Laboratory Testing A specially designed direct shear testing fixture was used Experimental variables include tack coat type, tack coat application rate, HMA type, temperature, and moisture. Traffic Direction Smooth Transverse Tining Longitudinal Tining Milling
15 Interface Shear Stress (kpa) Typical Interface Shear Stress- Displacement Curve Interface Shear Strength Interface Shear Displacement (mm)
16 Experimental Variables Variables HMA Type Levels (No. of Levels) Surface, Standard Binder, Moisture-Sensitive Binder (3) Tack Coat Type SS-1hP, SS-1h, RC-70 (3) Residual Tack Coat Application Rate Concrete Surface Texture 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.09 gal/yd 2 (4) Smooth, Transverse-Tined, Longitudinal- Tined, Milled (4) Temperature 50, 68, 86 o F (3) Moisture Condition Dry, Saturated (2)
17 Interface Shear Strength (psi) Effects of HMA Type and Tack Coat Type and Application Rate SM-9.5_SS-1hP SM-9.5_SS-1h SM-9.5_RC-70 IM-19.0A_SS-1hP IM-19.0A_SS_1h IM-19.0A_RC Residual Tack Coat Application Rate (gal/yd 2 )
18 Interface Shear Strength (psi) Concrete Surface Texture Effect Smooth Transverse Tining Longitudinal Tining Milled Residual Tack Coat Application Rate (gal/yd 2 )
19 Interface Shear Strength (psi) Optimum Tack Coat Application Rate Determination Three more rates were added to fine-tune the optimum rate HMA: standard binder mix Tack Coat: SS-1hP Residual Tack Coat Application Rate (gal/yd 2 )
20 Interface Shear Strength (psi) Temperature Effect Temperature ( o F)
21 Moisture Conditioning AASHTO Designation T was modified to condition the HMA-PCC specimens Saturation degree: 70-80% Water bath at 140 o F (60 o C) for 24hrs Water bath at 68 o F (20 o C) for 2hrs Shear test at 68 o F (20 o C) Calculate interface shear strength ratio between dry and moisture conditioned specimens
22 Interface Shear Strength (psi) Moisture Effect Standard Mix: Strength Ratio=57% Stripping Mix: Strength Ratio=34% IM-19.5A (Standard) IM-19.0B (Strippingvulnerable) 0 Dry Moisture Conditioned Testing Condition
23 Lab Testing Findings Surface mix provides better interface shear strength than binder mixes. SS-1hP and SS-1h provide better interface shear strength than RC-70; no significant difference between SS-1hP and SS-1h. The optimum residual tack coat rate for SS-1hP using standard binder mix is 0.04gal/yd 2 (0.18L/m 2 ).
24 Lab Testing Findings (Cont d) Milled PCC surface provides the highest interface shear strength. Lower temperature produces better bonding at intermediate to high temperatures. Moisture conditioning significantly reduces interface strength. The reduction is more pronounced when a stripping-vulnerable mix is used.
25 APT Validation & Construction Layout ATLAS Loading Facility ATLAS Test 1 (Total Length= 12.5'*5=62.5') ATLAS Test 3 (Total Length= 12.5'*6=75') ATLAS Test 5 (Total Length= 12.5'*5=62.5') 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' 2.25" HMA Binder Mix 1 (Good) HMA Binder Mix 2 (Stripper) No Tack Coat RC-70 at Optimum Rate SS-1hP at Optimum Rate RC-70 at 3 Rates SS-1hP at 3 Rates SS-1hP at Optimum Rate RC- 70 at Opti mum Rate SS-1hP No at 3 Rates Tack (Zebra) Coat Smooth Surface Transverse Transverse Mill Mill Smooth Surface Tining Tining Mill Longitudinal Tining Smooth Surface 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 10' 42.5' 32.5' 22.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 55' 12.5' 32.5' 25' 67.5' 25' 117.5' 35' 25' 80' 55' 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' ATLAS Test 2 (Total Length= 12.5'*4=50') * ATLAS Test 3 compares the tack coat application rates. * ATLAS Tests 1, 2, & 4 compare various surface textures with one tack coat application rate. * ATLAS Test 5 compares the zebra distribution effect at various application rates. A broom-cleaned milled surface ATLAS Test 4 (Total Length= 12.5'*4=50') An air-blast-cleaned milled surface
26 PCC Surface Preparation Milling Machine Traffic Direction Smooth Transverse Tining Longitudinal Tining Powered Broom Surface Cleaning with Air Blast
27 Zebra/Striped Sections Width of duct tape: 3 Width between duct tapes: 3
28 Field Tack Coat Application Centennial variable-bar liquid distributor Geotextile Pad for Tack Coat Application Rate Measurement
29 Tack Coat Application Rate Check Target Residual Rate (gal/yd 2 ) Measured Residual Rate (gal/yd 2 ) A1 A C HMA Binder Mix 1 (Good) HMA Binder Mix 2 (Stripper) A No Tack Coat Smooth Surface RC-70 at Optimum Rate Mill N /A N /A 0.04 N /A Transverse Tining SS-1hP at Optimum Rate Mill SS- 1hP L RC-70 O H L Smooth Surface RC- SS-1hP 70 SS-1hP at SS-1hP at Optimum Opti mum (Zebra) Rate Rate H O O L H Transverse Tining O Optimum Rate; L Lower Rate; H Higher Rate; Mill Longitudinal Tining Smooth Surface 11' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 42.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 20' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 10' 22.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 55' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' No Tack Coat
30 Strain Gauge Instrumentation H-type strain gauge Level strain gauge Strain gauge installation
31 Placement of HMA Overlay ROADTEC Material Transfer Device HMA Overlay Material: standard binder mix and moisture-sensitive mix Density check with nuclear density gauge
32 Accelerated Pavement Testing
33 ATLAS Test 3: Sections A2-14 ATLAS Test 1 (Total Length= 12.5'*5=62.5') ATLAS Test 3 (Total Length= 12.5'*6=75') ATLAS Test 5 (Total Length= 12.5'*5=62.5') 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' A1 A C HMA Binder Mix 1 (Good) HMA Binder Mix 2 (Stripper) A No Tack Coat RC-70 at Optimum Rate SS-1hP at Optimum Rate SS- 1hP L RC-70 O H L SS- 1hP SS-1hP at Optimum Rate RC- 70 at Opti mum Rate SS-1hP (Zebra) H O O L H No Tack Coat Smooth Surface Mill Transverse Tining Mill Smooth Surface Transverse Tining Mill Longitudinal Tining Smooth Surface 11' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 42.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 20' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 10' 22.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 55' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' ATLAS Test 2 (Total Length= 12.5'*4=50') ATLAS Test 4 (Total Length= 12.5'*4=50') Indicates a milled surface that is broom cleaned only. Indicates a milled surface that is thoroughly cleaned with an air blast. O Optimum Rate; L Low Rate; H High Rate; To compare different tack coat and tack coat application rates. Two tack coats: RC-70 and SS-1hP and each at three residual application rates: 0.02, 0.04 and 0.09 gal/yd 2.
34 Rutting Depth (in) Test 3 Rutting Depth Progress SS-1hP_OptRate SS-1hP_HighRate RC-70_LowRate RC-70_HighRate RC-70_OptRate SS-1hP_LowRate Number of Loading Cycles
35 Test 3 - Transverse Strain Response Optimum-Rate Section High-Rate Section Low-Rate Section
36 Test 3 - Slippage Strain Response Optimum-Rate Section High-Rate Section Low-Rate Section
37 Residual Strain Calculation
38 Residual Trans. Tensile Strain (micro) Residual Transverse Tensile Strain ,000 cycles 40,000 cycles 70,000 cycles Optimum Rate High Rate Low Rate Section
39 Residual Slippage Strain (micrco) Residual Slippage Strain ,000 cycles 40,000 cycles 70,000 cycles Optimum Rate High Rate Low Rate Section
40 ATLAS Test 1: Sections A1-5 ATLAS Test 1 (Total Length= 12.5'*5=62.5') ATLAS Test 3 (Total Length= 12.5'*6=75') ATLAS Test 5 (Total Length= 12.5'*5=62.5') 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' A1 A C HMA Binder Mix 1 (Good) HMA Binder Mix 2 (Stripper) A No Tack Coat RC-70 at Optimum Rate SS-1hP at Optimum Rate SS- 1hP L RC-70 O H L SS- 1hP SS-1hP at Optimum Rate RC- 70 at Opti mum Rate SS-1hP (Zebra) H O O L H No Tack Coat Smooth Surface Mill Transverse Tining Mill Smooth Surface Transverse Tining Mill Longitudinal Tining Smooth Surface 11' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 42.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 20' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 10' 22.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 55' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' ATLAS Test 2 (Total Length= 12.5'*4=50') ATLAS Test 4 (Total Length= 12.5'*4=50') Indicates a milled surface that is broom cleaned only. Indicates a milled surface that is thoroughly cleaned with an air blast. O Optimum Rate; L Low Rate; H High Rate; To compare different PCC surface textures. Four PCC surface textures: smooth, broom cleaned milling, air blast cleaned milling, and transverse tinting
41 Rutting (in) ATLAS Test 1 - Final Rutting Depth PG64-22 Smooth No Tack Smooth RC-70 Milled Broom RC-70 Milled Air RC-70 Smooth RC-70 Trans Tining Section
42 ATLAS Test 2: Sections 6-9 ATLAS Test 1 (Total Length= 12.5'*5=62.5') ATLAS Test 3 (Total Length= 12.5'*6=75') ATLAS Test 5 (Total Length= 12.5'*5=62.5') 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' A1 A C HMA Binder Mix 1 (Good) HMA Binder Mix 2 (Stripper) A No Tack Coat RC-70 at Optimum Rate SS-1hP at Optimum Rate SS- 1hP L RC-70 O H L SS- 1hP SS-1hP at Optimum Rate RC- 70 at Opti mum Rate SS-1hP (Zebra) H O O L H No Tack Coat Smooth Surface Mill Transverse Tining Mill Smooth Surface Transverse Tining Mill Longitudinal Tining Smooth Surface 11' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 42.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 20' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 10' 22.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 55' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' ATLAS Test 2 (Total Length= 12.5'*4=50') ATLAS Test 4 (Total Length= 12.5'*4=50') Indicates a milled surface that is broom cleaned only. Indicates a milled surface that is thoroughly cleaned with an air blast. O Optimum Rate; L Low Rate; H High Rate; To compare various PCC surface textures. Four PCC surface textures: transverse tining, broom cleaned milling, air blast cleaned milling, and smooth.
43 Rutting Depth (in) Test 2 Rutting Depth Progress SS-1hP_Trans Tined SS-1hP_Broom-cleaned Milled SS-1hP_Air-cleaned Milled SS-1hP_Smooth Number of Loading Cycles
44 ATLAS Test 5: Sections ATLAS Test 1 (Total Length= 12.5'*5=62.5') ATLAS Test 3 (Total Length= 12.5'*6=75') ATLAS Test 5 (Total Length= 12.5'*5=62.5') 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' A1 A C HMA Binder Mix 1 (Good) HMA Binder Mix 2 (Stripper) A No Tack Coat RC-70 at Optimum Rate SS-1hP at Optimum Rate SS- 1hP L RC-70 O H L SS- 1hP SS-1hP at Optimum Rate RC- 70 at Opti mum Rate SS-1hP (Zebra) H O O L H No Tack Coat Smooth Surface Mill Transverse Tining Mill Smooth Surface Transverse Tining Mill Longitudinal Tining Smooth Surface 11' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 42.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 20' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 10' 22.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 55' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 12.5' 23' 75' 23' 23' 75' 23' ATLAS Test 2 (Total Length= 12.5'*4=50') ATLAS Test 4 (Total Length= 12.5'*4=50') Indicates a milled surface that is broom cleaned only. Indicates a milled surface that is thoroughly cleaned with an air blast. O Optimum Rate; L Low Rate; H High Rate; To compare zebra effects, i.e., effects of non-uniform tack coat distribution
45 Rutting Depth (in) Test 5 - Rutting Depth Progress Longitudinal Tined Zebra_OptRate Zebra_LowRate Zebra_HighRate No Tack Coat Number of Loading Cycles
46 Conclusions (1) Lab and field testing results suggest that asphalt emulsion provides better interface bonding than RC- 70. Lab testing results didn t show significant difference between SS-1hP and SS-1h. From lab testing, optimum SS-1hP tack coat residual application rate is 0.04 gal/yd 2. This value was validated in the field testing. Similar conclusion applied to RC-70.
47 Conclusions (2) Lab testing results showed that temperature and moisture affected interface shear strength. At intermediate to high temperature range, the higher the temperature, the lower the interface shear strength Moisture reduces interface shear strength. It is more pronounced when stripping-vulnerable mixture is used. Milled PCC surface provides better interface shear strength than tined and smooth PCC surfaces. PCC surface cleanliness level affects rutting depth; air-cleaned surfaces performed better than broomcleaned surfaces. Non-uniform tack coat distribution would cause higher HMA surface rutting.
48 Recommendations SS-1hP (or SS-1h from lab) is recommended for use as tack coat at the HMA-PCC interface The recommended optimum residual tack coat application rate is 0.04 gal/yd 2 Milling PCC surface should be applied when possible. Thoroughly cleaning is recommended (air blast) Tack coat should be applied uniformly; zebra application should not be allowed. PCC surface tining may not add to the HMA-PCC interface bonding.
49 Acknowledgement This project was supported by IDOT and FHWA through ICT Technical Review Panel of ICT-R55 project: James Trepanier (Chair), Amy Schutzbach, Charles Weinrank, Patty Broers, Terry Hoekstra, Derek Parish, and Tom Winkelman. David Lippert
50 Thank you! Comments/ Questions?
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