Wind Project Siting and Permitting Blaine Loos
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1 Wind Project Siting and Permitting Blaine Loos Energy Project Analyst Center for Wind Energy at James Madison University
2 Wind Project Siting and Permitting The Energy in Wind Resource Assessment (Macro-siting) Energy Production Predictions Micro-siting Permitting
3 Wind Project Siting and Permitting The Energy in Wind Resource Assessment (Macro-siting) Energy Production Predictions Micro-siting Permitting
4 The Energy in Wind Wind Energy is kinetic energy E = 1 2 mv2 Mass of Air is Related to Area of Rotor and Wind Speed Energy Formula m = Volume of Air (m 3 ) Air Density ρ (g/m 3 ) Volume of Air = Area ofrotor m 2 m Wind Speed Time s s Energy is a function of Wind Speed CUBED Volume of Air = AVt m = ρavt E = 1 2 mv2 = 1 2 ρavt V2 = 1 2 ρav3 t Doubling Wind Speed increases energy available by 8x! (2 3 = 8)
5 The Power in Wind Power is a reference to the potential instantaneous output of a device measured in Kilowatts (kw). Energy is a reference to the output of a device over time measured in Kilowatt Hours (kwh). The power in wind can be described using the following equation: P = 1/2ρAv 3 ρ = Air Density (kg/m 3 ) A = Wind Swept Area (m 2 ) v = Wind Velocity/Speed (m/s)
6 The Power in Wind Air Density ρ Changes in air temperature Changes in pressure Density will decrease with increased humidity Density of Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure Temperature (ᵒC) Temperature (ᵒF) Density of Dry Air (kg/m 3 ) Standard Atmospheric Pressure = kpa, psi
7 The Power in Wind Area is proportional to the power available in wind. Increasing the area by a factor of 2 will increase the available power by a factor of 2!
8 The Power in Wind Wind Speed: As wind speed increases, power increases by a factor of 3. P = 1/2ρAV 3 Example: Consider two sites. One site with a wind speed of 10 mph and another site with a wind speed of 12 mph. P 2 /P 1 =(V 2 /V 1 ) 3 P 2 = (V 2 /V 1 ) 3 P 1 P 2 = (12/10) 3 P 1 P 2 = 1.73P 1 There is only a 20% increase in wind speed, but a 73% increase in available power between the sites.
9 The Power in Wind Height: Wind speed, and therefore the power in wind, is affected by height. v x = v r (h x /h r ) α v x = wind speed new height v r = original wind speed h x = new height h r = original height α = wind shear exponent α = α = 0.330
10 The Power in Wind Wind Turbines: A wind turbine captures the kinetic energy in wind, converting it to mechanical energy via the spinning rotor and then to usable electrical energy using an alternator. Betz Limit: The theoretical maximum amount of kinetic energy that can be captured by a wind turbine is 59.3%. Efficiency: Overall modern small wind turbines can expect to produce electrical energy with 20 40% efficiency.
11 Wind Project Siting and Permitting The Energy in Wind Resource Assessment (Macro-siting) Energy Production Predictions Micro-siting Permitting
12 Resource Assessment Measuring Wind Speeds Meteorological towers Airports WeatherBug Stations Home Weather Stations NASA NOAA National Weather Service Idaho National Laboratories Wind Maps Home weather stations* Griggs-Putnam Index* Reliable websites for wind data:
13 Griggs-Putnam Index
14 Importance of Wind Measurements Accurate wind data is crucial for siting turbines of any scale Obstructions, turbulence, etc. affect performance and therefore cost effectiveness 20/250 rule On-site data for at least one year is preferred for small scale, three years for commercial scale development Annual cycle using monthly mean wind speed data Diurnal cycle using data from one full day Frequency Distribution using raw data in wind speed bins Height of measurements is also important Wind Shear
15 Measuring the Wind: MET Towers Meteorological tower Anemometer Wind vane or sock Data logger Data chip
16 Measuring the Wind: SoDAR New remote sensing wind measurement technology Uses sound waves to measure the wind up to 200m Generally used for onshore commercial applications Can be used to validate MET tower data if there is any question of reliability Robust construction can be sited in many environments Operate on minimal power requirements 7 watts Triton SoDAR installation at Cow Knob in Rockingham County, VA
17 Measuring the Wind: LiDAR Uses lasers to record wind resource Larger range capabilities - up to 4km LiDAR is an established remote sensing technology, used previously for land and ocean floor mapping Allows for measurements in complex and otherwise inaccessible terrains Portable and no permitting required (like MET Towers) Ideal for offshore applications
18
19 Wind Project Siting and Permitting The Energy in Wind Resource Assessment (Macro-siting) Energy Production Predictions Micro-siting Permitting
20 Energy Production Predictions Real-World Example Suffolk, VA Bergey Excel 10 kw Wind Turbine 50m Tower
21 Preliminary Assessment
22 Preliminary Assessment
23 Preliminary Assessment
24 Preliminary Assessment
25 Preliminary Assessment
26 Preliminary Assessment
27 Energy Production Predictions Real-World Example Suffolk, VA 50m MET Tower March 2012 August 2014
28 Raw Data Wind Speed 6 Anemometers 3 Heights Average, Min Max, SD Wind Direction 2 Wind Vanes 2 Heights Average, SD Temperature Average, Min, Max, SD 32 Parameters at 106,097 Data Points -> 3,395,104 Measurements
29 Manual Calculation Calculated using Excel Tricky, but accurate Free (assuming you own MS Office)
30 Manual Calculation HRSD Wind Speed Bin Start (m/s) Bin End (m/s) Count (50m #1) Count (50m #2)
31 Manual Calculation HRSD Wind Speed Bin Start (m/s) Bin End (m/s) Count (50m #1) Count (50m #2)
32 Manual Calculation HRSD Wind Speed Bin Start (m/s) Bin End (m/s) Count (50m #1) Count (50m #2)
33 Manual Calculation HRSD Wind Speed Bin Start (m/s) Bin End (m/s) Count (50m #1) Count (50m #2) Total Count 106, ,160
34 Power Curves
35 Power Curves
36 Power Curves
37 Power Curves
38 Power Curves
39 Manual Calculation HRSD Wind Speed Bergey Excel-S Energy Production Bin Start (m/s) Bin End (m/s) Count (50m #1) Count (50m #2) Power (W) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,495 Total Count 106, ,160
40 Manual Calculation HRSD Wind Speed Bergey Excel-S Energy Production Bin Start (m/s) Bin End (m/s) Count (50m #1) Count (50m #2) Power (W) Energy 1 (kwh) Energy 2 (kwh) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,495 Total Count 106, ,160
41 Manual Calculation HRSD Wind Speed Bergey Excel-S Energy Production Bin Start (m/s) Bin End (m/s) Count (50m #1) Count (50m #2) Power (W) Energy 1 (kwh) Energy 2 (kwh) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,495 Total Count 106, ,160
42 Manual Calculation HRSD Wind Speed Bergey Excel-S Energy Production Bin Start (m/s) Bin End (m/s) Count (50m #1) Count (50m #2) Power (W) Energy 1 (kwh) Energy 2 (kwh) ,183 1, ,501 1, ,151 1,585 1, ,510 1,631 1, ,938 1,653 1, ,403 1,491 1, ,949 1,346 1, ,602 1,235 1, ,306 1,096 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Total Count 106, ,160
43 Manual Calculation HRSD Wind Speed Bergey Excel-S Energy Production Bin Start (m/s) Bin End (m/s) Count (50m #1) Count (50m #2) Power (W) Energy 1 (kwh) Energy 2 (kwh) ,183 1, ,501 1, ,151 1,585 1, ,510 1,631 1, ,938 1,653 1, ,403 1,491 1, ,949 1,346 1, ,602 1,235 1, ,306 1,096 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Total Count 106, ,160 Total Energy 18,402 17,757
44 Manual Calculation HRSD Wind Speed Bergey Excel-S Energy Production Bin Start (m/s) Bin End (m/s) Count (50m #1) Count (50m #2) Power (W) Energy 1 (kwh) Energy 2 (kwh) ,183 1, ,501 1, ,151 1,585 1, ,510 1,631 1, ,938 1,653 1, ,403 1,491 1, ,949 1,346 1, ,602 1,235 1, ,306 1,096 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Total Count 106, ,160 Total Energy 18,402 17,757 Annual Energy 7,615 7,348
45 Manual Calculation HRSD Wind Speed Bergey Excel-S Energy Production Bin Start (m/s) Bin End (m/s) Count (50m #1) Count (50m #2) Power (W) Energy 1 (kwh) Energy 2 (kwh) ,183 1, ,501 1, ,151 1,585 1, ,510 1,631 1, ,938 1,653 1, ,403 1,491 1, ,949 1,346 1, ,602 1,235 1, ,306 1,096 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Total Count 106, ,160 Total Energy 18,402 17,757 Annual Energy 7,615 7,348
46 Wind Resource Assessment Software Windographer $1800 per license
47 Wind Resource Assessment Software
48 Wind Resource Assessment Software
49 Wind Resource Assessment Software
50 Wind Resource Assessment Software
51 Wind Resource Assessment Software
52 Wind Resource Assessment Software
53 Wind Resource Assessment Software
54 Wind Resource Assessment Method GIS Assessment MET Tower - Manual MET Tower - Software Wind Speed (m/s) Annual Energy (kwh) 17,500 7,500 7,600 Ease of Use Easy Difficult Easy Cost Free Cost of MET Tower Cost of MET Tower + $1800 Accuracy Low High Highest
55 Wind Project Siting and Permitting The Energy in Wind Resource Assessment (Macro-siting) Energy Production Predictions Micro-siting Permitting
56 Basic Siting Selecting the site for a wind turbine is affected wind speed, safety considerations, financial factors, and construction limitations. Is it windy? Space and Surroundings Avoid Turbulence Permits, ordinances, & regulations!
57 Turbulence & Obstacles
58 Skystream 3.7 Installation
59 Skystream 3.7 Installation
60 Surface Roughness P 2 = (12/10) 3 P 1 P 2 = 1.73P 1
61 Sound Issues Local Codes & Ordinances Often expressed as allowable sound level (db) at property boundary Lessens with Distance Carried by Wind db Levels of Common Sounds
62 Siting Activity
63 Siting Activity
64 Siting Activity
65 Siting Activity
66 Siting Activity
67 Siting Activity
68 Siting Activity
69 Siting Activity
70 List of Considerations Plot Plan Address Survey Proposed Tower Location Electrical Panel Location Longitude & Latitude of the site Elevation of the site 2 Spare circuit breaker locations in breaker panel for interconnects Access for crane/cement truck (if needed) Distance from panel to tower/turbine Turbine setback, distance to buildings, fences, utility poles Proposed tower height Town/county zoning Pictures of site from all compass directions Picture of utility meter, panel box, penetration of wiring into house Copy of recent electric bill account # and utility provider 20/250 rule, turbulence, landscape considerations Google Earth map of the site
71 Siting Activity
72 Siting Activity
73 Siting Activity
74 Siting Activity
75 Siting Activity
76 Siting Activity
77 Siting Activity
78 Example Installations
79 Example Installations
80 Example Installations
81 Example Installations
82 Example Installations
83 Example Installations
84 Example Installations
85 Wind Project Siting and Permitting The Energy in Wind Resource Assessment (Macro-siting) Energy Production Predictions Micro-siting Permitting
86 Permitting Federal State Local Which permits you need depends on where you live and how big of a project you re considering.
87 Federal Regulations Federal Aviation Administration Height > 200ft Within certain radius of airport (varies) In critical flight paths Military Close to military bases Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered or sensitive species areas
88 State Regulations Department of Environmental Quality Permit by Rule No action necessary if < 5 MW SCC Only for projects > 100 MW
89 State Regulations Utility Net metering application Power purchase agreement application
90 Local Regulations Local Ordinances Very Varied Could be simple or complex Could be inviting or restrictive Could exist or.. not
91 Local Regulations
92 Rockingham County Local Regulations
93 Albemarle County Local Regulations
94 Local Regulations DEQ Model Ordinances 2012/2013 Developed to assist localities Addresses permitting process, appearance, noise, lot size, setbacks, height, decommission, etc. Best option for Counties/Cities
95 Wind Project Siting and Permitting The Energy in Wind Resource Assessment (Macro-siting) Energy Production Predictions Micro-siting Permitting
96 Questions? Jonathan J. Miles, Ph.D. Director Remy Pangle Associate Director, Curriculum Coordinator Blaine Loos Energy Project Analyst 1401 Technology Drive, Suite 120 MSC 4905 Harrisonburg, VA wind.jmu.edu Visit our Facebook Page to ask questions, give feedback, see current events and project photos, and stay up-to-date on what s happening at the Center and with wind energy throughout Virginia! Join our LinkedIn Group to engage in discussions, participate in polls, read current articles, and ask questions! Skype us via VACenterforWindEnergy to ask questions or just chat with us!
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