Aalborg Universitet. Simulating People Moving in Displacement Ventilated Rooms Mattsson, M.; Bjørn, Erik; Sandberg, M.; Nielsen, Peter Vilhelm

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1 Aalborg Universitet Simlating People Moving in Displacement Ventilated Rooms Mattsson, M.; Bjørn, Erik; Sandberg, M.; Nielsen, Peter Vilhelm Pblication date: 1997 Docment Version Pblisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to pblication from Aalborg University Citation for pblished version (APA): Mattsson, M., Bjørn, E., Sandberg, M., & Nielsen, P. V. (1997). Simlating People Moving in Displacement Ventilated Rooms. Aalborg: Dept. of Bilding Technology and Strctral Engineering. Indoor Environmental Technology, No. 71, Vol.. R9729 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the pblications made accessible in the pblic portal are retained by the athors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing pblications that sers recognise and abide by the legal reqirements associated with these rights.? Users may download and print one copy of any pblication from the pblic portal for the prpose of private stdy or research.? Yo may not frther distribte the material or se it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain? Yo may freely distribte the URL identifying the pblication in the pblic portal? Take down policy If yo believe that this docment breaches copyright please contact s at vbn@ab.aa.dk providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate yor claim. Downloaded from vbn.aa.dk on: december 12, 218

2 INSTITUTTET FOR BYGNINGSTEKNIK DEPT. OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING AALBORG UNIVERSITET AAU AALBORG DANJ\IIARK INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY PAPER NO. 71 Proc. of "Healthy Bildings '97", 5th International Conference on Healthy Bildings, September 27 - October 3, 1997, Washington DC, USA M. MATTSSON, E. BJRN, M. SANDBERG & P. V. NIELSEN SIMULATING PEOPLE MOVING IN DISPLACEMENT VENTILATED ROOMS SEPTEMBER 1997 ISSN R9729

3 The papers on INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY are issed for early dissemination of research reslts from the Indoor Environmental Technology Grop at the University of Aalborg. These papers are generally sbmitted to scientific meetings, conferences or jornals and shold therefore not be widely distribted. Whenever possible reference shold be given to the final pblications (proceedings, jornals, etc.) and not to the paper in this series. I Printed at Aalborg University I

4 INSTITUTTET FOR BYGNINGSTEKNIK DEPT. OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING AALBORG UNIVERSITET AAU AALBORG DANMARK INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY PAPER NO. 71 Pro c. of "Healthy Bildings '97", 5th International Conference on Healthy Bildings, September 27 - October 3, 1997, Washington DC, USA M. MATTSSON, E. BJRN, M. SANDBERG & P. V. NIELSEN SIMULATING PEOPLE MOVING IN DISPLACEMENT VENTILATED ROOMS SEPTEMBER 1997 ISSN R9729

5 SIMULATING PEOPLE MOVING IN DISPLACEMENT VENTILATED ROOMS 1 Royal Institte of Technology, Bilt En_vironment, P.O Box 88, 81.2Gavle, S:WEDEN 2 Aalborg University, Dept. of Bilding Technology, DK-9 Aalborg, DENMARK ABSTRACT A displacement ventilation system works better the more ni-directional the air flow throgh the ventilated room is: from floor to ceiling. Ths, from an air qality point of view, there shold be as little vertical mixing of the room air as possible. It is therefore comprehensible that physical activity in the room -like peoples movements -in previos stdies has been shown to inflence the effectiveness of the ventilation. In this stdy we have compared reslts from previos tests, where a cylindrical person simlator was sed, to reslts obtained when sing a person simlator of more hman-like shape. The main reslts verify previos findings: if the movements are not very slow, they have a detrimental effect on ventilation effectiveness and on the air qality in the breathing zone of the inhabitants. Some qantitative differences were fond between sing the simple and the detailed person simlator, althogh the qalitative reslts were abot the same. INTRODUCTION The performance of a displacement ventilation system can be strongly affected by the physical activity of people in the ventilated space; a systematic investigation is reported in (1)&(2). High level of activity seems to case air qalities corresponding to a more or less mixed system, ths redcing the motives for installing the relatively expensive displacement ventilation system in sch cases. In (1)&(2) a simple cylindrical person simlator was set into motion in a test room. One may however sspect that a real hman being, as it moves throgh the room, case another air flow field - and hence another polltion concentration pattern - than a simple cylinder does. See also (3),(4)&(5). As a first step to investigate how detailed a person simlator one shold se in this matter, fll scale tests, similar to the ones in (1)&(2), where performed also with a more hman shaped model. Tracer gas was sed to measre the air qality in the test room, also in the "breathing zone" of the simlators, for different levels of activity. Visalisation of the air flow pattern arond the bodies, sing smoke in a wind tnnel, was also performed. METHODS The measrements were performed in an inslated fll scale test room, eqipped with displacement ventilation, Figre 1. Room size: 4.2x3.59x2.5 m (LxWx.H). Air flow rate: 2.9 1/s, corresponding to an air exchange rate of 2. room volmes I hor. The temperatre of the inlet air was held abot 7 oc below average room air temperatre. A person simlator (PS) was placed on a small trolley in the middle of the room. By means of a conveyor belt and a compter controlled motor the trolley cold be moved back and forth in the room, at a predetermined speed and amplitde. The trolley was eqipped with a mechanism which cold trn the PS on each change of movement direction, ths always keeping the "face" in 1

6 "forward" direction. Two different PSs were sed: one of simple cylindrical shape (Cylinder) and one more detailed person simlator (DPS), Figre 2. Cylinder size: H=1.63 m, D=.333 m, making a srface area of 1.88 m 2, which is abot the same as a "normal" man. The DPS, shown in Figre 2, was of height H=l.69 m, "trnk" width=.47 m, and srface area 1.44 m 2, corresponding to a "normal" woman. When pt on the trolley, the Cylinder's and the DPS's top of their heads were raised to 1.71 m and 1.72 m respectively. Both PSs had an internal (electrical) heat prodction of 1 W, simlating hman metabolism. The reslts presented here concern continos "walks" back and forth across the room, the PS movements spanning 2.5 m, rnning parallel to the 3.59-m wall. Figre 1. Experimental set-p. Figre 2. DPS in test room In the room was also installed a perforated metallic compter simlator, with an internal heat prodction of 5 W, placed on a small table. Besides constitting a normally occrring extra heat sorce in the room, the "compter" also acted as a polltion sorce, to which some of the ventilation effectiveness vales were related. The third, and last heat sorce in the room was ceiling lightning of 145 W. Temperatres were measred in inlet and otlet terminal. Also the vertical temperatre profiles were measred in room air and along the srface of one wall. Tracer gas concentrations were measred in otlet terminal and in the "breathing" zone of the PS, and also the vertical concentration profile in room air was measred in one location. Two tracer gas methods were sed in each test case: a step-p followed by a step-down. At the step-p method a continos flow of tracer gas (N 2 ) was released in the "compter" ntil at least one hor of steady state concentrations had been recorded in the measring points. The room air was then mixed in order to measre the mean concentration in the room. At the stepdown method a small amont of tracer gas was released and mixed with the room air, after which the mixing was stopped, and the concentration decay in the measring points was recorded ntil almost all tracer gas had been ventilated ot of the room. 2

7 RESULTS The inflence of the PS movements on overall room air qality is depicted in Figre 3, where two different measres of ventilation effectiveness are shown. Figre 3a shows the Normalised Mean Concentration in the Room (NMCR) of the "polltion" released in the "compter"; the vales being normalised with the concentration in the otlet. With this definition one gets a comparison to the reference case "a perfectly mixed room", which wold give the vale NMCR=1. A room where the polltion is locally "trapped" in high concentrations is likely to reslt in NMCR> 1. (Ths NMCR is the reciprocal of the often sed "Polltion removal effectiveness" or "Ventilation effectiveness"). The speed of the PS is marked on the abscissa. This is the sstained maximm speed, Usm, which was preceded by a constant acceleration phase and ended by a constant retardation phase for each "walk" across the room; the average speed was conseqently somewhat lower than Usm ,--..,.---:----:---:----:---:----, ~ ~.9. ' ' ' ~ ~ o o o I I ::: ::;E.8 z_ o.1 E g.6 ::: =.5.4 ;.3 ~.2 >=!.! z -- - : : : : / 71 : : : Y f ~ :;- r - ~ : o I I I ' ' ' :-:,..,., ~ : ~ ~ : I I I I I I I ~ _, _ '.. ' I I I I I -. I ,... '..,'.. '.' '... _ ' '. -Cylinder - DPS, not trning () --- DPS, trning. '------~---' ' PS speed, U 5 m [rnls] Figre 3a. Mean cone. in room vs. PS speed ~ 7 t..i"' ;.>, ;:; 65 ;:; 8 gf6.c: "' ><.!::: 55 -< :---:---: Cylinder - DPS, not trning () --- DPS, trning.. : b :_ : : : :-..,.._, ~ ~ ' '. ' I o I o o o I o o ' '... '.. I I I I 5'------~ ~ !.!.2 1.4!.6 PS speed, U 5 m [rnls]" Figre 3b. Air Exch. Eff. vs. PS speed Comparison is made, in Figre 3, between the three cases: "Cylinder", "DPS, not trning" (i.e. DPS "walking" backwards in one direction) and "DPS, trning". We see that for a steady standing PS, NMCR:::::.6. Then, a low speed of the PS is shown to reslt in lower NMRC: a minimm vale of :::::.4 is attained at Usm=.1-.3 rnls. Frther speed increase case again higher vales, bt still at the highest speeds tested the NMCR vales are below 1., indicating better ventilation than for a mixed system. (Limited strength of the transportation eqipment pt an pper speed limit, nfortnately being rather low for the trning DPS.) The moving DPS seem to case a somewhat more pollted room than the moving Cylinder. Figre 3b shows how the air exchange effectiveness, Ea, depends on the movements. Ea is a measre of how "yong" the air in the room is on average, assming it being "born" as it enters the room. A high vale indicates relatively "yong" and "fresh" air; perfect mixing reslt in Ea=5%. Ea was calclated from the step-down measrements in the otlet (see e.g. (6)). The corse in Figre 3b is similar to 3a: an effectiveness maximm is attained at Usm"".2 rnls; higher speeds making the Ea-vales approaching the mixing vale 5%. As in Figre 3a, the DPS seems to case somewhat worse air qality than the Cylinder, especially the trning DPS. A more detailed pictre of how the "compter polltion" is distribted in the room is shown in Figre 4, where the vertical concentration profiles are depicted for three different vales of sm for the Cylinder and the not trning DPS. According to the stdies in connection with (1)&(2) 3

8 - -~ ( ( ( the air qality is- for this set-p- rather homogeneos in the horizontal plane, ths warranting a look pon the profiles as roghly representing the concentration distribtion in the whole room. The concentrations, C, are normalised with otlet concentration, C, and, similar to Figre 3a, perfectly mixed room air wold give C/C =1 everywhere in the room. At Usrn=.1 m/s no big difference can be seen between the Cylinder and the DPS profiles, except at the height 1.8 m where the DPS case a remarkable "dip" in the crve. At Usrn=.3 rn!s the DPS is seen to make the air more pollted at "trnk" height than the Cylinder. At Usm=l.O m/s the crves have come rather close to the 1.-line, the DPS casing abot 2% higher concentrations in the occpied zone than the Cylinder. 2. r ~~~ : --.~---~- 1 2 s ~ ~_2. : t ~ t- ---~~- : r---- t-- r -t--- : : " : : : : : : : : :,..., ' ' ' ' ' r:f o~- -o -~o r -~ t- - - ' ' ' ' ' d ~ t t : -""i ~ : 4 : : : : ~ : : : : : : ~ ~ / --- o ~ ~- - - o - ~o-oo o o o o o H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~i p : : : p : : : : : p i : : I Usm=O.l mls I ;./ : I sm=.3 mls I I Usm=l.O mls I : o; t t ~ i ot-- ~ ;6~ : : : : : : : : : ~/ : CIC C/C C /C Figre 4. Vertical concentration profiles at different PS speed. It has been shown (see e.g. (7),(8)&(9)) that the air qality in the breathing zone of the occpants in a displacement ventilated room is inflenced by the natral convection air stream along the bodies, which tend to bring relatively fresh air from the floor to the nose. This effect was observed also in this stdy. Figre 5 shows how the concentration of the "compter polltion" in the "nose" of the PSs depends on PS speed. The vales are normalised with otlet concentration (dashed crves) and the concentration in the "ambient" air (solid crves); "ambient" meaning a point on the vertical profile line being at the same height (155 cm) as the "nose". Concentrating on the latter crves first we see that, when standing still, the PSs "breathe" air that is in fact only :::::2% as pollted as the air jst otside the convection stream. However this "cleaning effect" disappears at Usm"".2 m/s according to the Cylinder and trning DPS crves. Under DISCUSSION is explained why the not trning DPS doesn't give the same indication. The Cylinders "overshooting" of the 1.-line is explained in (1)&(2) to be de to the backward movements of the Cylinder every second move, casing air to be swept from a higher, more pollted altitde, down to the breathing zone. The dashed crves, showing the relation to the otlet, indicates that the PSs "breathes" less pollted air than they wold if the room air was perfectly mixed; the difference being smaller for higher activity. The DPS seems to be exposed to slightly more pollted air than the Cylinder, if the speed is not very small. Smoke visalisations of the air flow pattern in the region arond the "head" of the PSs is shown in Figre 6. Smoke was injected into the main stream in a wind tnnel to reach the PS on its centreline. The air velocity is.3 m/s- the case showing the most noticeable difference between the Cylinder and the DPS. Both PSs receive their sal1 Wheat inpt, and for the DPS (6c) we can see that the vertical convection flow along the body interferes with the oncoming horizontal air stream, deflecting it slightly pwards. For the Cylinder (6b) howeve!, 4

9 <U ;--*-f i:=~ ic l c:: c:: ;;;.8 -~ ~. 6 V c:: U.4 <U ;;..c c-;j -a::).2 ~... :p : ~ ; ~.. // ~; -,~ -~ ~ ~ t./~c~~~~ ~t ; _ I? '. --i ~-L:~t~~ --\ L-- --:......! ~-<;l~=-4: : --~ Rcl.tootlet - =D' : : - R~ l. to ambient air - : --- : - - ~ :- - Cylinder : : : ; DPS, not trning : : :. DPS. IUming. L ; ~--'-----' ' PS speed,,m [m/s] Figre 5. Air qality in "breathing" zone. Figre 6a. Top-view of flow arond DPS. Figre 6b. Flow field arond Cylinder "head". Figre 6c. Flow field arond DPS "head". we can not see this effect; instead the air stream is, to some extent, swept down into the wake of the Cylinder. At higher velocities this flow pattern applied to both PSs, while at lower velocities the pward deflection was obvios also for the Cylii1der. Figre 6a shows a top view of the air stream arond one side of the DPS, at "stomach" height. It is clear that a big wake is formed behind the DPS: not even the smoke streak released closest to the DPS centre line (8.5 cm apart; DPS width: 47 cm) is directly dragged into the wake. DISCUSSION As mentioned, the main prpose of this stdy has been to get a pictre of the inflence of body shape of the PS when simlating movements of people. However, first we '11 make some brief general statements of how the movements seem to affect the air qality in the displacement ventilated room; most of it being verifications of the findings in (1)&(2). The interesting effectiveness peaks occrring at a low speed (Figre 3) is probably de to vertical convection flow along the PS being "peeled off' from the body, settling in ambient air of eqal temperatre. In this way the PS spreads air from the floor horizontally in the room, instead of convecting it to the ceiling, enhancing the macrocirclation in the pper part of the room- a circlation that always exists in displacement ventilated rooms, casing deteriorated effectiveness. However, a fast moving PS will sweep down air from above into its wake, ths making the room air more mixed; something that several figres from above gave an indication of. The effect of locally "fresher" air in the breathing zone de to body convection flow seems to disappear at abot Usm"".2 m/s; i.e. it seems that a person walks away form his convective bondary layer already at qite a low speed. (A rather relaxed walking speed is ""1.5 m/s.) 5

10 Now to the differences between the Cylinder and the DPS. First we try to accont for the strange "dip" in the DPS-crve in Figre 4 at Usm=O.l rn!s. As shown in Figre 6a, there is a big wake behind the DPS. Assme the air closest to the DPS, after being heated by it, getting more of less trapped in its wake. The boyancy will drive it pwards in the wake - imitating the "chimney" effect- ntil it reaches "head" level, where it will be "delivered" to the ambient air; perhaps rising a bit before finding its level of netral boyancy (i.e. of same temperatre). Conseqently, at this level we will fmd relatively "fresh" air, broght p from cleaner areas. Spport for the theory is fond in Figre 6c, where we get an inkling of the "delivery" of the pcoming convection stream. This cold explain the "dip" in Figre 4, and in fact also why the "DPS, not trning"-crve in Figre 5, solid line, approaches the 1.-line "later" than the other. When "walking" backwards it is likely that portions of wake convection flow will reach the DPS's "nose", and hence provide it with relatively "fresh" air; ths casing the recorded lower mean concentration in the breathing zone. Having the "nose" in the right direction ths seems to have some importance in this kind of measrements. The DPS casing inferior overall air qality compared to the cylinder can be explained by, at low speed, the DPS "spreading" its~convection flow at "head" height, while the Cylinder delivers it at lower altitdes - as described above-, ths prifying the occpation zone more. At higher speeds the DPS is likely to sweep down more air from above than the Cylinder, de to the DPS's "blffer" body shape; hence casing the room air to be more mixed. It is explainable that the trning DPS case somewhat lower effectiveness than when it is not trning, since the action of trning adds physical activity, and hence tends to mix the air more. Smming p, we can conclde thatthere are some differences in measred air qality between sing the Cylinder and the DPS as the moving object, althogh the qalitative reslts are abot the same. What happens when a real person walks throgh a room, moving also arms and legs, is on or schedle for coming measrements. One shold keep in mind that the reslts presented here concern continos movements, and that the problem of imitating indoor movement patterns for real people is likely to be more crcial than imitating their body perfectly. However, the reslts above give a hint on movement impact on air qality in displacement ventilated rooms. REFERENCES 1. Mattsson M.; Sandberg M "Displacement Ventilation- Inflence of Physical Activity." Proceedings of ROOMVENT '94, Krakow (Poland), Vol. 2, pp Mattsson M "Deplacerande ventilation- inverkan av miinniskans ri:irelser." BFR-report, Pro}. no (In Swedish, available from M.Mattsson.) 3. Mattsson M.; Sandberg M "Velocity Field Created by Moving Objects in Rooms." Proc. ROOMVENT '96, 5th Int. Conf on Air Distribtion in Rooms, Yokohama, Japan 4. Sandberg M.; Mattsson M "The Effect of Moving Heat Sorces pon the Stratification in Rooms Ventilated by Displacement Ventilation." Proc. ROOMVENT '92, 3rd Int. Conf on Air Distribtion in Rooms, Aalborg, Denmark. 5. Bj!llm E.; Mattsson M.; Sandberg M.; Nielsen P. V "Displacement Ventilation- Effects of Movement and Exhalation." Proc. Healthy Bildings '97, Washington DC, USA 6. Sandberg M.; Skaret E "Lfttbytes- och ventilationseffektivitet- nya hjillpmedel for ventilationskonstrkti:irer." National Swedish Institte of Bilding Research, Technical report M:22, Gii.vle, Sweden. 7. S tymne H.; Sandberg M.; Mattsson M "Dispersion Pattern of Contaminants in a Displacement Ventilated Room- Implications for Demand Control", 12th ANC Conference, Ottawa, Canada. 8. Brohs H.; Nielsen P. V "Personal Exposre in Displacement Ventilated Rooms." Indoor Air Jornal, vol. 6, No.3, pp Bj!llm E.; Nielsen P. V "Passive Smoking in a Displacement Ventilated Room." Proc. INDOOR AIR '96, 7th Int. Conf on Indoor Air Qality and Climate, Nagoya, Japan. 6

11 PAPERS ON INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY PAPER NO. 37: K. Svidt: N1tmerical Prediction of Boyant Air Flow in Livestock Bildings. ISSN R9351. PAPER NO. 38: K. Svidt: Investigation of Inlet Bo1mdary Conditions Nmerical Prediction of Air Flow in Livestock Bildings. ISSN R947. PAPER NO. 39: C. E. Hyldgaard: Hmans as a Sorce of Heat and Air Poll1dion. ISSN R9414. PAPER NO. 4: H. Brohs, P. V. Nielsen: Contaminant Distribtion arond Persons in Rooms Ventilated by Displacement Ventilation. ISSN R9415. PAPER NO. 41: P. V. Nielsen: Air Distribtion in Rooms - Research and Design Methods. ISSN R9416. PAPER NO. 42: H. Overby: Measrement and Calclation of Vertical Temperat1tre Gradients in Rooms with Convective Flows. ISSN R9417. PAPER NO. 43: H. Brohs, P. V. Nielsen: Personal Exposre in a Ventilated Room with Concentration Grad~ents. ISSN R9424. PAPER NO. 44: P. Heiselberg: Interaction between Flow Elements in Large Enclosnres. ISSN R9427. PAPER NO. 45: P. V. Nielsen: Prospects for Comptational Flid Dynamics in Room Air Contaminant Control. ISSN R9446. PAPER NO. 46: P. Heiselberg, H. Overby, & E. BjlZlrn: The Effect of Obstacles on the Bondary Layer Flow at a Vertical Srface. ISSN R9454. PAPER NO. 47: U. Madsen, G. Abertin, N.. Brem, J. R. Fontaine & P. V. Nielsen: Tracer Gas Techniq1te verss a Control Box Method for Estimating Direct Capt re Efficiency of Exhast Systems. ISSN R9457. PAPER NO. 48: Peter V. Nielsen: Vertical Temperatre Distribtion in a Room with Displacement Ventilation. ISSN R959. PAPER NO. 49: Kjeld Svidt & Per Heiselberg: CFD Calclations of the Air Flow along a Cold Vertical Wall with an Obstacle. ISSN R951. PAPER NO. 5: Gnnar P. Jensen & Peter V. Nielsen: Transfer of Emission Test Data from Small Scale to Fll Scale. ISSN R9537. PAPER NO. 51: Peter V. Nielsen: Healthy Bildings and Air Distribtion in Rooms. ISSN R9538. PAPER NO. 52: Lars Davidson & Peter V. Nielsen: Calclation of the Two Dimensional Airflow in Facial Regions and Nasal Cavity sing an Unstrctred Finite Volme Solver. ISSN R9539. PAPER NO. 53: Henrik Brohs & Peter V. Nielsen: Personal Exposre to Contaminant So11.rces in a Uniform Velocity Field. ISSN R954. PAPER NO. 54: Erik BjlZlrn & Peter V. Nielsen: Merging Thermal Plmes in the Indoor EnviTOnment. ISSN R9541.

12 PAPERS ON INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY PAPER NO. 55: K. Svidt, P. Heiselberg &. J. Hendriksen: Natral Ventilation in Atria- A Case Si1Ldy. ISSN R9647. PAPER NO. 56: K. Svidt & B. Bjerg: Compter Prediction of Air Qality in Livestock Bildings. ISSN R9648. PAPER NO. 57: J. R. Nielsen, P. V. Nielsen & K. Svidt: Obstacles in the Occpied Zone of a Room with Mixing Ventilation. ISSN R9649. PAPER NO. 58: C. Topp & P. Heiselberg: Obstacles, an Energy-Efficient Method to Redce Downdraght from Large Glazed Srfaces. ISSN R965. PAPER NO. 59: L. Davidson & P. V. Nielsen: Large Eddy Simlations of the Flow in a Three-Dimensional Ventilated Room. ISSN R9651. PAPER NO. 6: H. Brohs & P. V. Nielsen: CFD Models of Persons Evahwted by Hdl-Scale Wind Channel ExpeTiments. ISSN R9652. PAPER NO. 61: H. Brohs, H. N. Kndsen, P. V. Nielsen, G. Clasen & P.. Fa:nger: Perceived Air Q~ality in a Displacement Ventilated Room. ISSN R9653. PAPER NO. 62: P. Heiselberg, H. Overby & E. Bjrn: Energy-Efficient Measres to A void Downdraft from Large Glazed Facades. ISSN R9654. PAPER NO. 63:. J. Hendriksen, C. E. Madsen, P. Heiselberg & K. Svidt: Indoor Climate of Large Glazed Spaces. ISSN R9655. PAPER NO. 64: P. Heiselberg: Analysis and Prediction Techniqes. ISSN R9656. PAPER NO. 65: P. Heiselberg & P. V. Nielsen: Flow Element Models R9657. ISSN PAPER NO. 66: Erik Bjrn & P. V. Nielsen: Exposre de to Interacting Air Flows between Two Persons. ISSN R9658. PAPER NO. 67: P. V. Nielsen: Temperatre Distribtion in a Displacement Ventilated Room. ISSN R9659. PAPER NO. 68: G. Zhang, J. C. Bennetsen, B. Bjerg & K. Svidt: Analysis of Air Movement M cas red in a Ventilated Enclosre. ISSN R966. PAPER NO. 69: E. Bj!Zlrn, P. V. Nielsen: Passive Smoking in a Displacement Ventilated Room. ISSN R9714. PAPER NO. 7: E. Bj!Z)rn, M. Mattsson, M. Sandberg, P. V. Nielsen: Displacement Ventilation - Effects of Movement and Exhalation. ISSN R9728. PAPER NO. 71: M. Mattsson, E. Bjrn, M. Sandberg, P. V. Nielsen: Simlating People Moving in Displacement Ventilated Rooms. ISSN R9729. Department of Bilding Technology and Strctral Engineering Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 57. DK 9 Aalborg Telephone: Telefax: