Physical Chemistry of Gases: Gas Exchange Linda Costanzo, Ph.D.
|
|
- Alexandra Payne
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Physical Chemistry of Gases: Gas Exchange Linda Costanzo, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES: After studying this lecture, the student should understand: 1. Application of the gas laws to pulmonary physiology. 2. How to calculate the concentration of a gas in blood using Henry s law. 3. Diffusion of gases according to Fick s law and the concept of lung diffusion capacity. 4. The overview of gas exchange across the alveolar-pulmonary capillary barrier and the resulting values of P O2 and P CO2 in inspired air, alveolar air, mixed venous blood, and systemic arterial blood. 5. The mechanism of diffusion-limited gas exchange. 6. The mechanism of perfusion-limited gas exchange. I. GAS LAWS A. General Gas Law This one should be familiar! PV = nrt P is pressure (mm Hg), V is volume (L), n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin. B. Boyle s Law Boyle s Law says that a given temperature, pressure times volume for a gas is constant. P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 For example, if the volume of the lungs increases (e.g., during inspiration), the pressure must decrease to keep pressure times volume constant. C. Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures It is critically important that you understand Dalton s Law since, in respiratory physiology, we are always dealing with gases in mixtures. Dalton s law of partial pressures states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is the pressure that gas would exert if it occupied
2 the whole volume of the mixture. P x = P B x F P x is the partial pressure of the gas, P B is barometric pressure, and F is the fractional concentration of the gas. In humidified air, we correct for water vapor pressure, P H2O, which is 47 mm Hg at 37 C. P x = ( P B B - PH2O) x F In dry atmospheric air, there is 21% O 2 and 79% N 2 (no CO 2, always remember that!) and the respective partial pressures (mm Hg) at sea level are shown in the table below. When this air is humidified air it is corrected for the obligatory water vapor pressure and the respective partial pressures are, accordingly, decreased. Gas (F) Dry Air Humidified Tracheal Air O 2 (0.21) CO 2 (0) 0 0 N 2 (0.79) H 2 O 0 47 Total (barometric) 760 mm Hg 760 mm Hg D. Henry s Law for Dissolved Gases Henry s law applies to concentrations of gases dissolved in solution. This is relevant since both O 2 and CO 2 are dissolved in blood. Important point: if equilibration has occurred, partial pressure of a gas in the liquid phase is equal to the partial pressure in the gas phase. Do not read further until you have understood this point! Henry s law is then used to convert the partial pressure of gas in the liquid to concentration of gas in the liquid. Henry s law calculates the concentration of dissolved gas that is free in solution and does not include any gas that is present in bound form (e.g., bound to hemoglobin). C x = P x x solubility C x is concentration of dissolved (free) gas in units of ml gas/100 ml blood (also called volume %), P x is the partial pressure of the gas in mm Hg, and solubility is the solubility of the gas in units of ml gas/100 ml blood/mm Hg.
3 Solubilities of O 2 and CO 2 in blood are as follows: O 2 CO 2 Solubility in blood (ml gas/100 ml blood/mm Hg) ml O 2 /100 ml blood/mm Hg 0.07 ml CO 2 /100 ml blood/mm Hg II. FORMS OF GASES IN SOLUTION In air there is only one form of gas, the gaseous form (!), which is expressed as a partial pressure in units of mm Hg. In blood, gases can be carried in dissolved form (Henry s law), bound to proteins such as hemoglobin, or chemically modified. Dissolved gas. All the relevant gases (O 2, CO 2, and N 2 ) are carried to some extent in dissolved form. Henry s law relates concentration of the gas to its partial pressure. One corollary of Henry s law is that only dissolved gas creates a partial pressure; bound and chemically modified forms do not contribute to the partial pressure of the gas. N 2 is only found in the dissolved form, it is never bound or chemically modified. Bound gas. O 2, CO 2, and CO are bind to hemoglobin, which contribute significantly to their carriage in blood. CO 2 also binds to plasma albumin. Chemically modified. The most important example of a chemically modified gas is the conversion of CO 2 to HCO 3 - in red blood cells. III. GAS EXCHANGE A. Diffusion of gases Fick s Law V x = D A ΔP Δx V x is volume of gas transferred per unit time, D is the diffusion coefficient for the gas, A is surface area, ΔP is partial pressure difference for the gas, and Δx is the thickness of the membrane (e.g., the alveolar-capillary barrier). The driving force for gas diffusion is the partial pressure difference of the gas (ΔP) across the membrane or capillary wall. For example, if the P O2 of alveolar gas is 100 mm Hg and the P O2 of mixed venous blood
4 entering the pulmonary capillaries is 40 mm Hg, then the driving force for diffusion of O 2 is the difference in partial pressures across the alveolarpulmonary capillary barrier, or 60 mm Hg. O 2 will diffuse until the P O2 of pulmonary capillary blood is 100 mm Hg, at which point the partial pressure gradient is dissipated and there is no more driving force for O 2 diffusion. The diffusion coefficient of the gas, D, is inversely correlated with the molecular weight of the gas and directly correlated with the solubility of the gas. For example, D CO2 is >> D O2 (20 times greater). In respiratory physiology, we combine diffusion coefficient, surface area, and membrane thickness in the Fick equation into a single term called lung diffusing capacity (D L ). B. Lung diffusing capacity D L As noted above, several factors (D, A, and Δx) from Fick s diffusion equation are combined into the lung diffusing capacity, D L. D L also takes into account the time required for gas (e.g., O 2 ) to combine with proteins such as hemoglobin. D L is measured with CO (i.e., DL CO) because CO transfer across the alveolar-capillary barrier is limited exclusively by diffusion. (In the measurement, called the single breath method, a single inspiration of a dilute mixture of CO is made, and the rate of disappearance of CO from alveolar gas is measured.) V x = D L x ΔP Increases in D L. D L is increased in exercise, where there are more open capillaries and more surface area for gas exchange. Decreases in D L. D L is decreased when there is an increased diffusion distance (e.g., fibrosis and pulmonary edema) or decreased surface area for diffusion (e.g., emphysema). D L also is decreased in anemia where the decreased hemoglobin concentration in blood decreases the hemoglobinbinding component of the D L measurement.
5 IV. OVERVIEW OF GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS Figure 1.
6 Figure 2. The first figure shows an alveolus and a pulmonary capillary. The pulmonary capillary is perfused with mixed venous blood from the right heart. Gas exchange occurs across the alveolar-pulmonary capillary barrier -- O 2 diffuses from alveolar gas into pulmonary capillary blood and CO 2 (produced in the tissues) diffuses from pulmonary capillary blood into alveolar gas. Pulmonary capillary blood exits the lungs by the pulmonary vein, goes to the left heart and becomes systemic arterial blood. The second figure shows the average values for P O2 and P CO2 in various locations. Dry inspired air has a P O2 of 160 mm Hg, but no CO 2. When this air enters the trachea, it is humidified and the P O2 is lowered to 150 mm Hg because of the obligatory P H2O of 47 mm Hg ([760 mm Hg - 47 mm Hg] x 0.21 = 150 mm Hg). In alveolar gas, the values for P O2 and P CO2 change significantly. (The notation small capital A indicates alveolar gas.). PA O2 is 100 mm Hg because O 2 has diffused from alveolar gas into pulmonary capillary blood until equilibration occurs. PA CO2 is 40 mm Hg because CO 2 has diffused from capillary blood into alveolar gas until equilibration occurs. In the steady state, the amounts of O 2 and CO 2 transferred correspond to the amounts of O 2 consumed and CO 2 produced by
7 the body. Thus, pulmonary capillary blood, which becomes systemic arterial blood, normally equilibrates with alveolar gas and has a Pa O2 of 100 mm Hg and a P CO2 of 40 mm Hg. This blood circulates to the tissues, where O 2 is consumed and CO 2 is produced, and mixed venous blood has a Pv O2 of 40 mm Hg and a Pv CO2 of 46 mm Hg. V. DIFFUSION- AND PERFUSION-LIMITED GAS EXCHANGE A. Diffusion-limited gas exchange In diffusion-limited gas exchange, the total amount of gas transferred across the alveolar-capillary barrier is limited by the diffusion process (driven by the partial pressure gradient for the gas). The partial pressure gradient for the gas is maintained along the length of the capillary. Diffusion-limited gas exchange is illustrated by the transport of O 2 during strenuous exercise, in lung diseases such as emphysema and fibrosis, and by the transport of CO (shown in the figure below, Panel A). In the figure, the shaded area shows the partial pressure gradient for CO between alveolar gas (PA) and pulmonary capillary blood (Pa) along the length of the capillary. Blood entering the capillary has no CO and there is a huge partial pressure gradient for CO diffusion from alveolar gas into capillary blood. As CO diffuses into the blood, it binds to hemoglobin with a high affinity and very little CO is left free in solution. Thus, the partial pressure of CO rises very little along the length of the capillary, the partial pressure gradient is maintained for the entire capillary, and diffusion continues. There is no equilibration of CO! B. Perfusion-limited gas exchange In perfusion (or blood flow)-limited gas exchange, the amount of gas transferred is limited by blood flow. The partial pressure gradient for the gas is not maintained, i.e., there is equilibration of the gas at some point along the pulmonary capillary. In these cases, the only way to transfer more gas is by increasing blood flow. Perfusion-limited gas exchange is illustrated by the transfer of O 2 (resting conditions) and CO 2, and by the transfer of N 2 O (shown in the figure below, panel B). N 2 O is not bound in the blood at all, it is only present in the free, dissolved form that creates a partial pressure. Blood entering the pulmonary capillary initially has no N 2 O. N 2 O diffuses down its partial pressure gradient from alveolar gas into pulmonary capillary blood. The partial pressure of N 2 O in blood rises rapidly (because none is bound); when it equals the partial pressure in alveolar gas, there is no more transfer of N 2 O. The only way to transfer more N 2 O is to increase blood flow.
8 Figure 3. C. O 2 sometimes perfusion-limited, sometimes diffusion-limited O 2 transport is normally perfusion-limited. That is, O 2 equilibrates between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood and the partial pressure gradient (driving force for diffusion) dissipates. The only way to increase the amount of O 2 transferred is to increase blood flow. However, this is not the whole story. Under certain conditions (usually pathologic, but also including strenuous exercise), O 2 does not equilibrate; the O 2 partial pressure gradient is maintained along the length of pulmonary capillary, and O 2 transfer converts to a diffusion-limited process.
9 Figure 4. In fibrosis, O 2 transfer converts to a diffusion-limited process (Panel A). Let s assume that mixed venous P O2 is the usual value of 40 mm Hg. This blood enters the pulmonary capillaries. The diffusion process is seriously impaired, however, because of thickening of the alveolar membranes, which decreases D L. O 2 does not equilibrate between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood and the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries and becoming systemic arterial blood has a very reduced P O2. At high altitude, the person with fibrosis is in even worse shape. Now the alveolar P O2 is reduced (because of the decrease in barometric pressure). For illustration, alveolar P O2 in this example is shown as 50 mm Hg. People with normal lungs will equilibrate O 2 (albeit more slowly because of the decreased partial pressure gradient), and their arterial P O2 will be 50 mm Hg. People with fibrosis, however, will not equilibrate O 2 and their arterial P O2 will be less than 50 mm Hg (in this example, 30 mm Hg).
10 VI. PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. If barometric pressure is 740 mm Hg, and the fractional concentration of O 2 is 21%, of N 2 is 79%, and CO 2 is 0, what are the partial pressures in a humidified mixture of these three gases? 2. If alveolar gas has a partial pressure of O 2 of 150 mm Hg, what is the concentration of dissolved O 2 in blood that is equilibrated with that alveolar gas? 3. A person at sea level breathes a mixture containing 0.1% carbon monoxide (CO). The uptake of CO was measured in the single breath method to be 28 ml/minute. What is the lung diffusing capacity for CO (DL CO )? ( Hint: V CO = DL x ΔP) 4. In perfusion-limited O 2 exchange, the P O2 at the end of the pulmonary capillary is A. Less than the P O2 in alveolar air. B. Equal to the P O2 in mixed venous blood. C. Equal to the P O2 in alveolar air. D. Greater than the P O2 of alveolar air. E. Greater than the P O2 of systemic arterial blood. EXPLANATIONS 1. P O2 = (740-47) x 0.21 = mmhg P N2 = (740-47) x 0.79 = mmhg P CO2 = (740-47) x 0 = 0 2. Pa O2 = 150 mmhg Dissolved O 2 = 150 mmhg x ml O 2 /100 ml blood/mmhg = 0.45 ml O 2 /100 ml blood, or 0.45 vol% 3. Answer: 39.3 ml/min/mm Hg 4. Answer = C. Begin by reminding yourself of the definition/description of perfusion-limited gas exchange as applied to O 2 (i.e., O 2 moves from alveolar gas into pulmonary capillary blood). Perfusion-limited means the gas equilibrates across the alveolar-pulmonary capillary barrier. Thus, the P O2 of pulmonary capillary blood equilibrates with, and becomes equal to, the P O2 of alveolar air. Additional comment on this question: Choice D (greater than P O2 of alveolar air) is a particularly bad answer because it implies that pulmonary capillary blood can achieve a higher P O2 than alveolar gas it can t! It can go as high as, but never higher!
I Physical Principles of Gas Exchange
Respiratory Gases Exchange Dr Badri Paudel, M.D. 2 I Physical Principles of Gas Exchange 3 Partial pressure The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a mixture Diffusion of gases through liquids Concentration
More informationRESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE
RESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE Alveolar PO 2 = 105 mmhg; Pulmonary artery PO 2 = 40 mmhg PO 2 gradient across respiratory membrane 65 mmhg (105 mmhg 40 mmhg) Results in pulmonary vein PO 2 ~100 mmhg Partial
More informationUnit II Problem 4 Physiology: Diffusion of Gases and Pulmonary Circulation
Unit II Problem 4 Physiology: Diffusion of Gases and Pulmonary Circulation - Physical principles of gases: Pressure of a gas is caused by the movement of its molecules against a surface (more concentration
More informationChapter 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing
Chapter 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing Overview of Pulmonary Circulation o Diffusion of Gases o Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide o Transport of Gases in the Blood
More informationLung Volumes and Capacities
Lung Volumes and Capacities Normally the volume of air entering the lungs during a single inspiration is approximately equal to the volume leaving on the subsequent expiration and is called the tidal volume.
More informationαo 2 : solubility coefficient of O 2
Version 2006 Dr. Puntarica Suwanprathes 1) Fick s law of diffusion 2) facts which limit gas transfer 3) diffusion capacity gas volume gaseous phase dissolved gas exert pressure*** Solubility of Gas C =P.
More informationSection Two Diffusion of gases
Section Two Diffusion of gases Lecture 5: Partial pressure and the composition of gasses in air. Factors affecting diffusion of gases. Ventilation perfusion ratio effect on alveolar gas concentration.
More informationRespiratory physiology II.
Respiratory physiology II. Learning objectives: 29. Pulmonary gas exchange. 30. Oxygen transport in the blood. 31. Carbon-dioxide transport in the blood. 1 Pulmonary gas exchange The transport mechanism
More information660 mm Hg (normal, 100 mm Hg, room air) Paco, (arterial Pc02) 36 mm Hg (normal, 40 mm Hg) % saturation 50% (normal, 95%-100%)
148 PHYSIOLOGY CASES AND PROBLEMS Case 26 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Herman Neiswander is a 65-year-old retired landscape architect in northern Wisconsin. One cold January morning, he decided to warm his
More informationRespiratory System. Part 2
Respiratory System Part 2 Respiration Exchange of gases between air and body cells Three steps 1. Ventilation 2. External respiration 3. Internal respiration Ventilation Pulmonary ventilation consists
More informationBy: Aseel Jamil Al-twaijer. Lec : physical principles of gas exchange
By: Aseel Jamil Al-twaijer Lec : physical principles of gas exchange Date:30 /10/2017 this lecture is about the exchange of gases between the blood and the alveoli. I might add some external definitions
More informationTable of Contents. By Adam Hollingworth
By Adam Hollingworth Table of Contents Oxygen Cascade... 2 Diffusion... 2 Laws of Diffusion... 2 Diffusion & Perfusion Limitations... 3 Oxygen Uptake Along Pulmon Capillary... 4 Measurement of Diffusing
More informationGases and Respiration. Respiration Overview I
Respiration Overview I Respiration Overview II Gas Laws Equation of State: PV = nrt Same volumes of different gases have same # of molecules BTPS: body temp, atmospheric pressure, saturated ATPS: ambient
More informationAIIMS, New Delhi. Dr. K. K. Deepak, Prof. & HOD, Physiology AIIMS, New Delhi Dr. Geetanjali Bade, Asst. Professor AIIMS, New Delhi
Course : PG Pathshala-Biophysics Paper 13 : Physiological Biophysics Module 17 : Gas transport and pulmonary circulation Principal Investigator: Co-Principal Investigator: Paper Coordinator: Content Writer:
More informationCollin County Community College. Lung Physiology
Collin County Community College BIOL. 2402 Anatomy & Physiology WEEK 9 Respiratory System 1 Lung Physiology Factors affecting Ventillation 1. Airway resistance Flow = Δ P / R Most resistance is encountered
More informationPulmonary Circulation Linda Costanzo Ph.D.
Pulmonary Circulation Linda Costanzo Ph.D. OBJECTIVES: After studying this lecture, the student should understand: 1. The differences between pressures in the pulmonary and systemic circulations. 2. How
More informationAN OVERVIEW OF RESPIRATION AND AN INTRODUCTION TO DIFFUSION AND SOLUBILITY OF GASES 1
AN OVERVIEW OF RESPIRATION AND AN INTRODUCTION TO DIFFUSION AND SOLUBILITY OF GASES 1 Summary: This set of notes gives an overview of respiration and then follows the overview with a detailed discussion
More informationThe Physiologic Basis of DLCO testing. Brian Graham Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine University of Saskatchewan
The Physiologic Basis of DLCO testing Brian Graham Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine University of Saskatchewan Objectives Review gas transport from inhaled gas to the rest of the
More informationRespiratory System. Prepared by: Dorota Marczuk-Krynicka, MD, PhD
Respiratory System Prepared by: Dorota Marczuk-Krynicka, MD, PhD Lungs: Ventilation Perfusion Gas Exchange - Diffusion 1. Airways and Airway Resistance (AWR) 2. Mechanics of Breathing and Lung (Elastic)
More informationSection Three Gas transport
Section Three Gas transport Lecture 6: Oxygen transport in blood. Carbon dioxide in blood. Objectives: i. To describe the carriage of O2 in blood. ii. iii. iv. To explain the oxyhemoglobin dissociation
More informationPICU Resident Self-Study Tutorial The Basic Physics of Oxygen Transport. I was told that there would be no math!
Physiology of Oxygen Transport PICU Resident Self-Study Tutorial I was told that there would be no math! INTRODUCTION Christopher Carroll, MD Although cells rely on oxygen for aerobic metabolism and viability,
More informationEssential Skills Course Acute Care Module. Respiratory Day 2 (Arterial Blood Gases) Pre course Workbook
Essential Skills Course Acute Care Module Respiratory Day 2 (Arterial Blood Gases) Pre course Workbook Acknowledgements This pre course workbook has been complied and updated with reference to the original
More informationGas exchange. Tissue cells CO2 CO 2 O 2. Pulmonary capillary. Tissue capillaries
Gas exchange Pulmonary gas exchange Tissue gas exchange CO 2 O 2 O 2 Tissue cells CO2 CO 2 Pulmonary capillary O 2 O 2 CO 2 Tissue capillaries Physical principles of gas exchange Diffusion: continuous
More informationQuestion 1: Define vital capacity. What is its significance? Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration. It is about 3.5 4.5 litres in the human body. It
More informationThese two respiratory media (air & water) impose rather different constraints on oxygen uptake:
Topic 19: OXYGEN UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT (lectures 29-30) OBJECTIVES: 1. Be able to compare air vs. water as a respiratory medium with respect to oxygen content, diffusion coefficient, viscosity and water
More informationRESPIRATORY REGULATION DURING EXERCISE
RESPIRATORY REGULATION DURING EXERCISE Respiration Respiration delivery of oxygen to and removal of carbon dioxide from the tissue External respiration ventilation and exchange of gases in the lung Internal
More informationChapter 13 The Respiratory System
Chapter 13 The Respiratory System by Dr. Jay M. Templin Brooks/Cole - Thomson Learning Atmosphere Tissue cell External respiration Alveoli of lungs 1 Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere
More informationRespiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 3
Respiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 3 1. The pressure of a gas: a. is inversely proportional to its volume b. is unaffected by temperature changes c. is directly proportional to its volume d. does not
More informationP215 Respiratory System, Part 2
P15 Respiratory System, Part Gas Exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide constant need for oxygen constant production of carbon dioxide exchange (and movement) lung alveoli pulmonary arteries pulmonary capillaries
More informationCHAPTER 6. Oxygen Transport. Copyright 2008 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 6 Oxygen Transport Normal Blood Gas Value Ranges Table 6-1 OXYGEN TRANSPORT Oxygen Dissolved in the Blood Plasma Dissolve means that the gas maintains its precise molecular structure About.003
More informationAnimal Physiology Prof. Mainak Das Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. Module - 01 Lecture 28
Animal Physiology Prof. Mainak Das Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Module - 01 Lecture 28 Welcome back, so we are in to the Animal Physiology
More informationRespiratory Physiology. Adeyomoye O.I
Respiratory Physiology By Adeyomoye O.I Outline Introduction Hypoxia Dyspnea Control of breathing Ventilation/perfusion ratios Respiratory/barometric changes in exercise Intra-pulmonary & intra-pleural
More informationRespiratory Medicine. A-A Gradient & Alveolar Gas Equation Laboratory Diagnostics. Alveolar Gas Equation. See online here
Respiratory Medicine A-A Gradient & Alveolar Gas Equation Laboratory Diagnostics See online here Alveolar gas equation helps to calculate the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli and A-a gradient is the
More informationOxygen and Carbon dioxide Transport. Dr. Laila Al-Dokhi
Oxygen and Carbon dioxide Transport Dr. Laila Al-Dokhi Objectives 1. Understand the forms of oxygen transport in the blood, the importance of each. 2. Differentiate between O2 capacity, O2 content and
More informationApplied Physics Topics 2
Applied Physics Topics 2 Dr Andrey Varvinskiy Consultant Anaesthetist Torbay Hospital, UK EDAIC Paper B Lead and Examiner TOPICS 2 Gas Laws Other Laws: Dalton, Avogadro Critical temperature Critical pressure
More informationUNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION MUST, AT ALL TIMES, ACCEPT THE ENTIRE CARDIAC OUTPUT
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION MUST, AT ALL TIMES, ACCEPT THE ENTIRE CARDIAC OUTPUT UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
More informationGAS EXCHANGE & PHYSIOLOGY
GAS EXCHANGE & PHYSIOLOGY Atmospheric Pressure Intra-Alveolar Pressure Inspiration 760 mm HG at Sea Level (= 1 atm) Pressure due to gases (N2, O2, CO2, Misc.) Pressure inside the alveolus (air sac) Phrenic
More informationRespiratory System Physiology. Dr. Vedat Evren
Respiratory System Physiology Dr. Vedat Evren Respiration Processes involved in oxygen transport from the atmosphere to the body tissues and the release and transportation of carbon dioxide produced in
More informationRespiratory System Study Guide, Chapter 16
Part I. Clinical Applications Name: Respiratory System Study Guide, Chapter 16 Lab Day/Time: 1. A person with ketoacidosis may hyperventilate. Explain why this occurs, and explain why this hyperventilation
More informationChapter 23. Gas Exchange and Transportation
Chapter 23 Gas Exchange and Transportation What is air? Mixture of gasses 78.6 % nitrogen 20.9% oxygen 0.04% carbon dioxide 0 4% water vapor depending on temperature and humidity and minor gases argon,
More informationChapter 23. Gas Exchange and Transportation
Chapter 23 Gas Exchange and Transportation What is air? Mixture of gasses 78.6 % nitrogen 20.9% oxygen 0.04% carbon dioxide 0 4% water vapor depending on temperature and humidity other minor gases argon,
More informationCirculatory And Respiration
Circulatory And Respiration Composition Of Blood Blood Heart 200mmHg 120mmHg Aorta Artery Arteriole 50mmHg Capillary Bed Venule Vein Vena Cava Heart Differences Between Arteries and Veins Veins transport
More informationAlveolus and Respiratory Membrane
Alveolus and Respiratory Membrane thin membrane where gas exchange occurs in the lungs, simple squamous epithelium (Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates. They fit closely together in
More informationFor more information about how to cite these materials visit
Author(s): Louis D Alecy, 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
More informationRespiration (revised 2006) Pulmonary Mechanics
Respiration (revised 2006) Pulmonary Mechanics PUL 1. Diagram how pleural pressure, alveolar pressure, airflow, and lung volume change during a normal quiet breathing cycle. Identify on the figure the
More informationGas Exchange in Animals. Uptake of O2 from environment and discharge of CO2. Respiratory medium! water for aquatic animals, air for terrestial
Gas Exchange in Animals Uptake of O2 from environment and discharge of CO2 Respiratory medium! water for aquatic animals, air for terrestial Respiratory surface! skin, gills, lungs Circulatory System O2/CO2
More informationGas exchange and gas transfer
Gas exchange and gas transfer Color index: Red: important Green: doctor s notes Grey: extra information Pink: found only in female s slides Blue: found only in male s slides Yellow: numbers Physiology
More informationIV. FROM AQUATIC TO ATMOSPHERIC BREATHING: THE TRACHEA & THE LUNG
GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT I. INTRODUCTION: Heterotrophs oxidize carbon cmpds using O 2 to generate CO 2 & H 2 O. This is cellular respiration II. HOW GAS ENTERS A CELL A. The composition of air: 79% N
More information2. State the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing.
CLASS XI BIOLOGY Breathing And Exchange of Gases 1. Define vital capacity. What is its significance? Answer: Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.
More informationIntroduction. Respiration. Chapter 10. Objectives. Objectives. The Respiratory System
Introduction Respiration Chapter 10 The Respiratory System Provides a means of gas exchange between the environment and the body Plays a role in the regulation of acidbase balance during exercise Objectives
More informationGas Law Worksheets - WS: Boyle s and Charles Law
Gas Law Worksheets - WS: Boyle s and Charles Law Boyle s Law states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure if temperature is held constant. (If one goes up the, other goes down.) We
More informationHCO - 3 H 2 CO 3 CO 2 + H H H + Breathing rate is regulated by blood ph and C02. CO2 and Bicarbonate act as a ph Buffer in the blood
Breathing rate is regulated by blood ph and C02 breathing reduces plasma [CO2]; plasma [CO2] increases breathing. When C02 levels are high, breating rate increases to blow off C02 In low C02 conditions,
More informationGases. Name: Class: Date: Matching
Name: Class: Date: Gases Matching Match each item with the correct statement below. a. Boyle's law d. Graham's law b. Charles's law e. Gay-Lussac's law c. Dalton's law f. ideal gas law 1. For a given mass
More informationChapter 13 The Respiratory System
VI edit Pag 451-499 Chapter 13 The Respiratory System V edit. Pag 459-509 Tissue cell Alveoli of lungs Atmosphere 1 External respiration Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs
More informationPco2 *20times = 0.6, 2.4, so the co2 carried in the arterial blood in dissolved form is more than the o2 because of its solubility.
Physiology, sheet #9 Oxygen, is first dissolved in the plasma and the cytosol of the rbc, we have around blood constitutes 7% of our body weight, oxygen, in the capillaries is present in the rbc s and
More informationPhysiology Unit 4 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology Unit 4 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY In Physiology Today Respiration External respiration ventilation gas exchange Internal respiration cellular respiration gas exchange Respiratory Cycle Inspiration
More informationCHEM1901/3 Worksheet 8: The Ideal Gas Law: PV = nrt
CHEM1901/3 Worksheet 8: The Ideal Gas Law: PV = nrt The Ideal Gas Law Model 1: The Gas Laws T (K) Kelvin or absolute temperature = T ( C) + 273. T(K) is always 0 K Boyle s Law (1660). The volume of a gas
More informationVENTILATION AND PERFUSION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. Dr.HARIPRASAD VS
VENTILATION AND PERFUSION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Dr.HARIPRASAD VS Ventilation Total ventilation - total rate of air flow in and out of the lung during normal tidal breathing. Alveolar ventilation -represents
More informationYanal. Jumana Jihad. Jamil Nazzal. 0 P a g e
2 Yanal Jumana Jihad Jamil Nazzal 0 P a g e note: this sheet was written and corrected according to the records from section 2 so you may find differences in the arrangement of topics from the records
More informationRespiration - Human 1
Respiration - Human 1 At the end of the lectures on respiration you should be able to, 1. Describe events in the respiratory processes 2. Discuss the mechanism of lung ventilation in human 3. Discuss the
More informationPROBLEM SET 9. SOLUTIONS April 23, 2004
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology HST.542J: Quantitative Physiology: Organ Transport Systems Instructors: Roger Mark and Jose Venegas MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Departments
More informationLesson 9.1: The Importance of an Organ Delivery System
Lesson 9.1: The Importance of an Organ Delivery System Animals require a continuous supply of oxygen (O 2 ) for cellular respiration, and they must expel carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the waste product of this
More information82 Respiratory Tract NOTES
82 Respiratory Tract NOTES RESPIRATORY TRACT The respiratory tract conducts air to the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs. It is separated into air-conducting and respiratory (where gas exchange occurs)
More informationPhysiology of Respiration
Physiology of Respiration External Respiration = pulmonary ventilation breathing involves 2 processes: inspiration expiration Inspiration an active process involves contraction of diaphragm innervated
More informationrespiratory cycle. point in the volumes: 500 milliliters. for men. expiration, up to 1200 milliliters extra makes breathing Respiratory
10 II. RESPIRATORY VOLUMES, CAPACITIES & PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS Respiratory volume is the term used for various volumes of air moved by or associated with the lungs at a given point in the respiratory
More informationALVEOLAR - BLOOD GAS EXCHANGE 1
ALVEOLAR - BLOOD GAS EXCHANGE 1 Summary: These notes examine the general means by which ventilation is regulated in terrestrial mammals. It then moves on to a discussion of what happens when someone over
More informationKinetic Molecular Theory imaginary Assumptions of Kinetic Molecular Theory: Problems with KMT:
AP Chemistry Ms. Ye Name Date Block Kinetic Molecular Theory Explains properties of gases, liquids, and solids in terms of energy using an ideal gas, an imaginary which fits all the assumptions of kinetic
More informationRespiratory System Review
KEY THIS TEST WILL BE COMPLETED IN ONE CLASS PERIOD MONDAY, MARCH 10. 2014 Respiratory System Review Name A. Directions: Fill in the blank with the appropriate vocabulary word or words (several examples
More informationThen the partial pressure of oxygen is. b) Gases will diffuse down a pressure gradient across a respiratory surface if it is: i) permeable ii) moist
1 AP Biology March 2008 Respiration Chapter 42 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces. 1) Gas exchange: Relies on the diffusion of gases down pressure gradients. At sea level, atmosphere
More informationCHAPTER 3: The respiratory system
CHAPTER 3: The respiratory system Practice questions - text book pages 56-58 1) When the inspiratory muscles contract, which one of the following statements is true? a. the size of the thoracic cavity
More informationChem 110 General Principles of Chemistry
CHEM110 Worksheet - Gases Chem 110 General Principles of Chemistry Chapter 9 Gases (pages 337-373) In this chapter we - first contrast gases with liquids and solids and then discuss gas pressure. - review
More informationEbtihal Al-Remawi. Afnan Ali. Yanal. 1 P a g e
#1 Ebtihal Al-Remawi Afnan Ali Yanal 1 P a g e 1/15 *before we start: if you are watching the video and have no time for some laughs go to minute (5:28 to 7:02) then go to minute (10:14). I will be adding
More informationThen the partial pressure of oxygen is x 760 = 160 mm Hg
1 AP Biology March 2008 Respiration Chapter 42 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces. 1) Gas exchange: the uptake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the discharge of
More informationChapter 4: Ventilation Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE
Instant download and all chapters Test Bank Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology Foundations for Clinical Practice 3rd Edition Will Beachey https://testbanklab.com/download/test-bank-respiratory-care-anatomy-physiologyfoundations-clinical-practice-3rd-edition-will-beachey/
More informationChemistry: It s a gas
Chemistry: It s a gas Part IV Molar mass of a gas Density of a gas Dalton s Law: high altitudes and scuba diving Kinetic Molecular Theory: fast gases are hot! I have a chemistry test on Friday, there is
More informationNOTES: Behavior of Gases
NOTES: Behavior of Gases Properties of Gases Gases have weight Gases take up space Gases exert pressure Gases fill their containers Gases are mostly empty space The molecules in a gas are separate, very
More informationHuman gas exchange. Question Paper. Save My Exams! The Home of Revision. Cambridge International Examinations. 56 minutes. Time Allowed: Score: /46
Human gas exchange Question Paper Level Subject Exam oard Topic Sub Topic ooklet O Level iology ambridge International Examinations Respiration Human gas exchange Question Paper Time llowed: 56 minutes
More informationBREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
96 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Respiration in insects is called direct because a. The tissues exchange O 2 directly with the air in
More informationRecitation question # 05
Recitation and Lab # 05 The goal of this recitations / labs is to review material related to the CV and respiratory lectures for the second test of this course. Info required to answer this recitation
More informationCHAPTER 3: The cardio-respiratory system
: The cardio-respiratory system Exam style questions - text book pages 44-45 1) Describe the structures involved in gaseous exchange in the lungs and explain how gaseous exchange occurs within this tissue.
More informationGilbert Kirss Foster. Chapter 10. Properties of Gases The Air We Breathe
Gilbert Kirss Foster Chapter 10 Properties of Gases The Air We Breathe Chapter Outline 10.1 The Properties of Gases 10.2 Effusion and the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 10.3 Atmospheric Pressure 10.4
More informationStructures of the Respiratory System include:
Respiratory System Structures of the Respiratory System include: ü Oral Cavity ü Nasal Cavity ü Pharynx ü Epiglottis ü Larynx ü Trachea ü Diaphragm ü Lung ü Bronchus ü Bronchioles ü Alveolus ü Pulmonary
More informationSystems of distribution
Systems of distribution Outline Distribution of respiratory gases, and in blood Respiratory systems - transport of oxygen to tissues - radically different designs in mammals, birds, insects Vertebrate
More informationThe physiological functions of respiration and circulation. Mechanics. exercise 7. Respiratory Volumes. Objectives
exercise 7 Respiratory System Mechanics Objectives 1. To explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to enable gas exchange among the lungs, blood, and body tissues 2. To define respiration,
More informationBREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
96 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Respiration in insects is called direct because a. The cell exchange O 2 directly with the air in the
More informationHonors Chemistry Unit 7 Gas Laws Notes
Honors Chemistry Unit 7 Gas Laws Notes Kinetic Molecular Theory 1. List the five assumptions: Assumption Description Extra Info 1 Basically means: the particles themselves have compared to the space between
More information4. For external respiration to occur effectively, you need three parameters. They are:
Self Assessment Module D Name: ANSWER KEY 1. Hypoxia should be assumed whenever the PaO 2 is below 45 mm Hg. 2. Name some clinical conditions that will result in hyperventilation (respiratory alkalosis).
More informationRespiratory Pulmonary Ventilation
Respiratory Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary ventilation is the act of breathing and the first step in the respiratory process. Pulmonary ventilation brings in air with a new supply
More informationAppendix 2. Basic physical properties applied to the respiratory system
Appendix 2. Basic physical properties applied to the respiratory system Fluid is a general definition of a state of matter characterized by a weak intermolecular connection (Van der Waal's cohesive forces),
More informationSCH3U7 Quantitative Chemistry
SCH3U7 Quantitative Chemistry So far, we have looked at solids and liquids (solutions) Today we will look at gases and the laws that govern their behaviour in chemical reactions 4 Factors Affecting Gases
More informationCh 16: Respiratory System
Ch 16: Respiratory System SLOs: Explain how intrapulmonary pressures change during breathing Explain surface tension and the role of surfactant in respiratory physiology. Compare and contrast compliance
More informationChapter 10 Gases. Characteristics of Gases. Pressure. The Gas Laws. The Ideal-Gas Equation. Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation
Characteristics of Gases Chapter 10 Gases Pressure The Gas Laws The Ideal-Gas Equation Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation Gas mixtures and partial pressures Kinetic-Molecular Theory Real Gases: Deviations
More informationChemistry Chapter 12. Characteristics of Gases. Characteristics of Gases 1/31/2012. Gases and Liquids
Importance of Gases Chemistry Chapter 12 Gases and Liquids Airbags fill with N 2 gas in an accident. Gas is generated by the decomposition of sodium azide, NaN 3. 2 NaN 3 ---> 2 Na + 3 N 2 THREE STATES
More informationYou should be able to: Describe Equipment Barometer Manometer. 5.1 Pressure Read and outline 5.1 Define Barometer
A P CHEMISTRY - Unit 5: Gases Unit 5: Gases Gases are distinguished from other forms of matter, not only by their power of indefinite expansion so as to fill any vessel, however large, and by the great
More informationChapter 13 Gases and Pressure. Pressure and Force. Pressure is the force per unit area on a surface. Force Area. Pressure =
Chapter 13 Gas Laws Chapter 13 Gases and Pressure Pressure and Force Pressure is the force per unit area on a surface. Pressure = Force Area Chapter 13 Gases and Pressure Gases in the Atmosphere The atmosphere
More informationUnit 9 Packet: Gas Laws Introduction to Gas Laws Notes:
Name: Unit 9 Packet: Gas Laws Introduction to Gas Laws Notes: Block: In chemistry, the relationships between gas physical properties are described as gas laws. Some of these properties are pressure, volume,
More informationI. Gas Exchange Respiratory Surfaces Respiratory Surface:
I. Gas Exchange Respiratory Surfaces Respiratory Surface: Common characteristics of respiratory surfaces: a) Moist: allows for the RAPID diffusion of dissolved gasses across its surface. Whereas the respiratory
More informationCP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory
CP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases The word kinetic refers to. Kinetic energy is the an object has because of its motion. Kinetic Molecular
More information8.1 Properties of Gases. Goal: Describe the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases and the units of measurement used for gases.
Gases Chapter 8 Chapter 8 8.1 - Properties of Gases 8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle s Law) 8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles Law) 8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Guy-Lussac s Law) 8.5 The Combined Gas Low
More informationGases Chapter 8. Chapter 8
Gases Chapter 8 Chapter 8 8.1 - Properties of Gases 8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle s Law) 8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles Law) 8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Guy-Lussac s Law) 8.5 The Combined Gas Low
More information