Pathogen Transport in Coastal Environments: Case Studies of Urban Runoff in Southern California
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1 Pathogen Transport in Coastal Environments: Case Studies of Urban Runoff in Southern California A presentation to the Center for Water Sciences MSU Pathogens Workshop, April 20, 2007 Stanley B. Grant Henry Samueli School of Engineering University of California, Irvine
2 Talk Outline Motivation and Big Picture Case Study 1: Urban runoff impacts on an open coastline (Huntington Beach) Case Study 2: Urban runoff impacts on a tidal embayment (Newport Bay) Conclusions
3 Motivation 238 million people visit California s ocean beaches every year Potential health effects of exposure to contaminated marine waters Beachgoers spend over $9.5 billion annually Number of beach postings and closures on the rise; 3,985 in 2004 How can information on pathogen transport help?
4 Big Picture Dry or Wet Weather Urban Runoff Shoreline, ankle deep waters Monitoring Health effects River Input Storm Sewer System Transition Zone mixing Tidal Embayment mixing Ocean Low Salinity Salinity gradient High Salinity
5 Ocean Shoreline Surface waves Surf zone Tidal Outlet Coastal Wetland
6 Ocean Shoreline Ocean surface waves Surf zone Surf zone current Coastal current Tidal Outlet Rip cells Coastal Wetland
7 Ocean Shoreline Surface waves Surf zone Surf zone current Coastal current Tidal Outlet Rip cells Flood waters ingested by wetland Ebb waters ejected by wetland Wetland tidal prism Coastal Wetland Residual circulation
8 Ocean Shoreline Surface waves Surf zone Surf zone current Coastal current Tidal Outlet Rip cells Flood waters ingested by wetland (solid, spring tide; dashed, neap tide) Ebb waters ejected by wetland (solid, spring tide; dashed, neap tide) Coastal Wetland Wetland tidal prism (solid, spring tide; dashed, neap tide) Residual circulation
9 Ocean Shoreline Surface waves Surf zone Surf zone current Coastal current Tidal Outlet Rip cells Flood waters ingested by wetland (solid, spring tide; dashed, neap tide) Ebb waters ejected by wetland (solid, spring tide; dashed, neap tide) Coastal Wetland Wetland tidal prism (solid, spring tide; dashed, neap tide) Residual circulation Within wetland source of pollution Polluted land runoff Polluted groundwater Surf zone pollution Offshore pollution
10 Case Study 1 Dry and wet weather runoff impacts on open coastlines
11 Momentum Jet / Inertial transport Down-Coast (to SE) Up-Coast (to NW) 100 km Approaching wave field Coastal Currents (tidally & remotely forced) Outer edge of surf zone Cross-shore transport Wave crests 0.1 km Wave-driven surf zone Currents Surf zone entrainment River Outlet Storm water runoff < 5 km
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13 Figure 3 A 23 Feb. at 13:00 B 27 Feb. at 12:35 LAR SGR km LAR SGR SAR / TM Newport Bay SAR / TM Newport Bay LAR/SGR presumptive plume SAR presumptive plume C 28 Feb. at 13:20 D 29 Feb. at 10:50 LAR SGR LAR SGR SAR / TM Newport Bay SAR / TM Newport Bay
14 Down-Coast (to SE) LAR/SGR Plume Up-Coast (to NW) 100 km SAR Plume? Surf zone plume 0.1 km Key Particles Bacteria Viruses < 5 km
15 Case Study 1: Summary Dry weather: Tidal flow at river outlets Significant surf zone entrainment Runoff plumes elongated parallel to shore (~0.1 km cross-shore; >5 km along-shore) Wet weather: River flow at river outlets Some surf zone entrainment Runoff plumes extend far offshore (~20 km cross-shore; <5 km along-shore)
16 Case Study 2 Dry weather runoff impacts on a coastal embayment
17 West Newport Bay (WNB)
18 Lower Bay: Marina
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20 Boat and Storm Drain Sampling: Summer
21 Results Storm Drains Sites: FIB concentrations highly variable (median values vary by 3 orders of magnitude) Depending on drain, between 10 and 52% of samples exceed marine bathing water standards Within Bay Sites: FIB concentrations relatively homogeneous (median values within one order of magnitude) Depending on site, between 7.5 and 8% of samples exceeded marine bathing water standards (typical for so. Cal embayments) WNB is well mixed with respect to FIB
22 Possible BMP Strategies Load reductions: intercept or treat runoff before it reaches embayment Circulation enhancement: mixing is the solution to dilution Volume alteration: dredging or infilling Die-off enhancement: manipulate environmental conditions (e.g., control turbidity, salinity, nutrients) to enhance die-off of FIB and pathogens after they enter the Bay
23 Box model of tidal embayments
24 Model Input Parameters P: Tidal Prism Volume V: Volume of embayment at low tide W: Loading of FIB into embayment (bacteria/time) k: Die-off rates as a function of solar irradiance (1/time) b: Return flow factor (dimensionless) C 0 : Background concentration (bacteria/volume) T: Tidal Period (time)
25 Steady state: Urban Slobber case. Because there is no fresh water inflow WT + P(1 b)c C slobber = 0 kt (V + P) + P(1 b)
26 Model Input Parameters To account for the extreme variability associated with many model input parameters, we: Estimated probability distributions for each of the input parameters, Performed a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the corresponding probability distribution of predicted FIB concentrations in WNB Compared the probability distribution of predicted and measured FIB concentrations in WNB
27 Field test of the model: West Newport Bay (WNB) Region modeled
28 Cumulative Distribution Plots % values less than single sample standard Probability Median: 50% of values 75 MPN/100mL Single sample standard % Below Detection log (E. Coli, MPN/100mL) Increasing concentrations 4
29 Volume Comparison QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
30 FIB Die-off (Single-hit Model) Sinton et al rate constants: k(tc)=5e-07 m 2 /Ws k(fc)=4.7e-07 m 2 /Ws k(ent)=2.7e-07 m 2 /Ws
31 Model Output
32 What is the best BMP?
33 Case 2: Summary Box model predictions of FIB in WNB match measurements (dry weather) Box model results suggest: FIB are coming from the portion of Newport Bay outside the WNB box FIB from runoff are very stable after entering the Bay Recommended BMP: Reduce the background concentration of FIB (e.g., by diverting Arches Drain)
34 Field test of the model: West Newport Bay (WNB) Region modeled
35 Overall Conclusions Some understanding of pathogen transport pathways crucial for source identification and BMP evaluation Along the open coast, different physical transport processes dominate during dry and wet weather Simple models (e.g., that take into account tidal mixing and FIB die-off) can be useful for identifying optimal BMPs
36 Questions?
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