Energy Efficiency. Performance Dynamic/Static Foot Posture Adaptation. Bounce/Elasticity. Stride length/step cadence. Braking. Gliding.
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- Sabrina Bishop
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1 Energy Efficiency Stride length /Step cadence Braking Gliding Bounce Resonance Stride length effects efficiency Reduces efficiency Heel-toe walking Improves efficiency Habitual barefoot walking Deliberate walking Improves efficiency Habitual barefoot walking Deliberate walking Improves efficiency Habitual barefoot walking Deliberate walking Safety/Injury Balance/Imbalance-Falls Resistance/Susceptibility Forces: Accelerations/Decelerations Joints: Stability/Instability Traction/Impingement Muscles: Strength/Weakness Energy Efficiency Stride length/step cadence Braking Gliding Bounce/Elasticity Resonance Muscle work Performance Dynamic/Static Foot Posture Adaptation Muscle work Type of muscle contraction Isometric contraction - best
2 Evolution - Walking 6 million years Homo sapiens 100,000 years Hunter gatherers Persistence hunting Often 4-5 days from starvation Structure and function of human body adapted to efficient biped locomotion (walking and running)
3 Energy Efficiency Stride length/step cadence Research (1926) Studied the effect of stride length and step cadence on walking efficiency in shod walkers Energy efficiency changed in response to stride length and step cadence Not a single subject SELF- SELECTED the most efficient stride-length and step cadence combination Most efficient: shorter stride length with higher step cadence than the self-selected combination Personal Experience Walked 3.1 mile loop with shoes 1 st time 80 minutes Usual self-selected stride length/step cadence combination 2 nd time 65 minutes Shorter stride length and higher step cadence combination Safety/Injury Balance/Imbalance-Falls Resistance/Susceptibility Forces: Accelerations/Decelerations Joints: Stability/Instability Traction/Impingement Muscles: Strength/Weakness Energy Efficiency Stride length/step cadence Braking Gliding Bounce/Elasticity Resonance Muscle work Performance Dynamic/Static Foot Posture Adaptation
4 Walking Efficiency Biped locomotion in human ancestors began 6 million years ago Most of the time was spent walking barefoot Survival depended upon energy efficiency Energy inefficient locomotion = death The structure of the human body and function (locomotion) evolved to maximize energy efficiency. Humans should be able to self-select the most energy efficient stride length and step cadence combination.
5 Energy Efficiency Braking Safety/Injury Balance/Imbalance-Falls Resistance/Susceptibility Forces: Accelerations/Decelerations Joints: Stability/Instability Traction/Impingement Muscles: Strength/Weakness Energy Efficiency Stride length/step cadence Braking Gliding Bounce/Elasticity Resonance Muscle work Performance Dynamic/Static Foot Posture Adaptation
6 Braking Heel-toe Walking (HTW) Initial Foot Contact Toe-off Loading Response Initial foot contact Foot in front of COM Forward deceleration Forward Braking Toe-off Foot in front of COM Vaulting Forward deceleration Forward Braking
7 Energy Efficiency Gliding Safety/Injury Balance/Imbalance-Falls Resistance/Susceptibility Forces: Accelerations/Decelerations Joints: Stability/Instability Traction/Impingement Muscles: Strength/Weakness Energy Efficiency Stride length/step cadence Braking Gliding Bounce/Elasticity Resonance Muscle work Performance Dynamic/Static Foot Posture Adaptation
8 Gliding Deliberate Walking (DW/HBW) Initial Foot Contact Toe-off Loading Response Initial foot contact Start loading response Foot slightly in front of COM COM glides foreword Minimal forward deceleration Toe-off End of loading response Foot under COM COM glides forward
9 Energy Efficiency Bounce/Elasticity Safety/Injury Balance/Imbalance-Falls Resistance/Susceptibility Forces: Accelerations/Decelerations Joints: Stability/Instability Traction/Impingement Muscles: Strength/Weakness Energy Efficiency Stride length/step cadence Braking Gliding Bounce/Elasticity Resonance Muscle work Performance Dynamic/Static Foot Posture Adaptation
10 Bounce Deliberate Walking (DW/HBW) Initial Foot Contact Heel-off Initial foot contact Mass-spring Isometric muscle co-contractions Elastic tissue stretch KE converted to PE PE storage Heel-off Elastic tissue rebound COM elevating off ground PE converted to KE Conserves muscle mechanical energy
11 Bounce Deliberate Walking (DW/HBW) KE PE
12 No Bounce Heel-toe Walking (HTW) Initial Foot Contact Heel-off Initial foot contact Inverted pendulum - vaulting Eccentric muscle contraction Braking KE converted to: Mechanical vibration Heat Heel-off Calf muscle contraction raises heel Muscle mechanical energy required COM dropping toward ground
13 Energy Flow Bounce Foot contact Muscle cocontractions Elastic tissue on tension Elastic tissue stretch KE transferred to PE Energy Storage COM moves forward Stretch rebound PE release Heel rises and raises COM Heel-off occurs without mechanical (muscle) energy
14 Energy Efficiency Resonance Swing + Leg Pump Cycles Safety/Injury Balance/Imbalance-Falls Resistance/Susceptibility Forces: Accelerations/Decelerations Joints: Stability/Instability Traction/Impingement Muscles: Strength/Weakness Energy Efficiency Stride length/step cadence Braking Gliding Bounce/Elasticity Resonance Muscle work Performance Dynamic/Static Foot Posture Adaptation Swing + Arm Push Cycles
15 Resonance Deliberate Walking (DW/HBW) Initial contact Swing Foot Passes Stance Foot Primary cycle Stance foot Movement of COM Synchronized cycles Swing leg and opposite UE moving forward The (3) cycles combine to create resonance if the timing is synchronized Assists with stance heel lift-off
16 Swing Foot Clearance How to create space for swing foot DW/HBW HTW DW/HBW Stance leg made longer Heel off the ground Swing hip and knee less flexed Stance knee unlocked COM over forefoot HTW Stance leg made longer Extend stance knee - locked Swing hip and knee flexed more COM over midfoot Requires swing muscle energy
17 No Resonance Heel-toe Walking (HTW) Heel-off Swing Foot Passes Stance Foot Knee is extending Heel driving down COM over midfoot Stance moving in opposite direction as ipsilateral UE and swing LE
18 Energy Efficiency Muscle Work Work = Force x distance (N-m, Joules) Power (energy) = Work/time (watts) Safety/Injury Balance/Imbalance-Falls Resistance/Susceptibility Forces: Accelerations/Decelerations Joints: Stability/Instability Traction/Impingement Muscles: Strength/Weakness Energy Efficiency Stride length/step cadence Braking Gliding Bounce/Elasticity Resonance Muscle work Performance Dynamic/Static Foot Posture Adaptation
19 Energy Efficiency Types of Muscle Contraction Isometric Muscle contraction without movement Concentric Muscle shortens during contraction Eccentric Muscle lengthens during contraction
20 Energy Efficiency Isometric Muscle Contractions Initial contact Heel-off Depends on Foot Contact Relative to COM Loading response DW/HBW More isometric contractions Less work and energy HTW More concentric contractions More eccentric contractions More work and energy
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