Desktop Reference for Crash Reduction Factors

Transcription

1 Desktop Reference for Reduction Factors Report No. FHWA-SA U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration September 2008

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3 Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation. Quality Assurance Statement The Federal Highway Administration provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement.

4 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No.: FHWA-SA Government Accession No.: 3. Recipient's Catalog No.: 4. Title and Subtitle Desktop Reference for Reduction Factors 5. Report Date: September Performing Organization Code: itrans Consulting Ltd. 7. Authors: Bahar, Geni; Masliah, Maurice; Wolff, Rhys; Park, Peter 8. Performing Organization Report No.: Performing Organization Name and Address: itrans Consulting Ltd. Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc 1220 L Street NW, # Boone Blvd., Ste. 700 Washington, DC Vienna, VA (research) (editorial) 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Safety 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC Work Unit No.: 15. Supplementary Notes: FHWA Office of Safety Contract Task Order Manager Dr. Clayton Chen and Karen Yunk. 11. Contract or Grant No.: DTFH61-05-D Type of Report and Period Covered: Information Guide Book January 2007 September Sponsoring Agency Code: FHWA/HSA 16. Abstract. This Desktop Reference documents the estimates of the crash reduction that might be expected if a specific countermeasure or group of countermeasures is implemented with respect to intersections, roadway departure and other non-intersection crashes, and pedestrian crashes. The estimates of crash reduction are known as Reduction Factors (CRFs), and represent the information available to date. Where available, the Desktop Reference includes multiple CRFs for the same countermeasure to allow the reader to review the range of potential effectiveness. The CRFs are a useful as a guide, but it remains necessary to apply engineering judgment and to consider site-specific environmental, traffic volume, traffic mix, geometric, and operational conditions which will affect the safety impact of a countermeasure. This report is a revision of Report FHWA-SA Key Words: crash reduction factor, CRF, intersection crashes, pedestrian crashes, roadway departure crashes 18. Distribution Statement: No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA Security Classification (of this report): Unclassified 20. Security Classifications (of this page): Unclassified 21. No. of Pages: Price Form DOT F (8-72) Reproduction of completed pages authorized

5 Table of Contents Forward...2 Introduction...2 Tables for Intersection Reduction Factors Table 1: Signalization Countermeasures...7 Table 2: Geometric Countermeasures...28 Table 3: Signs / Markings / Operational Countermeasures...35 Tables for Roadway Departure Reduction Factors Table 4: Barrier Countermeasures...48 Table 5: Bridge Countermeasures...52 Table 6: Geometric Countermeasures...56 Table 7: Median Countermeasures...70 Table 8: Roadside Countermeasures...74 Table 9: Signs / Markings / Operational Countermeasures...78 Tables for Pedestrian Reduction Factors Table 10: Signalization Countermeasures...97 Table 11: Geometric Countermeasures...99 Table 12: Signs / Markings / Operational Countermeasures References September 2008 Page 1

6 Forward This report is a revision of Report FHWA-SA This report includes hyperlinks to the source references, which may be found in the References section in the electronic version of this report. Introduction This Desktop Reference provides estimates of the crash reduction that might be expected if a specific countermeasure or group of countermeasures is implemented with respect to intersection crashes, roadway departure and other non-intersection crashes, and pedestrian crashes. The crash reduction estimates are known as Reduction Factors (CRFs). The CRFs presented are the CRF information available to date. In some cases, the CRF is expressed as a Reduction Function. Where available, the Desktop Reference includes multiple CRFs for the same countermeasure to allow the reader to review the range of potential effectiveness. This Desktop Reference includes CRFs for which the reliability of the estimate is low, or very low. This approach is part of the philosophy of bringing together all the information available to date. (A few CRFs found in the literature were not included in the Desktop Reference. These CRFs were considered to have too large a range or too large a standard error to be meaningful, or the original research did not provide sufficient detail for the CRF to be useful.) The CRFs in this Desktop Reference may be periodically updated as new information becomes available. Reduction Factors A CRF is the percentage crash reduction that might be expected after implementing a given countermeasure. (In some cases, the CRF is negative, i.e. the implementation of a countermeasure is expected to lead to a percentage increase in crashes.) A CRF should be regarded as a generic estimate of the effectiveness of a countermeasure. The estimate is a useful guide, but it remains necessary to apply engineering judgment and to consider site-specific environmental, traffic volume, traffic mix, geometric, and operational conditions which will affect the safety impact of a countermeasure. The user must ensure that a countermeasure applies to the particular conditions being considered. The reader is also encouraged to obtain and review the original source documents for more detailed information, and to search databases such as the National Transportation Library (ntlsearch.bts.gov) for information that becomes available after the publication of this Reference. September 2008 Page 2

7 Traffic engineers and other transportation professionals can use the information contained in this issue brief when asking the following types of question: Which countermeasures might be considered at the signalized intersection of Maple and Elm streets, an intersection experiencing a high number of total crashes and left-turn crashes? What change in the number of total crashes and left-turn crashes can be expected with the implementation of the various countermeasures? In the Tables presented in the Desktop Reference, CRFs are provided in the column Reduction Factor/Function. The standard error of the CRF is given where available in the column Std Error. The standard error is the standard deviation of the error in the estimate of the CRF. The true value of the CRF is unknown. The standard error provides a measure of the precision of estimate of the true value of the CRF. A relatively small standard error indicates that a CRF is relatively precisely known. A relatively large standard error indicates that a CRF is not precisely known. The standard error may be used to estimate a confidence interval of the true value of the CRF. (An example of a confidence interval calculation is given below.) As an example, the CRF for the countermeasure install cameras to detect red-light running for right-angle fatal/injury crashes is 16. The following points should be noted: The CRF of 16 means that a 16% reduction in fatal/injury crashes is expected after the installation of red-light running cameras. This CRF is bolded which means that a) a rigorous study methodology was used to estimate the CRF, and b) the standard error is relatively small. A CRF which is not bolded indicates that a less rigorous methodology (e.g. a simple before-after study) was used to estimate the CRF, and/or the standard error is large compared with the CRF. The standard error for this CRF is 6. Using the standard error, it is possible to calculate the 95% confidence interval for the potential crash reduction that might be achieved by implementing the countermeasure. The 95% confidence interval is ±2 standard errors from the CRF. Therefore, the 95% confidence interval for the installation of red-light running cameras is between 4% and 28% ( = 4%, and = 28%). The reference number is 45 (Persaud et al., as listed in the References at the end of this Desktop Reference). Reduction Functions In some cases, a CRF is given in the form of a function. As an example of a function, consider the countermeasure Vary truck presence at 4-leg signalized intersections on rural highways. This function is shown in Table 3. The study was conducted by Bonneson et al. The function for Vary truck presence is: September 2008 Page 3

8 CRF = 100 [1-e (0.026 (Pt-9)) ] Where Pt = percent trucks during the peak hour (average for all intersection movements) The value of 9 in the function reflects the base condition: 9% trucks at 4-leg signalized intersections during the peak hour on rural highways (average for all intersection movements). If, for example, a practitioner wants to know the safety effect of decreasing the truck presence to 7%, then the resulting CRF value from the function would be 5 (=100 (1-e (0.026 (7-9)) )). The CRF value of 5 suggests that crash frequency is reduced by about 5% for a 2 percentage point decrease in truck presence (from 9% to 7%). Using the Tables Twelve Tables of CRFs are provided in this Reference. The Tables are grouped under intersection, roadway departure, and pedestrian crashes, and summarize the information available. The Tables include as much information as is available for each CRF. The Tables for intersection CRFs contain the following information (where available) for each countermeasure: crash type, crash severity, area type, configuration, control, major road daily traffic volume (vehicles/day), minor road daily traffic volume (vehicles/day), reference, number of intersections observed, crash reduction factor/function, standard error, range, and study type. The Tables for roadway departure CRFs contain the following information (where available) for each countermeasure: crash type, crash severity, area type, road type, maximum daily traffic volume (vehicles/day), minimum daily traffic volume (vehicles/day), reference, crash reduction factor/function, standard error, range, and study type. The Tables for pedestrian CRFs contain the following information (where available) for each countermeasure: crash type, crash severity, area type, reference, crash reduction factor/function, standard error, range, and study type. The following points should be noted: The crash severities are: all, fatal/injury (fatal and injury crashes combined), fatal, injury, or property damage only (PDO). Where available, the Tables provide existing traffic control information (i.e. the conditions existing before implementation of a countermeasure). The control information for the pre-countermeasure study site may be no signal, signal, stop, or stop/yield. No signal is used when a publication specifies that the intersection was not signalized before the countermeasure was introduced, but does not provide details. (In these cases, the intersection could have yield or stop signs, or no controls at all.) Where the original study is not clear, or omits to give the information, the cell is left blank. September 2008 Page 4

9 Road type information (for roadway departure countermeasures) uses the following road types (where available): all, multilane, multilane divided, arterial, highway, or freeway. Where the original study was not clear, or omitted to give the information, the cell is left blank or the study s wording is used. In the observed column, a higher number of intersections/sites usually corresponds with a more reliable estimate of the safety effectiveness. For some countermeasures, a range of safety effectiveness is provided in the Range Low and Range High columns. The study type refers to the methodology used in the CRF study. A blank cell means that no information is reported in the source document. The following abbreviations appear in the Tables: o App = Approaches o Avg = Average o Config = Configuration o EB = Empirical Bayes o Emerg = Emergency o Max = Maximum o Min = Minimum o Obs = Number of observed intersections o PDO = Property Damage Only o Ped = Pedestrian o Ref = Reference o ROR = Run-Off-Road o Std Error = Standard Error For additional information, please visit the FHWA Office of Safety website safety.fhwa.dot.gov. September 2008 Page 5

10 Tables for Intersection Reduction Factors

11 Table 1: Signalization Countermeasures

12 Countermeasure(s) Type Severity Area Type Major Minor Config Control Ref Volume (veh/day) SIGNAL OPERATIONS COUNTERMEASURES Obs Intersection es Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Add all-red clearance interval Add all-red clearance interval (from 0 to 1 second) Add exclusive pedestrian phasing Convert exclusive leading protected to exclusive lagging protected Convert permissive or permissive/protected to protected only leftturn phasing Convert permissive to permissive/protected left-turn phasing Convert protected left-turn phase to protected/permissive All All Signal Cross-section All Signal Cross-section All Urban Signal Ped All Signal All All Signal Left-turn All Signal All All Signal Empirical / Expert Panel Left-turn All Signal Empirical / Expert Panel All All Signal 62 0 Expert Panel Left-turn All Signal Expert Panel All All Signal All Fatal/Injury Signal Left-turn All Signal Rear-end All Signal Comparison Group Before- Comparison Group Before- Comparison Group Before- Comparison Group Before- FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 8

13 Countermeasure(s) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Obs Intersection es Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Convert protected/permissive left-turn phase to permissive/protected Improve signal timing [to intervals specified by the ITE Determining Vehicle Change Intervals: A Proposed Recommended Practice (1985)] All All Signal Left-turn All Signal All All 4-Leg Signal All All 4-Leg Signal All Fatal/Injury 4-Leg Signal Head-on Fatal/Injury Signal Left-turn All Signal Left-turn Fatal/Injury Signal Left-turn PDO Signal Multivehicle Comparison Group Before- Comparison Group Before- Multivehicle All All Signal Fatal/Injury All Signal ROR Fatal/Injury Signal ROR PDO Signal Olderdriver All 4-Leg Signal Rear-end All 4-Leg Signal Experimental Design (Case- Control Study) Experimental Design (Case- Control Study) Experimental Design (Case- Control Study) FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 9

14 Countermeasure(s) Improve signal timing [to intervals specified by the ITE Determining Vehicle Change Intervals: A Proposed Recommended Practice (1985)] (cont'd) Increase yellow change interval Install emergency vehicle pre-emption systems Install pedestrian signal Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Rear-end Fatal/Injury 4-Leg Signal Rear-end PDO Signal All 4-Leg Signal Fatal/Injury Signal Fatal/Injury 4-Leg Signal PDO Signal Ped Fatal/Injury Signal Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Experimental Design (Case- Control Study) Experimental Design (Case- Control Study) Experimental Design (Case- Control Study) Comparison Group Before- All All Signal Cross-section All Signal Cross-section Emerg vehicle All All All Signal All All All All Ped All Signal Ped All Signal 5 0 Ped All Ped All FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 10

15 Countermeasure(s) Modify signal phasing (implement a leading pedestrian interval) Provide actuated signals Provide Advanced Dilemma Zone Detection for rural high speed approaches Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ped All Signal 28 5 Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Left-turn All Signal Cross-section All Signal Cross-section All Fatal/Injury Rural 4-Leg (1 app) Signal All All Signal <5,000/lane(Total) All All Signal >5,000/lane(Total) All All Signal All All Signal Cross-section Provide protected leftturn phase All All Signal All All Signal Left-turn All Signal <5,000/lane(Total) Left-turn All Signal >5,000/lane(Total) Left-turn All Signal Left-turn All Signal Cross-section Left-turn All Signal Left-turn Fatal/Injury Urban Signal FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 11

16 Countermeasure(s) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Obs Intersection es Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Provide protected leftturn phase (cont'd) Provide protected/permissive left-turn phase (leading flashing green) (Request MUTCD Experimentation) Provide protected leftturn phase (leading green arrow) Provide signal coordination Fatal/Injury Urban Signal Overturn All Signal <5,000/lane(Total) Overturn All Signal >5,000/lane(Total) Overturn All Signal Ped All Signal 28 5 Rear-end All Signal <5,000/lane(Total) Rear-end All Signal >5,000/lane(Total) Rear-end All Signal All Signal <5,000/lane(Total) All Signal >5,000/lane(Total) All Signal All Signal Left-turn Fatal/Injury Urban Signal Fatal/Injury Urban Signal Left-turn Fatal/Injury Urban Signal Fatal/Injury Urban Signal All All All Signal 1 15 All All Signal All All Arizona Signal 3 7 All Signal FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 12

17 Countermeasure(s) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Obs Intersection es Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Provide split phases All All Signal Remove flash mode (late night/early morning) Replace existing WALK / DON'T WALK signals with pedestrian countdown signal heads Add 3-inch yellow retroreflective sheeting to signal backplates All All Signal All Signal All Signal Ped All SIGNAL HARDWARE COUNTERMEASURES Add additional signal and upgrade to 12- inch lenses Add signal (additional primary head) Urban (San Francisco) Signal All All Urban Signal Olderdriver All 4-Leg Signal Youngerdriver All 4-Leg Signal All All Signal All All Urban 4-Leg Signal All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg Signal All PDO Urban 4-Leg Signal Rear-end All Urban 4-Leg Signal All Signal All Urban 4-Leg Signal FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 13

18 Countermeasure(s) Convert signal from pedestal-mounted to mast arm Improve visibility of signal heads (increase signal lens size, install new backboards, add reflective tape to existing backboards, and/or install additional signal heads) Improve visibility of signal heads (install two red displays in each head) Install larger signal lenses (12 inch) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) All All Signal All All Signal All All Signal Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All All Signal All Fatal/Injury Signal All PDO Signal Left-turn All Signal Rear-end All Signal All Signal All Signal All All Urban Signal All Fatal/Injury Urban Signal All PDO Urban Signal Day All Urban Signal Night All Urban Signal All All Signal 28 9 All Signal All All All Signal 1 10 All All Signal All All Signal All All Signal Cross-section All All Signal All All Urban Signal Cross-section FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 14

19 Countermeasure(s) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Obs Intersection es Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Install larger signal lenses (12 inch) (cont'd) Install signal backplates only Install signal backplates (or visors) Install signals All Fatal/Injury Urban Signal Cross-section All Signal All Signal All All Signal All Signal All Signal All Signal Cross-section All All No signal <5,000/lane(Total) All All No signal >5,000/lane(Total) All All No signal Left-turn All No signal Right-turn All No signal All All Rural No signal All Fatal No signal Rear-end All No signal All No signal All All Urban No signal All All No signal All All No signal All All No signal All All No signal FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 15

20 Countermeasure(s) Install signals (cont'd) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All All No signal Cross-section All All No signal All Fatal/Injury Urban 3-Leg Stop 11, ,000 4,000 All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg Stop 12,650-2, ,400 3,625 Overturn All No signal <5,000/lane(Total) Overturn All No signal >5,000/lane(Total) Rear-end All No signal <5,000/lane(Total) Rear-end All No signal >5,000/lane(Total) Rear-end Fatal/Injury Urban 3-Leg Stop 11, ,000 4,000 Rear-end Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg Stop 12,650-2, ,400 3,625 All No signal <5,000/lane(Total) All No signal >5,000/lane(Total) All No signal All No signal All No signal All No signal Cross-section All No signal All No signal All No signal ,000 4,000 11, Fatal/Injury Urban 3-Leg Stop FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 16

21 Countermeasure(s) Install signals (cont'd) Install signals (temporary) Install signals (to have one over each approach lane) Remove unwarranted signals Type Severity Area Type Config Control Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg Stop Major Minor Volume (veh/day) 12,650-22,400 2,400-3,625 Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All PDO No signal Head-on PDO No signal Left-turn PDO No signal Fatal/Injury No signal PDO No signal Sideswipe Fatal/Injury No signal All All All All Signal All All Signal All All Signal Cross-section All All Signal All All Signal All All Urban Signal All Fatal/Injury Urban Signal All PDO Urban Signal Day All Urban Signal Fixedobject All Urban Signal Night All Urban Signal Rear-end All Signal FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 17

22 Countermeasure(s) Remove unwarranted signals (cont'd) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Rear-end All Signal Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Rear-end All Signal Cross-section Rear-end All Urban Signal All Urban Signal All All Signal All All Signal All All Signal Cross-section Replace signal lenses with optical lenses Head-on All Signal Cross-section Left-turn All Signal Cross-section Rear-end All Signal Cross-section Install left-turn lane and add turn phase Install signals and add channelization All Signal Cross-section All All Signal Head-on PDO No signal Left-turn PDO No signal ROR Fatal/Injury No signal COMBINATION SIGNAL AND OTHER COUNTERMEASURES Fatal/Injury No signal PDO No signal Sideswipe Fatal/Injury No signal FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 18

23 Countermeasure(s) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Obs Intersection es Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High LEFT-TURN COUNTERMEASURES All All Stop >34, Cross-section Add indirect left-turn treatments to minimize conflicts All All Stop >34,000 4 lanes Cross-section All All Stop >34,000 6 lanes Cross-section All All Stop >34,000 8 lanes Cross-section All Fatal/Injury Stop >34, Cross-section All PDO Stop >34, Cross-section Create directional median openings to allow left-turns and u-turns Install left-turn lane All All Signal All All All 1 25 All All Rural 3-Leg Signal 4,200-1,300-26,000 11, Expert Panel All All Rural 3-Leg Stop 1, ,400 11,800 All All Rural 4-Leg 4,200-1,300- Signal (1 app) 26,000 11, Expert Panel All All Rural 4-Leg 1, Stop (1 app) 32,400 11,800 All All Rural 4-Leg 1, Stop (2 app) 32,400 11,800 All All No signal All All No signal All All No signal Cross-section All All No signal All All No signal FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 19

24 Countermeasure(s) Install left-turn lane (cont'd) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All All No signal All All Urban 3-Leg Signal 4, ,100 26, Expert Panel All All Urban 3-Leg Stop 1,520-40, , All All Urban 4-Leg 4, Signal (1 app) 55,100 26,000 All All Urban 4-Leg 1,520- Stop (1 app) 40, , All All Urban 4-Leg 4, Signal (2 app) 55,100 26,000 All All Urban 4-Leg 1,520- Stop (2 app) 40, , All Fatal/Injury Rural 3-Leg Stop 1, ,400 11,800 All Fatal/Injury Rural 4-Leg 1, Stop (1 app) 32,400 11,800 All Fatal/Injury Rural 4-Leg 1, Stop (2 app) 32,400 11,800 All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg 4, Signal (1 app) 55,100 26,000 All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg 1,520- Stop (1 app) 40, , All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg 4, Signal (2 app) 55,100 26,000 All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg 1,520- Stop (2 app) 40, , Comparison Group All Fatal/Injury All All All Left-turn All Rural 3-Leg Stop Comparison 1, Group Before- 32,400 11,800 Left-turn All Rural 4-Leg 1, Stop (1 app) 32,400 11,800 Left-turn All Rural 4-Leg 1, Stop (2 app) 32,400 11,800 Left-turn All No signal Left-turn All No signal FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 20

25 Countermeasure(s) Install left-turn lane (cont'd) Install left-turn lane (double) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Left-turn All No signal Left-turn All Signal >5,000/lane(Total) Left-turn All Urban Left-turn All Urban Left-turn All Urban Left-turn All Urban 4-Leg (1 app) 4-Leg (1 app) 4-Leg (2 app) 4-Leg (2 app) Signal Stop Signal Stop 4,600-55, , Yorked Comparison 1,520-40, , ,600-55, , Yorked Comparison Night All Signal >5,000/lane(Total) Overturn All Signal >5,000/lane(Total) Head-on Fatal/Injury Left-turn Fatal/Injury Left-turn PDO ROR Fatal/Injury 15 8 ROR PDO Rear-end Fatal/Injury Rear-end PDO ,520-40, , Fatal/Injury PDO 15 8 Sideswipe Fatal/Injury FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 21

26 Countermeasure(s) Install left-turn lane (painted separation) Install left-turn lane (physical channelization) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) All All <5,000/lane(Total) Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All Fatal/Injury Rural 3-Leg 5,000-15, analysis All Fatal/Injury Rural 4-Leg 5,000-15, analysis All PDO Rural 3-Leg 5,000-15, analysis All PDO Rural 4-Leg 5,000-15, analysis Left-turn All <5,000/lane(Total) Left-turn All >5,000/lane(Total) Overturn All <5,000/lane(Total) Overturn All >5,000/lane(Total) Rear-end All <5,000/lane(Total) Rear-end All >5,000/lane(Total) All <5,000/lane(Total) All >5,000/lane(Total) All All All No signal 1 35 All All All Signal 1 25 All All Rural 3-Leg No signal All All Rural 4-Leg (1 app) No signal All All 4-Leg (2 app) No signal All All <5,000/lane(Total) All All >5,000/lane(Total) All All Urban 3-Leg No signal FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 22

27 Countermeasure(s) Install left-turn lane (physical channelization) (cont'd) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All All Urban 4-Leg (1 app) No signal All Fatal/Injury Rural 3-Leg 5,000-15, analysis All Fatal/Injury Rural 4-Leg 5,000-15, analysis All PDO Rural 3-Leg 5,000-15, analysis All PDO Rural 4-Leg 5,000-15, analysis Left-turn All <5,000/lane(Total) Left-turn All >5,000/lane(Total) Left-turn Fatal/Injury ROR PDO Overturn All <5,000/lane(Total) Overturn All >5,000/lane(Total) Rear-end All <5,000/lane(Total) Rear-end All >5,000/lane(Total) Rear-end Fatal/Injury Rear-end PDO All <5,000/lane(Total) All >5,000/lane(Total) Fatal/Injury PDO FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 23

28 Countermeasure(s) Install left-turn lane (signal has left-turn phase) Install left-turn lane (signal has no turn phase) Install left-turn lane (with channelization and existing left-turn phase) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All All Signal All All Signal Left-turn All Signal Olderdriver All 4-Leg Signal head-on Youngerdriver head-on All 4-Leg Signal All All Signal Left-turn All Signal All All Signal All All Signal All All Signal Cross-section Install left-turn lane (with channelization and no left-turn phase) All All All All All All Cross-section Install left-turn lane (within existing curbs) Install left-turn refuge within flush median All All Signal Left-turn All Signal All All <5,000/lane(Total) All All >5,000/lane(Total) Head-on All >5,000/lane(Total) Left-turn All >5,000/lane(Total) Overturn All <5,000/lane(Total) FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 24

29 Intersection es Countermeasure(s) Major Minor Area Type Config Control Ref Obs Reduction Std Range Type Severity Volume (veh/day) Factor / Function Error Low High Study Type Overturn All >5,000/lane(Total) Install left-turn refuge Rear-end All <5,000/lane(Total) within flush median (cont'd) Rear-end All >5,000/lane(Total) Sideswipe All >5,000/lane(Total) All All Rural 3-Leg Signal 6-18 All All Rural 4-Leg (1 app) Signal 6-22 All All Rural 4-Leg (2 app) Signal 6-49 All All Urban 3-Leg Signal 6-8 All All Urban 3-Leg Stop 6-49 All All Urban 4-Leg (1 app) Signal 6-11 All All Urban 4-Leg (1 app) Stop 6-37 All All Urban 4-Leg (2 app) Signal Leg All All Urban Remove left-turn (2 app) Stop 6-88 lane All Fatal/Injury Rural 3-Leg Signal 6-16 All Fatal/Injury Rural 4-Leg (1 app) Signal 6-21 All Fatal/Injury Rural 4-Leg (2 app) Signal 6-45 All Fatal/Injury Urban 3-Leg Signal 6-6 All Fatal/Injury Urban 3-Leg Stop 6-53 All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg (1 app) Signal 6-10 All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg (1 app) Stop 6-41 All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg (2 app) Signal 6-21 All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg (2 app) Stop 6-98 FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 25

30 Countermeasure(s) Increase length of right-turn lane Install right-turn lane Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) RIGHT-TURN COUNTERMEASURES All Fatal/Injury All All All Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All All All 4-Leg 4, Signal (1 app) 55,100 26, All All All 4-Leg 1, Stop (1 app) 40,600 11, All All All 4-Leg 4, Signal (2 app) 55,100 26, All All All 4-Leg 1, Stop (2 app) 40,600 11, All All All All All All All All 1 25 All All Rural 4-Leg (1 app) No signal All All Rural 4-Leg (1 app) No signal All All All No signal All All All All Cross-section All All All All All Fatal/Injury All 4-Leg 4, Signal (1 app) 55,100 26, All Fatal/Injury All 4-Leg 1, Stop (1 app) 40,600 11, All Fatal/Injury All All No signal All Fatal/Injury All All Signal All Fatal/Injury All All All Fatal/Injury Rural All All All Fatal/Injury Urban All All Rear-end All FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 26

31 Countermeasure(s) Install right-turn lane (cont'd) Install right-turn lane (painted separation) Install right-turn lane (physical channelization) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) All Right-turn All Right-turn All Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Right-turn All Cross-section Sideswipe All All Fatal/Injury All All All All Fatal/Injury All All All FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 27

32 Table 2: Geometric Countermeasures

33 Intersection es Countermeasure(s) Major Minor Area Type Config Control Ref Obs Reduction Std Range Type Severity Volume (veh/day) Factor / Function Error Low High Study Type OTHER GEOMETRIC COUNTERMEASURES All All 4-Leg No signal All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg <70% * >30% * analysis All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg >85% * <15% * analysis Convert four-leg to two T-intersections All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg 70-85% * 15-30% * analysis All PDO Urban 4-Leg <70% * >30% * analysis All PDO Urban 4-Leg >85% * <15% * analysis All PDO Urban 4-Leg 70-85% * 15-30% * analysis All All 4-Leg analysis Convert intersection to roundabout All All All All All All All Signal All All All Signal All All All All All All * Percentage of Total Volume All All Rural 1-lane Stop (2-way) Stop (4-way) Stop (2-way) All All Rural Stop 7,185-17, All All 3-Leg All All 4-Leg FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 29

34 Countermeasure(s) Convert intersection to roundabout (cont'd) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) All Fatal/Injury All PDO Ped All All All Urban Stop All All Urban Signal 13,272-30,418 5,322-31,525 Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All All Urban Signal All All Urban Signal All All Urban All All Urban 1-lane Stop (2-way) Stop (2-way) All All Urban 2-lane Signal All All Urban 2-lane Stop (2-way) All All Urban Stop 4,600-17, All Fatal/Injury All All All Fatal/Injury All Signal All Fatal/Injury All All Fatal/Injury All Stop (2-way) Stop (4-way) All Fatal/Injury All All All Fatal/Injury Rural 1-lane Stop (2-way) All Fatal/Injury Rural Stop 7,185-17, FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 30

35 Countermeasure(s) Convert intersection to roundabout (cont'd) Improve intersection alignment (reduce skew) Improve sight distance in 1 quadrant Improve sight distance in 2 quadrants Improve sight distance in 3 quadrants Improve sight distance in 4 quadrants Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All Fatal/Injury No signal All Fatal/Injury Signal All Fatal/Injury All Fatal/Injury Urban Signal All Fatal/Injury Urban Stop (2-way) All Fatal/Injury Urban 1-lane Stop (2-way) All Fatal/Injury Urban 2-lane Stop (2-way) All Fatal/Injury Urban Signal 5,322-31, All Fatal/Injury Urban Stop 4,600-17, Ped Fatal/Injury No signal Ped Fatal/Injury Signal All All Rural 3-Leg Stop 6 100(1-EXP(0.0048* intersection angle - 90º )); angle in degrees All All Rural 4-Leg Stop 6 100(1-EXP(0.0054* intersection angle - 90º )); angle in degrees All All Rural 4-Leg All All Rural 4-Leg All All Rural 4-Leg Stop/Yield (2-way) Stop/Yield (2-way) Stop/Yield (2-way) EB and analysis EB and analysis EB and analysis 23 5 Expert Panel All All Rural 4-Leg Signal 23 0 All All Rural 4-Leg Stop/Yield (2-way) FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 31

36 Countermeasure(s) Improve sight distance to intersection Increase median width by 3 ft Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) All Fatal All Injury Multiplevehicle Multiplevehicle Multiplevehicle Multiplevehicle Multiplevehicle Multiplevehicle Multiplevehicle Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All Rural 4-Leg Stop Cross-section All Urban 3-Leg Stop Cross-section All Urban 4-Leg Signal Cross-section All Urban 4-Leg Stop Cross-section Fatal/Injury Rural 4-Leg Stop Cross-section Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg Signal Cross-section Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg Stop Cross-section Increase pedestrian storage area at corner All Fatal/Injury analysis Install median All All Rural Stop 6 27 Install median islands (painted) on major road All Fatal/Injury All All All approaches Install median islands (physical) on major road approaches All Fatal/Injury All All All All All No signal Install raised median All All Ped All No signal Install raised median (marked crosswalk) Ped All FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 32

37 Countermeasure(s) Install raised median (unmarked crosswalk) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ped All Install refuge islands Ped All Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Install splitter islands on minor road approaches Install turn and bypass lanes Vary median width All Fatal/Injury All 3-Leg All All Fatal/Injury All 4-Leg All All Fatal/Injury All All All All Fatal/Injury Rural All All All Fatal/Injury Urban All All All All Rural Stop Head-on PDO 3-Leg Left-turn Injury 3-Leg Left-turn PDO 3-Leg ROR PDO 3-Leg Rear-end Injury 3-Leg Rear-end PDO 3-Leg Injury 3-Leg PDO 3-Leg Sideswipe PDO 3-Leg All All Rural Stop 6 All All Urban 3-Leg Stop 6 100(1-EXP(-0.012(Wm-16))); Wm=median width (ft) 100(1-EXP(0.0082(Wm-16))) for Wm> for Wm<=16; Wm=median width (ft) FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 33

38 Countermeasure(s) Vary median width (cont'd) Vary shoulder width Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) All All Urban 4-Leg Stop 6 All Fatal/Injury Urban 3-Leg Stop 6 All Fatal/Injury Urban 4-Leg Stop 6 All All Rural 3-Leg and 4- Leg Ref Stop 6 All All Urban Stop 6 Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High 100(1-EXP(0.0173(Wm-16))) for Wm> for Wm<=16; Wm=median width (ft) 100(1-EXP(0.0076(Wm-16))) for Wm> for Wm<=16; Wm=median width (ft) 100(1-EXP(0.016(Wm-16))) for Wm> for Wm<=16; Wm=median width (ft) 100(1-EXP(-0.03(Ws-8)); Ws=outside shoulder width (ft) 100(1-EXP(-0.02(Ws-1.5)); Ws=outside shoulder width (ft) FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 34

39 Table 3: Signs / Markings / Operational Countermeasures

40 Countermeasure(s) Install double stop signs Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) SIGNS Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All All 4-Leg All All Signal All All All All Cross-section Install flashing beacons as advance warning Install larger stop signs Install pedestrian signing All All All All Left-turn Fatal/Injury Left-turn PDO All All No signal All No signal All No signal All All 3-Leg Rear-end All 4-Leg Signal All 4-Leg Signal Fatal/Injury Fatal/Injury PDO All All Stop >5,000/lane(Total) All All 15 4 Ped All FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 36

41 Countermeasure(s) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Obs Intersection es Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All All All 1 35 All All Signal Install advance warning signs (positive guidance) Provide overhead lane-use signs Add centerline and move STOP bar to extended curb lines Add centerline and move STOP bar to extended curb lines, double stop signs Add centerline and STOP bar, replace 24-inch with 30-inch stop signs Improve pavement friction (groove) Improve/install pedestrian crossing Install pedestrian crossing Install pedestrian crossing (raised) All All Urban Cross-section All All Rural All Signal All Signal Rear-end All Sidewipe All PAVEMENT MARKINGS/MODIFICATIONS All All No signal All No signal All All No signal 28 9 All No signal 28 0 All No signal All No signal All All Wet All All All Ped All Ped All Ped All Ped Fatal/Injury Rural All All analysis All Fatal/Injury analysis Ped All 28 8 FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 37

42 Countermeasure(s) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Obs Intersection es Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Install raised intersection Install raised pavement markers All Fatal/Injury 4-Leg analysis All PDO 4-Leg analysis All All Wet All Wet/Night All Install STOP bars (pedestrian crosswalk) Install STOP bars (STOP bar on minor road approaches, with short segments of centerline) Install transverse pavement markings All All Signal All All All All All Speedrelated Speedrelated Speedrelated Speedrelated and day Speedrelated and dry Speedrelated Speedrelated and wet Fatal/Injury Stop Serious injury Stop Slight injury Stop All Stop All Stop All Stop All Stop FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 38

43 Countermeasure(s) Install transverse rumble strips on approaches Mark pavement with supplementary warning messages Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) All All Rural No signal All All Stop Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All All Rear-end All All All No signal 28 6 All No signal All Urban Stop Provide bicycle box (advance stop bar to leave dedicated Bicycle All Signal space for cyclists) Provide bike lanes Bicycle All Resurface pavement All All Wet All REGULATORY Convert STOP control to Yield control Convert to all-way STOP control (from 2- way control) All All All Stop All All Urban 4-Leg Stop All All All Stop All All No signal All All Stop All Fatal/Injury Urban Stop Comparison Group Before- Comparison Group Before- with Likelihood Functions Left-turn All Urban Stop FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 39

44 Countermeasure(s) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Obs Intersection es Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Left-turn All Stop Cross-section Ped All Ped All Urban Stop Rear-end All Urban Stop Convert to all-way STOP control (from 2- way control) (cont'd) Rear-end All Stop Cross-section All Urban Stop All No signal All Stop Cross-section All Urban Stop Convert two-way to one-way roadway All All All All Cross-section FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 40

45 Countermeasure(s) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Obs Intersection es Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Convert Yield control to STOP control Install no left-turn and no u-turn signs Permit right-turn-onred Left-turn (or u-turn) All All No signal All No signal ,435- All All Urban ,000(Total) 19,435- All Urban ,000(Total) All All Signal All All Signal Ped All New Orleans Signal Ped All New York Signal Ped All Ohio Signal Ped All Wisconsin Signal Right-turn Fatal/Injury Signal analysis Right-turn PDO Signal analysis All All All All Cross-section Prohibit left-turns Left-turn All Cross-section Ped All Rear-end All Cross-section All All Signal Prohibit right-turn-onred ROR All Signal Cross-section Rear-end All Signal Cross-section FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 41

46 Countermeasure(s) Prohibit right-turn-onred (cont'd) Type All Severity All Area Type Urban/ Suburban Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High 100(1-(0.984)^n); n=number of Signal 62 signalized intersection appraoches Expert Panel where RTOR is prohibited All Signal Cross-section Sideswipe All Signal Cross-section Prohibit turns All turns All All Restrict parking near intersections (to offstreet) Vary speed Improve lighting at intersection Install lighting All All Ped All All All Rural 6 All All Urban 6 LIGHTING Ped Fatal Ped Injury All All Signal All Fatal/Injury Signal Night All Signal All All No Signal All All 62 4 All Injury 62 6 Night All Night Injury (1-EXP(0.019(V-55))); V=majorroad speed limit (or design speed) (mph) 100(1-EXP(0.005(V-40))); V=majorroad speed limit (or design speed) (mph) / Expert Panel / Expert Panel / Expert Panel / Expert Panel FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 42

47 Countermeasure(s) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Obs Intersection es Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High OPERATIONAL Convert STOP control (2-way) to signal control Convert STOP control (2-way) to signal control and install left-turn lane Increase enforcement related to motorist yielding in marked crosswalks combined with a public education campaign Increase enforcement to reduce speed Install angled median crosswalk Install beacon (flashing) at intersection All All Stop Cross-section All Injury Stop Cross-section All Injury Stop Cross-section Rear-end All Stop 15 8 Cross-section All Stop Cross-section All All Stop Cross-section All Stop Cross-section Ped All Ped All All All All All All All All All 1 30 All All Signal All All All All Cross-section All All 15 4 All All FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 43

48 Countermeasure(s) Install cameras to detect red-light running Install far-side bus stops Install flashing red/yellow signal (MUTCD: intersection control beacon) Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) All All Signal 17,000-78, All All Urban (Scottsdale) Signal All Fatal/Injury All All Signal 58 5 All Fatal/Injury Signal 17,000-78, Left-turn All Urban (Scottsdale) Signal Rear-end All Signal Rear-end All Signal Rear-end All Urban (Scottsdale) Rear-end Fatal/Injury Signal All All Fatal/Injury Urban (Scottsdale) 52, ,067 17,000-78,000 12,562-33,679 Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High Signal Signal 52, ,067 12,562-33,679 52,625-12, ,067 33, Signal Signal 52, ,067 12,562-33, Ped All 28 1 All All No signal <5,000/lane(Total) All All No signal >5,000/lane(Total) All All No signal All Fatal/Injury No signal Head-on All No signal All No signal <5,000/lane(Total) All No signal >5,000/lane(Total) All No signal FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 44

49 Countermeasure(s) Install pedestrian crossing (signed and marked with curb ramps and extensions) Install pedestrian overpass/underpass Type Severity Area Type Config Control Major Minor Volume (veh/day) Ref Intersection es Obs Reduction Std Range Study Type Factor / Function Error Low High All All No signal Ped All No signal Install stop signs at alternate All All Urban Stop intersections in residential areas All Fatal/Injury Urban Stop (1-EXP(0.046(Nd-3))); Nd=number of driveways on the All All Rural Signal 6 major road within 250ft of the Vary frequency of intersection driveways within (1-EXP(0.056(Nd-3))); ft of intersection Nd=number of driveways on the All All Rural Stop 6 major road within 250ft of the intersection Vary lane width All All Urban Signal 6 100(1-EXP(-0.053(Wl-12))); Wl=lane width (ft) All All Urban Stop 6 100(1-EXP(-0.057(Wl-12))); Wl=lane width (ft) Vary sight distance All All Rural Signal 6 0 All All Rural Signal 6 100(1-EXP(0.007(Nln-2))); Nln=number of through lanes on the Vary through lanes All All Rural Stop 6 road 100(1-EXP(-0.093(Nln-2))); Nln=number of through lanes on the road 100(1-EXP(0.026(Pt-9))); Pt=percent All All Rural 4-Leg Signal 6 truck during the peak hour (average for all intersection movements) Vary truck presence 100(1-EXP( (Pt-9))); All Fatal/Injury Rural 3-Leg Stop 6 Pt=percent truck during the peak hour (average for all intersection movements) FHWA-SA September 2008 Page 45