Five-City Panel Study on Walking Wave Two Results

Transcription

1 Five-City Panel Study on Walking: Wave Two Results September 2004

2 Five-City Panel Study on Walking Wave Two Results Data Collected by International Communications Research Report Prepared by International Communications Research Copyright 2004 AARP Knowledge Management 601 E Street, NW Washington, DC Reprinting with Permission

3 AARP is a nonprofit, nonpartisan membership organization dedicated to making life better for people 50 and over. We provide information and resources; engage in legislative, regulatory and legal advocacy; assist members in serving their communities; and offer a wide range of unique benefits, special products, and services for our members. These include AARP The Magazine, published bimonthly; AARP Bulletin, our monthly newspaper; AARP Segunda Juventud, our quarterly newspaper in Spanish; NRTA Live and Learn, our quarterly newsletter for 50+ educators; and our web site, We have staffed offices in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Acknowledgements International Communications Research prepared this report for AARP under the direction of Teresa A. Keenan, Ph.D. We would like to thank David Dutwin, Ph.D., Senior Research Director, at International Communications Research for his work on behalf of this project. We would also like to thank Jeffrey Love, Ph.D., Associate Research Director, Strategic Issues Research, who provided management review of the final report. For additional information contact Teresa A. Keenan at (202)

4 Table of Contents Executive Summary of the Five-City Panel Study on Walking: Wave Two 2 Introduction 5 A Note About Cross-Sectional and Panel Data 6 Summary of Aggregate Differences Across Waves 7 Attitudes toward Needing to Exercise to Stay Fit 7 Self-Reported Exercising 7 Attitudes toward Locations for Walking 7 Recall of Messages Designed to Increase Walking 8 Step-Counters 8 Life Satisfaction and Health Rating 8 Summary of Overall Panel Differences between Waves 9 Attitudes toward Needing to Exercise to Stay Fit 9 Self-Reported Exercising 9 Attitudes toward Locations for Walking 9 Recall of Messages Designed to Increase Walking 10 Step-Counters 10 Life Satisfaction and Health Rating 10 Summary of Demographic Panel Differences Across Waves: Two 11 Variable Comparisons Attitudes toward Needing to Exercise to Stay Fit 11 Self-Reported Exercising 11 Attitudes toward Locations for Walking 12 Recall of Messages Designed to Increase Walking 12 Step-Counters 12 Summary of Campaign Panel Differences Across Waves: Two Variable 13 Comparisons Message Recall and Changes in Exercise and Walking 13 Summary of Campaign Panel Differences Across Waves: Multiple 14 Variable Comparisons Self-Reported Exercising 14 Attitudes toward Locations for Walking 15 Step-Counters 15 Appendix A: Analysis Details 16 Appendix B: Annotated Questionnaire 20 1

5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE FIVE-CITY PANEL STUDY ON WALKING: WAVE TWO The Five-City Panel Study on Walking was designed as a follow-up effort to the Active for Life TM walking campaign. Four southern cities were selected for inclusion in the project based on their similarities with Richmond, Virginia, one of the two demonstration sites that were the focus of the Active for Life TM project. Raleigh, North Carolina; Little Rock, Arkansas; Columbia, South Carolina; and Montgomery, Alabama are all southern state capitols, similar in terms of total population, size of minority population, percentages of midlife and older adults, and median household income. In order to test the efficacy of its walking campaign, AARP, in collaboration with ICR/International Communications Research, designed a population-level evaluation campaign across the five cities. Telephone interviews were planned for three separate waves, with a variety of activities and events occurring between survey waves. Wave one interviews took place June 3 through 22 among a representative sample of adults age 50 and older in the five cities (including Richmond, the control city for wave one). Wave two interviews were conducted July 15 through August 16, Wave two of the Five-City Panel Study on Walking differs from wave one in that a panel of respondents was formed. That is, some individuals who had been contacted and interviewed in wave one were re-contacted and re-interviewed in wave two. Another group of individuals was contacted and interviewed for the first time during the wave two fielding. This report highlights differences that occurred between wave one and wave two in awareness of the walking program, likelihood of exercising, knowledge and use of step-counters, and respondents rating of their city and neighborhood for walking. 1. Awareness of the Walking Program No increase in message recall occurred between waves one and two in either the cross-sectional or panel data. However, there was one extremely valuable finding: while those who did not recall having heard, read, or seen messages about the walking program decreased the amount of time they reported walking (by.2 hours per week), those who recalled such messages increased their walking by nearly one hour. This finding was underscored in the multivariate analyses as well and was even more significant among recallers with high levels of education. In terms of awareness of AARP as the program sponsor, the percentage whom correctly named AARP increased among the panelists from.3% to 4% from wave one to wave two. In the aggregate data, the figure rose from less than one percent to nearly one and one-half percent. 2

6 Within new recallers (those respondents who recalled messages about walking in wave two, but who did not recall them when asked in wave one), the percentage who knew of step-counters increased by seven percentage points and the number of hours they walked per week increased by nearly two hours. 2. Differences between Cities From wave one to wave two, respondents in Columbia increased their rating of walkability for their city, while those in Little Rock decreased their ratings for neighborhood, town, and city. 3. Step-Counters 4. Exercise Step-counter ownership increased in panel respondents (from 18% to 21%), although not significantly. Married respondents and women were most likely to report an increase in stepcounter ownership. AARP members were more likely to know of step-counters than were nonmembers, and members who said they recalled having heard, read, or seen messages about the walking program were even more knowledgeable than either members with no recall or non-members. Overall, there was a small yet insignificant increase in the percentage of respondents who said they walk. There were a number of notable changes in walking habits between waves one and two: non-white respondents, those who were not married, and those with incomes of $75,000 or more or less than $25,000 increased the amount of time they walked by one hour per week on average. Their counterparts decreased their walking by about a half hour per week. Membership in walking clubs or walking with friends decreased, and was most notable among married respondents, those who said they are satisfied with life, and those in the middle income brackets ($25,000-$74,999). However, the amount of walking done in clubs or with friends each week increased (from 3.4 hours to 3.7 hours). 3

7 Overall, the average number of days respondents said someone their age should exercise to stay fit decreased slightly by.2 days. This decrease was most pronounced among respondents with a high school education or less and among those over the age of Rating of Location for Walking There were no overall differences in respondents rating of neighborhoods, towns, or cities for walking. 4

8 INTRODUCTION The Five-City Panel Study on Walking was designed as a follow-up effort to the Active for Life TM walking campaign. Four southern cities were selected for inclusion in the project based on their similarities with Richmond, Virginia, one of the two demonstration sites that were the focus of the Active for Life TM project. Raleigh, North Carolina; Little Rock, Arkansas; Columbia, South Carolina; and Montgomery, Alabama are all southern state capitols, similar in terms of total population, size of minority population, percentages of midlife and older adults, and median household income. In order to test the efficacy of its walking campaign, AARP, in collaboration with ICR/International Communications Research, designed a population-level evaluation campaign across the five cities. Telephone interviews were planned for three separate waves, with a variety of activities and events occurring between survey waves. Wave one interviews took place June 3 through 22 among a representative sample of adults age 50 and older in the five cities (including Richmond, the control city for wave one). Wave two interviews were conducted July 15 through August 16, Field work was done by ICR/International Communications Research of Media, PA. The margin of error for the overall study is +/-2.08 percent, while the margin of error for each city ranges from +/-5.3 to 5.8 percent. As is shown in Table 1, a number of the wave two interviews were in fact interviews with respondents who had been contacted in wave one, and therefore constitute a panel. Table 1: Number of Completed Interviews by Wave Location Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 2 Re-contacts Respondents Interviews Richmond Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh , ,255 3,111 4,386 Given the existence of the baseline report detailing individual status on all variables, Five-City Panel Study on Walking: Wave One, this report will focus on significant differences between waves one and two in awareness of the walking program, likelihood of exercising, knowledge and use of step-counters, and respondents rating of their city and neighborhood for walking. Additionally, since a direct mail campaign took place between the waves that was designed to encourage the use of step-counters and walking for health among Americans ages 50 and older, this report will discuss the efficacy of the direct mail campaign. 5

9 A NOTE ABOUT CROSS-SECTIONAL AND PANEL DATA The data collected in the Five-City Panel Study on Walking are exceptionally rich, as they include both cross-sectional and panel elements. Specifically, the cross-sectional element consists of respondents who have not been contacted in the past. This constitutes all wave one respondents as well as wave two respondents who were not interviewed in wave one. The panel element consists of all individuals who were contacted in both waves one and two. Collecting data in this way gives the researcher the ability to conduct both aggregate and individual level analyses: The cross-sectional data are superior to panel data for aggregate level analysis because the data are pure. That is, with cross-sectional data, because respondents are only contacted once, there is no concern that prior contact with respondents has skewed their answers in subsequent waves. In contrast, panel data are superior for individual level analysis since the researcher can detect change within an individual who has been asked questions on more than one occasion. Because of these differences, cross-sectional data are used for the aggregate level analysis and panel data are used for the individual level analysis. The primary shortcoming of using aggregate data is that the researcher is only able to detect overall changes within a population. However, there may be a number of interactive, mediating, or moderating effects within a population that only individual level data can flesh out. For example, an overall population may not show any change from wave one to wave two at an aggregate level. But within certain types of individuals, a number of changes can be taking place. For example, perhaps older respondents are increasing their levels of physical activity while younger respondents are decreasing theirs. The end result would again be no detectable change within aggregate data, while much change is in fact taking place. Utilizing both types of data enable us to ascertain these changes. 6

10 SUMMARY OF AGGREGATE DIFFERENCES ACROSS WAVES Attitudes toward Needing to Exercise to Stay Fit There was no significant difference between waves one and two regarding the number of days respondents believed someone over the age of 50 needs to exercise to remain fit. Although not significant, the number of days reported was trending in the right direction. There was also no significant difference between waves one and two regarding the amount of time respondents believed someone over the age of 50 needs to exercise to remain fit. For this question, the mean number of minutes dropped between waves from 36 minutes to 35 minutes. Self-Reported Exercising The percentage of respondents who said they currently participate in exercise dropped significantly from wave one to wave two, from 32% to 25%. It is possible this drop is based upon a seasonal change in the South, since the first wave took place in the spring and the second occurred in the middle of the summer. There were no significant differences in how much respondents reported walking, exercising moderately, or exercising vigorously. However, most of these measures were trending in the right direction. Similarly, there was a significant difference in the amount of reported sitting each day, such that respondents reported sitting fewer hours per day. Finally, there were no significant differences from wave one to wave two regarding participation in walking clubs, walking with friends, or the amount of walking taking place in either of these two scenarios. Attitudes toward Locations for Walking There was no significant difference between waves regarding respondents ratings of their neighborhoods or towns. Rating of one s city for walking decreased significantly but moderately (from 3.08 to 2.94 on a five-point scale), while suitability of walking in the city similarly decreased (from 3.23 to 2.96). 7

11 Recall of Messages Designed to Increase Walking Recall of messages designed to increase walking among the 50+ population did not increase between waves one and two, although knowledge of AARP as the walking program sponsor of such message did. However, the overall number of respondents who named AARP as the sponsor remains quite low. Step-Counters Knowledge, ownership, and use of step-counters did not significantly change between waves. Life Satisfaction and Health Rating Finally, there were no significant differences between waves regarding overall life satisfaction and rating of one s own health. 8

12 SUMMARY OF OVERALL PANEL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WAVES Panel data differ from cross-sectional data in that they detect differences between two points in time among those individuals who were interviewed at both times. There are two primary differences between the panel and cross-sectional population: (1) the panel population has been interviewed at least once, leading to potential memory effects and (2) the panel population tends to be more educated, white, and higher in socio-economic status, since such individuals tend to be easier to contact by telephone. This section reports overall findings of the panel data and will highlight within-individual differences, an analysis in which panel data excel. Attitudes toward Needing to Exercise to Stay Fit There were moderately significant decreases in how much respondents said people over the age of 50 should exercise to remain fit. Specifically, the number of days respondents said someone needs to exercise decreased by.18 days, and the number of minutes per session decreased by two minutes. Although statistically significant, these differences are actually quite small, considering that the average number of days these respondents reported, overall, was 4.5 days, and number of minutes was 35. Self-Reported Exercising There were small decreases in current participation in exercise classes among the panelists (from 19% to 16%). Reported membership in walking clubs also went down (from 2.8% to 1.4%) as did walking with friends (from 19% to 17%). On the other hand, among panelists who said they participate in group activities, the amount of walking done in clubs or with friends actually increased. Attitudes toward Locations for Walking There were no significant differences between waves among panelists regarding their ratings of their neighborhoods or cities. However, panelists ratings of their towns decreased significantly but moderately (from 3.32 to 3.24 on a five-point scale). 9

13 Panelists ratings of the study sites differed significantly, with ratings for Columbia showing the largest net positive increase and those for Little Rock showing the largest overall average decrease. Recall of Messages Designed to Increase Walking Panelists recall of messages designed to increase walking among those 50 and older did not increase between waves, although their knowledge of AARP as the sponsor increased significantly and moderately. It is important to bear in mind, however, that the overall number of respondents who named AARP remains quite low. Step-Counters Knowledge and use of step-counters did not change significantly between waves. However, step-counter ownership among panel respondents increased significantly from wave one to wave two (from 18% to 22%). Life Satisfaction and Health Rating Finally, life satisfaction increased significantly, although very moderately, within panel respondents (from 3.74 to 3.81 on a five-point scale). 10

14 SUMMARY OF SPECIFIC DEMOGRAPHIC PANEL STUDY DIFFERENCES ACROSS WAVES: TWO VARIABLE COMPARISONS A key question underlying the work in this project is whether or not panelists differ demographically in terms of their attitudes about exercise and walking, the number of days and amount of time they exercise, their attitudes about the walkability of their neighborhoods, towns, and cities, and their awareness of the walking program in their community. That is, are there differences by individual characteristics such as age, race, education, or income? In order to answer these questions, difference scores were created for each individual for each variable such that wave one scores were subtracted from their wave two scores for each individual. A difference score is created where a positive number denotes a positive increase in the variable of interest by that amount. In the text that follows, only statistically significant differences are noted. Attitudes toward Needing to Exercise to Stay Fit Age and educational differences were noted with regard to respondents attitudes toward the appropriate amount of exercise needed to stay fit. Specifically, respondents with less than a high school education and those 55 and older are more likely than those with a college education and those less than 55 to state that a decreased number of days are necessary for exercise. Self-Reported Exercising There were a number of differences between waves regarding self-reported exercise, including differences by participation in walking clubs, walking with friends, and in the total amount of time spent walking each week. For example, whites, those with incomes between $25,000 and $75,000, those who say they are satisfied with their lives, and those who are married reported that they spent less time walking in a club or with friends. With the exception of life satisfaction, the same pattern was found for hours of reported walking per week. Whites, those with incomes between $25,000 and $75,000, and those who are married reported that they spent less time walking in any given week. 11

15 Attitudes toward Locations for Walking There were only minor demographic differences between waves regarding respondents ratings of neighborhood and city suitability for walking. Women, those working part-time or who are retired, and those who are married were more likely to rate their neighborhood as less suitable for walking in wave two than they did in wave one. In terms of suitability of their city for walking, those who say they are satisfied with their lives and those working part-time or who are retired are more likely to have decreased their rating from wave one to wave two. Recall of Messages Designed to Increase Walking When considering message recall, race was the only demographic variable that changed significantly from wave one to wave two. Specifically, non-whites recall of the walking messages increased from wave one to wave two, while recall among whites decreased over time. Step-Counters Step-counter ownership varied by marital status and gender, with increases in ownership occurring among married women. 12

16 SUMMARY OF CAMPAIGN PANEL STUDY DIFFERENCES ACROSS WAVES: TWO VARIABLE COMPARISONS Another important question guiding this research project is whether there is a connection between respondents recalling having heard, seen, or read of a message designed to increase walking among adults ages 50 and older and their subsequent behavior. Message Recall and Changes in Exercise and Walking No significant relationships were found between message recall and changes in exercise behaviors. However, it is important to note that for all three behaviors moderate exercise, vigorous exercise, and walking the relationships with message recall were just shy of significance. Notably, while moderate and vigorous exercise decreased for those who recalled such messages, walking increased. It will be important to determine whether these patterns hold at the conclusion of the walking program, and if they become statistically significant. A similar analysis was conducted with new recallers, those who said they recalled messages in wave two but who did not in wave one. These individuals showed increases in their knowledge of the walking program sponsor, their knowledge of step-counters, and their reported walking. They also showed decreases in their ownership of step-counters and the amount of vigorous exercise they said they obtained. 13

17 SUMMARY OF CAMPAIGN PANEL STUDY DIFFERENCES ACROSS WAVES: MULTIPLE VARIABLE COMPARISONS With panel data, there are two methods by which change based on a walking or other campaign can be detected. First, the overall change from one wave to another on any measure can be interpreted in part as a change that has occurred because of the change that has occurred in respondents environment, namely, the addition of an advertising campaign for walking. The second method is to use an actual measure of recall of walking advertising and attempt to connect change in this variable with change in other variables. This section will deal with both types of changes. Regression analyses on which these results are based may be found in Appendix A. Self-Reported Exercising There were no significant differences in any measures to total hours spent per week vigorously exercising or moderately exercising. A clear relationship was found between recall of messages designed to increase walking and an increase in walking itself such that those who recalled the messages reported a higher number of hours walked than those who did not recall the messages. This relationship is also related to educational level such that the improvement in hours walked is more pronounced among those with higher levels of education. As noted in Table 2, a number of other differences in walking habits were detected from wave one to wave two. For example, never married respondents walked 2.6 hours more per week than married respondents, non-white respondents walked 1.4 more hours than whites, those who are satisfied with life walked 3.2 more hours than those not satisfied, and those who recalled messages walked 1.3 more hours per week than those who did not. 14

18 Table 2: Who Improved Their Walking Habits? OVERALL CHANGE = 20 MINUTES MORE THAN WAVE 1 Never Married = 2.6 hours MORE per week Non-whites = 1.4 hours MORE per week Satisfied With Life = 3.2 hours MORE per week Recalled Walking Messages = 1.3 hours MORE per week There were also a number of significant differences with regard to walking in walking clubs or with friends, as shown in Table 3. For example, divorced and never married respondents walked more in clubs or with friends from wave one to wave two than their married counterparts. Also, older respondents walked in these groups more than did younger respondents. Table 3: Who Changed Amount Walking in Clubs/With Friends? OVERALL CHANGE = 2.8 PERCENT LESS IN WAVE 2 THAN IN WAVE 1 Every 10 Years of Age = 3 percent MORE Divorced = 7 percent MORE Never Married = 11 percent MORE Attitudes toward Locations for Walking There were a number of significant differences with regard to change in rating of location for walking. These include a moderate interaction between recall of messages and gender, with men who recalled the message maintaining their opinions of locations, while ratings for women actually decreased. Across most measures of rating and city suitability for walking, a number of measures had significant relationships, namely, work status, life satisfaction, and cities. Step-Counters There were few significant differences with regard to owning or knowing of stepcounters, though there was one significant interaction between recall of messages and AARP membership, with both recall and membership having a positive effect. 15

19 APPENDIX A: ANALYSIS DETAILS The following tables provide complete results from the regression analyses run for the Five-City Panel Study on Walking. A more detailed description of regression analysis can be found in Appendix A of the companion report, Five City Panel Study on Walking: Wave One. Table A-1 Who Changed: Exercising**** Vigorous Exercise Moderate Exercise Walking B SE B SE B SE Age Education Work Full-time Retired Widowed Divorced Never Married * 1.3 Income Gender (male) Race (white) *.68 Large City Small City *.69 Suburb Small Town Rural AARP Membership Life Satisfaction *.28.79*.37 Self-Health Rating Recall Messages *.62 Know Pedometers Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Recall x Education *.47 N Model Chi-Square * 1.64** R-Square * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <.001 ****Hours per week 16

20 Table A-1, continued Who Changed: Exercising Walking Clubs/Walking with Friends Participate in Exercise Classes B SE B SE Age.01* Education Work Full-time Retired Widowed Divorced.07* Never Married.11* Income *.01 Gender (male) Race (white) Large City Small City ***.02 Suburb **.03 Small Town Rural AARP Membership Life Satisfaction Self-Health Rating Recall Messages Know Pedometers Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Recall x AARP Memb. -.16*.08.12*.05 N Model Chi-Square 1.23*** 1.5**** R-Square * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <

21 Table A-2 Who Changed: Rating of Location for Walking Neighborhood Town City Suitability B SE B SE B SE B SE Age *** Education Work Full-time.17* **.09.31**.10 Retired Widowed.28*** Divorced.18* Never Married Income Gender (male).18** Race (white) Large City Small City Suburb.20** Small Town *.10 Rural -.15** AARP Membership Life Satisfaction **.04.09*.04 Self-Health Rating **.04 Recall Messages Know Pedometers Columbia *.05.15** Montgomery *.06 Raleigh Recall x Gender -.30* ** *.20 N Model Chi-Square 3.4*** ** 1.92** R-Square * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <

22 Table A-3 Who Changed: Pedometers Know Pedometer Own Pedometer B SE B SE Age Education Work Full-time Retired Widowed Divorced Never Married Income Gender (male) Race (white) Large City Small City Suburb Small Town -.06* Rural AARP Membership Life Satisfaction Self-Health Rating Recall Message Columbia Montgomery -.05** Raleigh Recall x AARP Memb..12**.05 N Model Chi-Square 1.58* 1.4 R-Square * p <.05; ** p <.01; *** p <

23 APPENDIX B: ANNOTATED QUESTIONNAIRE This study was conducted by telephone July 15 August 14, 2004 among a nationally representative sample of 1861 adults, age 50 and older in Little Rock, AR; Columbia, SC; Montgomery, AL; and Raleigh, NC. A total of 606 new contacts were completed among the 4 cities 151 in Little Rock, AR; 150 in Columbia, SC; 150 in Montgomery, AL; and 155 in Raleigh, NC. A total of 1255 interviews were completed in the 4 cities among those previously contacted in wave in Little Rock, AR; 312 in Columbia, SC; 296 in Montgomery, AL; and 330 in Raleigh, SC. Field work by ICR/International Communications Research of Media, Pennsylvania. S1. How many people in your household are (INSERT ITEM)? Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh (NET) None * 1 * 1 1 * 6+ * -- * * know/ 1 1 * 1 -- * 1 refused 50+ (NET) * * * * * * -- 5 * * * know/ refused

24 D-12.Record Gender Male Female Re-contacts contacts Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Section One: Exercise in General 1. How many days each week do you think a person your age needs to exercise to be healthy? None know Refused * Re-contacts * * 3 -- contacts * Little Rock Columbia * Montgomery * 4 -- Raleigh (Asked of total who think a person their age needs to exercise to be healthy; n = 1793; Recontact = 1222; contact = 571; Little Rock = 451; Columbia = 444; Montgomery = 429; Raleigh = 469) 2. About how many minutes do you think a person your age should exercise each session? Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh 15 minutes or less minutes minutes minutes minutes minutes know Refused

25 1/2. Combo Table 3. Do you currently participate in physical activity classes or programs that are offered in your community? Yes No know Refused * -- Re-contacts * -- contacts Little Rock Columbia * -- Montgomery * -- Raleigh (Asked of total who currently participate in physical activity classes/programs offered in their community; n = 321; Recontact = 228; contact = 93; Little Rock = 78; Columbia = 101; Montgomery = 55; Raleigh = 87) 4. What kinds of physical activity classes or programs do you currently participate in? Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Person your age should exercise to be healthy minutes or less minutes minutes minutes minutes minutes Person your age should not exercise at all to 1 * * 1 be healthy know/refused Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Aerobics Baseball * Basketball Cycling Dance Golf Hiking 1 * 2 * Pilates Running/jogging Soccer Swimming Martial arts Tennis Weight lifting/strength training Yoga

26 Walking/walking program Treadmill Bowling Volleyball * * Softball * * Water aerobics/swimnastics/water fitness Spinning * * -- * Health club/gym/ymca/fitness center/curves/exercise class Exercising/working out/on my own Physical therapy 1 * Cardio program/exercises Other sports activities/programs Other recreational activities/programs Yardwork/gardening Rowing/canoeing * Body recall Circuit training Exercise machine/equipment Stairmaster/stair stepper/step climbing Personal trainer * * 1 * Football * Military * Spa * Racquetball Other know 1 1 * Refused /4. Combo Table Currently participate in physical activity classes/programs offered in the community Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Aerobics Baseball * -- * * -- Basketball * * * * * * * Cycling * 1 Dance * * * * -- 1 * Golf * * 1 * 1 * * Hiking * * * * * * -- Pilates * * * * * * * Running/jogging * 1 1 * 23

27 Soccer * * -- * * Swimming Martial arts 1 1 * * * * 1 Tennis * * * 1 * -- * Weight lifting/strength training Yoga 1 1 * * Walking/walking program Treadmill Bowling * * * * * * -- Volleyball * * * Softball * * * Water * * * * * * -- aerobics/swimnastics/water fitness Spinning * * -- * Health club/gym/ymca/fitness center/curves/exercise class Exercising/working out/on * my own Physical therapy * * * * * Cardio program/exercises * 1 * * 1 1 * Other sports activities/programs Other recreational activities/programs Yardwork/gardening Rowing/canoeing * * -- * Body recall Circuit training Exercise * * 1 * * * 1 machine/equipment Stair master/stair stepper/step climbing Personal trainer * * * * * Cardio program/excercises * 1 * * 1 1 * Football * -- * * -- Military * -- * * Spa * -- * * Racquetball * * * * -- Other * Do not currently participate in community physical activity classes/programs (Asked of total who do not currently participate in physical activity classes/programs offered in their community; n = 1536; Re-contact = 1025; contact = 511; Little Rock = 390; Columbia = 359; Montgomery = 390; Raleigh = 397) 24

28 5. Have you ever participated in physical activity classes or programs that are offered in your community? Yes No know Refused * -- Re-contacts * -- contacts * -- Little Rock * -- Columbia * -- Montgomery * -- Raleigh * -- (Asked of total who have ever participated in physical activity classes/programs offered in their community; n = 587; Re-contact = 429; contact = 158; Little Rock = 145; Columbia = 147; Montgomery = 147; Raleigh = 148) 5a. What kinds of classes or programs were they? Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Aerobics Baseball * 4 1 Basketball Cycling Dance Golf 1 1 * * Hiking * Pilates * 4 2 Running/jogging Soccer * * Swimming Martial arts Tennis Weight lifting/strength training Yoga Walking/walking program Treadmill Bowling * * Volleyball * -- 1 Softball Water aerobics/swimnastics/water fitness Spinning Health club/gym/ymca/fitness center/curves/exercise class Exercising/working out/on my own Physical therapy Cardio program/exercises

29 Other sports * * -- * activities/programs Other recreational activities/programs Yardwork/gardening * * -- * Rowing/canoeing * -- * -- * Body recall * * -- * Circuit training Exercise machine/equipment * * * 1 Stairmaster/stair stepper/step climbing Personal trainer * * * Football * * Military * * * Spa * 4 Racquetball 1 * 1 -- * -- 2 Other know Refused /5/5a. Combo Table Currently participate in physical activity classes/programs offered in the community Do not currently participate in physical activity classes/programs that are offered in the community Ever participated in physical activity classes/programs offered in the communtiy Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Aerobics Baseball 1 * 1 1 * 1 * Basketball * * * 1 * * * Cycling * 1 Dance Golf * * * -- * * * Hiking * * * * -- Pilates * * 1 * * 1 * Running/jogging Soccer * * * Swimming Martial arts Tennis * * 1 * 1 * 1 26

30 Weight lifting/strength training Yoga 1 2 * * 1 * 2 Walking/walking program Treadmill 1 1 * * 1 1 * Bowling * * * Volleyball * * * * * -- * Softball Water aerobics/ * * 1 swimnastics/ water fitness Spinning Health club/ gym/ YMCA/ fitness center/curves/ exercise class Exercising/ * 1 working out/ on my own Physical therapy * * 1 * * * * Cardio program/ * * * exercises Other sports * * -- * activities/ programs Other recreational activities/ programs Yardwork/ * * -- * gardening Rowing/canoeing * -- * -- * Body recall * * -- * Circuit training Exercise * * * * * * * machine/ equipment Stairmaster/stair stepper/step climbing Personal trainer * * * Football * * * Military * * * * * Spa * 1 * * * * 1 Racquetball * * * -- * -- * Other

31 Never participated in physical activity classes/ programs offered in the community know * * 1 -- * * 1 Refused Section 2: Kinds of Physical Activities (based on International Physical Activity Questionnaire) 6. How many days in the last week did you do vigorous physical activities like heavy lifting, digging, aerobics, or fast bicycling? Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh No vigorous physical activities 1 day per week days per week days per week days per week days per week days per week days per week know 1 * * 1 Refused

32 (Asked of total who have done any vigorous physical activities in the last week; n = 1152; Re-contact = 788; contact = 364; Little Rock = 289; Columbia = 282; Montgomery = 269; Raleigh = 312) 6a. How much time did you usually spend doing vigorous physical activities on (one of those days/that day)? 6/6a. Combo Table Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Hours per day * Minutes per day <10 minutes * * 1 * * 1 * know * Refused * * * Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Did vigorous physical activities in the last week Hours per day * Minutes per day <10 minutes 1 1 * * * * * * * 1 * Did not do vigorous physical activities in the last week

33 7. How many days in the last week did you do moderate physical activities like carrying light loads, bicycling at a regular pace, or doubles tennis? Do not include walking. (Asked of total who have done any moderate physical activities in the last week; n = 1180; Re-contact = 796; contact = 384; Little Rock = 295; Columbia = 289; Montgomery = 278; Raleigh = 318) 7a. How much time did you usually spend doing moderate physical activities on (one of those days/that day)? Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh No moderate physical activities 1 day per week days per week days per week days per week days per week days per week days per week know Refused * * * Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Hours per day Minutes per day <10 minutes * * 1 1 * know Refused * * *

34 7/7a. Combo Table Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Did moderate physical activities in the last week Hours per day * * Minutes per day <10 minutes * * * * 1 1 * Did not do moderate physical activities in the last week How many days in the last week did you walk for at least (READ ITEMS) at a time? a. 10 minutes Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh No walking day per week days per week days per week days per week days per week days per week days per week know * * * * 1 * * Refused

35 b. 30 minutes (Asked of total who have done any walking for at least 10 minutes in the last week; n = 1599; Re-contact = 1077; contact = 522; Little Rock = 386; Columbia = 405; Montgomery = 383; Raleigh = 425) 8a. How much time did you usually spend walking on a typical day? Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh No walking day per week days per week days per week days per week days per week days per week days per week know Refused Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Hours per day Minutes per day <10 minutes * know Refused * *

36 8a/8aa. Combo Table Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Walked for at least minutes in the last week Hours per day Minutes per day <10 minutes * * Walked for at least minutes in the last week Did not walk for at least 10 minutes in the last week b. Do you belong to any walking clubs in your local community? Yes No know Refused Re-contacts contacts Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh

37 (Asked of total who belong to any walking clubs in their local community; n = 33; Re-contact = 19; contact = 14; Little Rock = 6; Columbia = 10; Montgomery = 3; Raleigh = 14) 8c. How many days in the past week or month did you participate in walking specifically organized by your walking club? Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Days per week (NET) Days per month (NET) Less than once a month know Refused

38 8b/8c. Combo Table Belong to walking club in local community Days per week (NET) Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh * 1 1 * * 1 * * * * * * -- 1 * * -- 4 * * -- * * -- * 5 * * * * * 6 * * -- * * -- * -- * Days per month * * * * (NET) 1-5 * * * * Less than 1 * * 1 once a month Do not belong to walking club in local community know Refused d. Do you meet with friends to walk for general fitness at least once a week? Yes No know Refused * -- Re-contacts * -- contacts * -- Little Rock Columbia * -- Montgomery Raleigh * -- 35

39 (Asked of total who meet with friends to walk for general fitness; n = 344; Re-contact = 240; contact = 104; Little Rock = 74; Columbia = 100; Montgomery = 80; Raleigh = 90) 8e. How many days in the past week or month did you participate in walking specifically organized by you and your friends? Days per week (NET) Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh * 4 -- * unspecified 1 * Days per month (NET) * Less than once a month know Refused

40 8d/8e. Combo Table Meet with friends to walk for general fitness Days per week (NET) * * * 1 -- * * Days per month (NET) * * * 1 * * * * * * * -- * * * Less than * 1 * * 1 1 * once a month Do not meet with friends to walk for general fitness know * * * -- * -- * Refused How much time did you typically spend sitting on a WEEKDAY? Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh < 1 hour hours hours hours know Refused * -- * -- *

41 Section 3: Community Design 10. Would you please describe the destinations you walk to or things you do when you are walking. Little Rock Columbia Montgomery Raleigh Medical appointments * 1 Places of worship Restaurants School * 1 1 Social meetings such as civic or * neighborhood groups Walk to bus stop or other transit Errands Shopping Walk with pets Just walking (nothing specific) Walk to/from work Walking while at work While mowing the lawn/working in garden/yard work In/around neighborhood Playing golf While working in/around home/property Work (unspecified) In/around home/property On treadmill/exercise machine Playing with/taking care of * * * 1 * * 1 children Stairs/up and down Hiking (trails) * * * Visit friends/relatives/walk to their house Walk with family/friends 1 * 1 * Outdoor recreational sports * * 1 1 * 1 * activities Sightseeing * * * -- * * * Volunteer work * * * * * -- * To/in/around park In/around mall For exercise * * 1 * 1 * 1 To games/sporting events * * * To the post office/usps * 1 * Walking to the mailbox To my car To library * * * -- * * 1 38