Sportwissenschaftliche Fakultät Institut BTW der Sportarten Faculty of Sport Science Institute for Movement and Training Science in Sports Periodisation (Definition from HARRE, based on MATWEJEW) 4 th Training Science Congress Ankara, Turkey, 28. 30.06.2011 Training Load and Fatigue Interaction in Periodization Periodisation is the continuing result of periodic cycles in the process to create a sport ability. Each single periodic cycle is characterized by a licit caused periodic change of () aims, tasks and content as well as characterizes therefore the structure of the. Ulrich Hartmann (translated from HARRE, 1986, 99ff) ulrich.hartmann@uni-leipzig.de 30.06.2011 Periodisation is an empirical descriptive guideline with many open questions: HOW are adaptations Matveyev model (1965) induced? WHICH factors are stimulating further adaptations? WHY does the cellular mechanism behave in a given way? Monocycle or single-peak annual plan for a speed-power sport Bi-cycle for a sport (track and field) in which speed and power dominate multiple peaking How to do?? Periodization: Commercial sport events / disciplines... Dubble peaking rectangular 360 day peeking etc January December Monocycle annual plan (modified after Ozolin 1971) The original problem level Over Training workloads Time level New improvement in content Time (Viru, A. & Viru, M., 2001, p. 194) 1
share of energy () Necessitative components of by the view of total metabolism capacity The physical / power of a high trained athlete has two components: 1: An about 60 increased max. oxidative power of the act. MuM by an increased mitochondria mass from normal 3,0 to 5.5 per kg of act. MuM (60). This is the result / function of an extensive endurance time (min) Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell Values for the relative VO 2 max at different levels of endurance Mitochondria: Site of respiration - Amount - Size - Surface - Location - Volume (+ 500) Marieb 1992 untrained women (20-30 years) men (20-30 years) hightrained endurance athlets women men norm values for a fitness condition women men endurance athletics endurance athletics (international level) endurance athletics (international high level) rel. VO 2 max 32-38 ml / kg / min 40-55 ml / kg / min 60-70 ml / kg / min 80-90 ml / kg / min 35-38 ml / kg / min 45-50 ml / kg / min 55-65 ml / kg / min 65-80 ml / kg / min 85-90 ml / kg / min THE CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OXYGEN TRANSPORT VO 2 max (ml/min/kg) ADAPTATION - lung surface 15-20 - Hb 20 - heart size 50 - muscle mass 35 - mitochondria 500 Necessitative components of by the view of total metabolism capacity The physical / power of a high trained athlete has two components: 1: An about 60 increased max. oxidative power of the act. MuM by an increased mitochondria mass from normal 3,0 to 5.5 per kg of act. MuM (60). This is the result / function of an extensive endurance 2: The maximal glycolytic power is very much related with the maximal lactate formation rate (= VLamax mmol/s*kg). This is maximally and only usable until the 10. to 20. sec during a (supra)maximal load. 2
share of energy () an an Variation of formation rate in untrained / specific trained individuals in 100m sprint VLAmax (mmol/l*s) measurement procedure: 100m sprint (14s), one single max. load, untrained individual (max. post exercise lactate ~ 8-10 mmol/l (VLA max: 10 mmol/l - 2 mmol/l) / 12 s = 0,7 mmol/l*s). 100m sprint (12s), singular maximal load, medium an trained individual (max. post exercise lactate ~ 10-14 mmol/l (VLA max: 14 mmol/l - 2 mmol/l) / 10 s = 1,2 mmol/l*s). 100m sprint (10s), singular max. load, specific trained high class sprinter (max. post exercise lactate ~ 14-18 mmol/l (VLA max: 18 mmol/l - 2 mmol/l) / 8 s = 2,0 mmol/l*s). time (min) Maximal an (glycolytic / ) metabolic capacity / for short distance running Lactate formation rate VLAmax [mmol/l*s] Development of an- in young talented soccer players 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 11-12 (5) 13-14 (15) 12-13 (7) 14-15 (16) average VLAmax 15-16 (16) 17-18 (5) 16-17 (13) 18-19 (4) age (y) / (n) Anteil of an best Bestleistung () development during season 102,0 100,0 98,0 96,0 94,0 92,0 90,0 early prep. late prep. Oct Okt Nov Dec Dez Jan Feb März Mar Apr May Mai Juni Juli Aug Mitte mid of des the Monats month P4 1 st comp. P2000m 2 nd comp. Possible shares of energy supply mechanisms for an identical load / power output of a rower (, 95kg) at same VO 2 max but different glycolytical conditions 80,0 VO 2 = 6000 ml/min VLAmax = relative high glycolytic VO 2 < 90; ph ca. 6,4; 18,0mmol/l LA blood 85,0 VO 2 = 6000 ml/min VLAmax = normal low glycolytic VO 2 > 90; ph ca. 6,7; 13,0mmol/l LA blood 82,6 VO 2 = 6000 ml/min VLAmax = medium glycolytic VO 2 = 90; ph ca. 6,6; 16,0mmol/l LA blood The interaction of the oxidative and the glycolytic system 1. Oxidative share needs long time to develop 2. Oxidative share is never too big 3. Glycolytic share needs only short time to increase 4. Glycolytic system is very limited in development 5. Is seldomly too small, mostly too big (specifity of ) an an 6. None system can be trained independently. 3
Variation of energy metabolism during year round early preparation Variation of energy metabolism during year round competition an An an An How to train? Consequences for the practice? Knowledge about the load / energetic profile of the sport / discipline Individuality of muscles fibers would be good to know Increase of amount, intensity more seldom Training load must be orientated at the energy/caloric turnover Training schedules are recommendations, no bibles Share of energy supply mechanism during different track and field events (according to MADER / HARTMANN): distance ATP / CRPH an-lac 30 m 80 19 1 60 m 55 43 2 100 m 25 70 5 200 m 15 60 25 400 m 12 43 45 800 m 10 30 60 1500 m 8 20 72 3000 m 5 15 80 5000 m 4 10 86 10000 m 3-2 12-8 85-90 marathon 0 5-2 95-98 98 Share of energy supply mechanism / Lactate level (blood) during different track and field events / (HARTMANN HARTMANN): Distance an- blood-lactatelactate [mmol/l] rest 0.5 0.8 1.8 30 m 19 2-5 60 m 43 5-9 100 m 70 14-16 16 200 m 60 18 400 m 43 24 800 m 30 21 1500 m 20 15 3000 m 15? 5000 m 10? 10000 m 12-8 8 42195 m 5-2 3-4 content 4
change of Dynamic of muscle cell adaptation change of max. stress load basic stress Dynamic of muscle cell adaptation Coactivation load 1. Anabolic hormons Testosteron stress level 2. Common transcription activating vagotony factors load high Catabolic hormons corticosteroids sympathic level (cortisol) catecholamines low hypertrophy proteinsynthesis cell proteinmass hypertrophy proteinsynthesis cell proteinmass maximum of protein-synthesis decrease of 0 + - adaptationperiod steady state load increase = (intensity * amount) anabolic adaptation- 0 + - adaptationperiod steady state load increase = (intensity * amount) anabolic adaptation- catabolic- time time Annual change () of P max depending of age content Änderung Change P max () 120 118 116 114 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 4.5 4 2.8 2.5 1.8 0.5-0.3 0.5-0.5-0.8 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Age Alter (years) (Jahre) Summary: 1. Existing points of view about adaptation and periodisation have their origins in the Russian school 2. It is a phenomenological way of thinking 3. It has no respect to biology 4. It includes a hypothetic / self full-filling assumption of possible adaptations ( master s teaching ) 5. Adaptation and periodisation show in athletes very individual responses depending of many other influencing factors (age, level of, load tolerance etc.) 6. There are only few existing (energy) demand / load profiles and its specific adaptation in disciplines. Spare time Recovery time Thank you very much for your attention!! 5