Report of the Commtte on Fre Tests jessej. Betel, Char Hughes Assocates nc., MD PeterJ. Barbadoro, Westnghouse Savannah Rver Co., SC Aprl L. Berkol, TT Sheraton Corp., MA Rep. Amercan Hotel & Motel Assn. John A. Blar, The DuPont Company, DE Rep. Socety fo the Plastcs ndustry nc. Wllam P. Chlen, State of NY Dept of Fre Preventon & Control, NY Wllam E. Ftch, Omega Pont Laboratores nc., TX Thomas W. Frtz, Armstrong World ndustres nc., PA Jeffrey E. Gould, Factory Mutual Research Corp., MA AlfredJ. Hogan, Reedy Creek mprovement Dstrct, FL Rep. Fre Marshals Assn. of North Amerca Wayne D. Holmes, HSB Professonal Loss Control nc., PA Karl D. Homer, Gypsum Assn., Washngton, DC Marc L Janmens, Amercan Forest & Paper Assn., DC James R. Lav~on, U.S. Nat'l nst. of Standards and Technology, MD Gerald E. Lngenfelter, Amercan nsurance Servces Group nc., NY George E. Meyer, Warnock Hersey nt'l. nc., CA John W. Mchener, Mllken Research Corp., SC Rep. Amercan Textle Mfrs. nst. nc. ames A. Mlke, Unversty of Maryland, MD es C. Norrs, Unon Carbde, PA eon Przybyla, Underwrters Laboratores nc., L Svon C. Rezukoff, Arzona State Unversty, AZ {~ hn Roberts, Underwrters' Laboratores of Canada, ON oward Stacy, Southwest Research nst., TX Herman Stone, General Foam, PA T. Hugh TaUey, Hugh Talley Co., TN Rep. Upholstered Furnture Acton Councl Rchard P. Thornberry, The Code Consortum, nc., CA RobertJ. W'dls, Amercan ron & Steel nst., AL PeterJ. Gore W'dlse, ndustral Rsk nsurers, CT Rep. ndustral Rsk nsurers Alternates Peter H. Bllng, Amercan Forest & Paper Assn., FL (Ar. to M. L.Janssens) Delbert F. Borng, Amercan ron & Steel nst., OH (Alt. to R..J Wlls) Tony Crlm, Underwrters' Laboratores of Canada, ON (Alt. toj. Roberts) Phlp J, DNenno, Hughes Assoc. nc., MD (Alt. toj.j. Betel) Rchard D. Gottwad, Socety of the Plastcs ndustry, DC (Alt. toj. A. Blar) ArthurJ. Parker, Southwest Research nst., TX (Alt. to H. Stacy) R. Joseph Pearson, nchcape Testng Servces, NY (Alt. to G. Meyer) Wllam A. Thornberg, ndustral Rsk nsurers, CT (Alt. to P.J.G. WUse) JamesJ. Urban, Underwrters Laboratores nc., L (AlL to L. Przybyla) KayM. Vlla, Amercan Textle Mfrs. nst., DC (Alt. toj. Mchener) Joe Zolkowsk, Amercan Furnture Mfrs. Assoc., NC (Ah. to H Talley) Nonvotng A.J. Bartosc, Rohm & Haas Go., PA Herman H. Spaeth, Novato, CA (Member Emertus) Staff Lason: Water P. Sterlng Ths lst represents the membershp at the tme the Commttee was balloted on the text of ths edton. Snce that tme, changes n the membershp may have occurred. Commttee Scope: Ths Commttee shall have prmary responsblty for documents on fre testng procedures when such standards are not avalable; for revewng exstng fre test standards and recommendng approprate acton to NFPA; for recommendng the applcaton of and advsng on the nterpretaton of acceptable test standards for fre problems of concern to NFPA techncal commttees and members; and for actng n a lason capacty between NFPA and the commttees of other organzatons wrtng fre test standards. Ths comntttee does not cover fre tests that are used to evaluate extngushng agents, devces, or systems. The Report of the Techncal Commttee on Fre Tests s presented for adopton n 3 parts. Part of ths Report was prepared by the Techncal Commttee on Fre Tests and proposes for adopton amendments to NFPA 255-1990, Standard Method of Test of Surfacng Burnng Characterstcs of Buldng Materals. NFPA 255-1900 s publshed n Volume 6 of the 1994 Natonal Fre Codes and n separate pamphlet form. Part of ths Report has been submtted to letter ballot of the Techncal Commttee on Fre Tests whch conssts of 27 votng members. The results of the ballotng can be found n the report. Part of ths Report was prepared by the Techncal Commttee on Fre Tests and proposes for adopton a complete revson to NFPA 257-1990, Standard for F'me Tests ofw'mdow Assembfeg NFPA 257-1990 s publshed n Volume 6 of the 1994 Natonal Fre Codes and n separate pamphlet form. Part of ths Report has been submtted to letter ballot of the Techncal Commttee on Fre Tests whch conssts of 27 votng members. The results of the ballotng can be found n the report. Part of ths Report was prepared by the Techncal Commttee on F'we Tests and proposes for adopton a new document NFPA 268-1996, Standard Test Method for Determnng lgutblty of Exteror Wal Assembles Usng a Radal Heat Energy Source. Part of ths Report has been submtted to letter ballot of the Techncal Commttee on Fre Tests whch conssts of 27 votng members. The results of the ballotng can be found n the report. 355
NFPA 255 -- F95 ROP P~T (Log #CP1) 255-1 - ($-4(b)): Accept SUBMTTER: Techncal Commttee on Fre Testg RECOMMENDATON: Revse Secton 3-4(b) to read as follows: (b) Test results as calculated n Secton 3-3 and: 1. The ndvdual flame spread data values shall be rounded to the nearest multple of 5 ponts. 2. The ndvdual smoke developed data values shall be rounded to the nearest multple of 5 ponts. SUBSTANTATON: The proposed revson coordnates the current procedures wthn the testng communty and that of the ASTM document. COMMTrEE ACTON: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMTTEE MEMBERS ELGBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMTTEE ACTON: AFFRMATVE: 23 NEGATVE: Janssens, Mchener ABSTENTON: Holmes, Talley EXPLANATON OF NEGATVE: JANSSENS: don't thnk that consstency wth the ASTM document can be used to substantate the proposed roundng. As far as know, the roundng s currendy under consderaton by the ASTM Task Group, but a decson has not been made. There s a related ssue, namely the calculaton of a sngle flame spread ratng from replcate test results. thnk t would be a good dea ra mnmum of three specmens be tested for any materal. Antcpatng the requrement for multple tests, thnk t would be undesrable to round ndvdual results before calculatng the average. MCHENER: agree wth MarcJanssens comment. PABTH (Log #CP1) 257-1 - (Entre Document): Accept SUBMTTER: Techncal Commttee on Fre Tests RECOMMENDATON: To revse the text of NFPA 257 to read as follows: SUBSTANTATON: The proposed rewrte of NFPA 257 ncludes both edtoral and techncal revsons. The edtoral revsons are manly ntended to parallel revsons proposed to NFPA 252, elmnate unclear and nonmandatory language, make the test method more reproducble and repeatable, andresult n a more user f'endy document. Techncal revsons have been proposed to parallel nternatonal standards and to requre addtonal performance nformaton for fre wndow/assembles. A new protocol s proposed as an appendx tem to measure the radant heat transferred through a wndow assembly. Ths nformaton wll be very useful n establshng crtera for fre protecton of buldng contents as well as for the lfe safety protecton of buldng occupants. The furnace pressure s now specfed to be controlled and the neutral plane calculated. The requrement that assembles be tested at a neutral pressure has been elmnated n order to allow the test to be run at any pressure de.ep,endng.. upon code. requrements., or the needs of the test sponsor. Ths val allow testng under posture pressure where nformaton s needed to determne the response of wndow assembles that may be used to protect nteror wndow openngs. The duraton of the fre test method has been extended beyond 45 mnutes to be open ended to allow for the testng of new glazng materals whch can acheve a greater fre protecton ratng than the tradtonal glazng materals such as wred glass. AS a result of ths extenson of the fre test duraton, the hose stream test duraton has been extended and the nozzle pressures ncreased accordngly to parallel the crtera n NFPA 252. Crtera for lmtng flamng on the unexposed face of fre wndow assembles has also been nc[uded smlar to that contaned n NFPA 252. n summary, the proposed rewrte of NFPA 257 wll provde a more technologcally sound document whch should generate msre relable data upon whch fre wndow assembles can be analyzed for fre protecton engneerng purposes and computer fre modelng. COMMTTEE ACTON: A~ceSt. NUMBER OF COMMr'~ MEMBERS ELGBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMTTEE ACTON: AFFRMATVE: 20 NEGATVE: Barbadoro, Gould, Przybyla ABSTENTON: Holmes, Houser, Lngenfelter, Talley EXPLANATON OF NEGATVE: BARBADORO: As recommended at the last commttee meetng, there "should not be any allowed'flamng" on the unexposed face of the fre wndow, smlar to that allowed for the fre doors (NFPA 252). Justfcaton: Fre doors do not have (NFPA 80) potental combustbles adjacent to the unexposed sde whch may enhance fre spread, n feld applcaton. Fre wndows lke fre wals typcally have combustbles drectly adjacent to (and aganst) them n feld applcaton. GOULD: Paragraph 5-1.1.6 should reference the test assembly (not the wndow assembly as shown). PRZYBYLA: Ths draft needs to be revsed to address the followng~ 1. The NFPA style for referencng Appendx materal needs to be mplemented. Ths would nclude: A statement after the ttle, but before Secton 1-1: "Notce: An astersk (*) followng the number or letter desgnatng a paragraph ndcates explanatory materal on the paragraph n Appendx A. nformaton on reference publcatofs cafbe found n Secton 7." Deletng references to Appendx B n Secton 4-1. Addng after the tre of each Appendx: "Ths Appendx s not part of the requrements of ths NFPA document but s ncluded for nformaton purposes only." 2. n B-2.,4, the ceramc blanket needs to be defned as to ts thermal characterstcs (thckness, densty, etc.). 3. The test pressure s to be specfed n the Standard n order for t to provde data that would be usable by authortes of jursdcton. Certfcaton organzatons would need to provde addtonal nformaton regardng the pressure at whch the glazed assembly was tested. Ths provson of testng at any pressure val only tend to confuse users and code authortes when specfyng or nspectng glazed assembles. The pressure requrements n the curr-ent - Standard should be retaned. 356
NFPA 257 -- F95 ROP 4. Paragraph 5-1.2.3: Ths paragraph now prohbts any openng sn glass block assembles. The current edton of NFPA 257allows 30 percent of the glass blocks n an assembly to develop through openngs. There has been no justfcaton or techncal data provded to support ths revson. 5. Paragraph 4-21: The tme between the end of the fre exposure perod and the conduct of the hose stream has been ncreased from 90 seconds to 120 seconds. No justfcaton or supportng techncal data has been provded to support ths revson. COMMENT ON AFFRMATVE: THORNBERRY: After revewng the rewrte of NFPA 257, found a couple of edtoral correctons that are requred to Appendx B: Secton B-2.5 Second lne. Change "the" to "heat" at the begnnng of the lne. Secton B-3.1 Second lne. Change "and" to "Through" at the end of the lne. Secton B-3.3 Ffth lne from the bottom. Add the word "at" after the word "located" at the begnnng of the lne. Secton B-3.4 Thrd lne. Add "nonlnearty" after "maxmum" n that lne. EXPLANATON OF ABSTENTON: HOLMES: No reason gven. HOUSER: For ths porton of the code change cycle, do not feel that have had suffcent tenure wth the Techncal Commttee on Fre Tests or other alled standards makng organzatons to render an evaluaton of the accuracy of these two documents. LNGENFELTER: No reason gven. TALLY: No reason gven. NFPA 257 Standard on lrme Test for W'mdow and Glass Block Assembles 1995 Edton NOTCE: An astersk (*) followng the number or letter desgnatng a paragraph ndcates explanatory materal on that paragraph n Appendx A. nformaton on referenced publcatons can be found n Chapter 7 and Appendx D. Chapter 1 General 1-1 Scope. Ths standard prescrbes standardzed fre and hose stream test procedures applcable to fre wndow assembles ncludng wndow, glass block, and other lght-transmttng assembles ntended to be used n wndow openngs to retard the.spread of fre through such openngs n fre-resstve walls. 1-2 Purpose. The purpose of ths standard s toprescrbe specfc fre and hose stream test procedures for fre wndow assembles n order to standardze a method for determnng the degree of fre protecton provded by such assembles n retardng the spread of fre (flame, heat, and hot gases) through wndow openngs n freresstve walls. The degree of fre protecton measured n terms of unt of tme s not an absolute value, snce all possble actual fre scenaros are not represented by the standard fre exposure descrbed heren. Ths standard allows dfferent fre wndow assembles to be compared wth each other n order to evaluate ther relatve performance as measured aganst a standard fre exposure. 1-3 Sgnfcance. 1-3.1 Ths standard s ntended to evaluate the ablty of a wndow, glass block, or other lght-transmttng assembly to reman n a wall openng durng a prescrbed fre test exposure, whch then s followed by the applcaton of a prescrbed hose stream. 1-3.2 Tests made n conformty wth these standard test methods regster performance durng the test exposure and develop data that enable regulatory bodes to determne the sutablty of fre wndow assembles for use n wall openngs where fre protecton s requred. 1-3.3 The tests descrbed heren expose a specmen to a standard fre exposure controlled to acheve specfed temperatures throughout a specfed tme perod, whch then s followed by the applcaton of a specfed standard hose stream. The fre exposure, however, s not necessarly representatve of all fre condtons, due to the varyng changes n the amount, nature, and dstrbuton of fre loadng, ventlaton, comparunent sze and confguraton, and the heat snk characterstcs of the compartment The fre exposure does, however, provde a relatve measure of fre performance of fre wndow assembles under these specfed fre exposure condtons. Smlarly, the hose stream exposure s not necessarly representatve of the applcaton of an actual hose stream used by the fre department durng fre suppresson efforts. 1-3.4 Anyvaraton from the constructon or condtons that are tested can change the performance characterstcs of the assembly substantally. 1-3.5 These tests shall not be construed as determnng the sutablty of fre wndow assembles for contnued use after exposure to real fres. 1-3.6 Ths standard does not provde the followng: (a) Full nformaton regardng the performance of a specfc fre wndow assembly where nstalled n walls constructed of materals other than those tested. (b) Evaluaton of the degree by whch the fre wndow assembly contrbutes to the fre hazard by generaton of smoke, toxc gases, or other products of combuston. (c) Measurement of the ablty of the fre wndow assembly to control or lmt smoke or smlar products of combuston that pass through the assembly. 1-3.7 Through-openngs created by crackng, separaton, or loss of glazng materal shall be permtted by these test methods, provded such openngs do not exceed specfed lmts. 1-4 Defntons. F'me W'mdow Assembly.* A wndow or glass block assembly for whch a fre protecton ratng s determned n accordance wth ths standard and that s ntended for nstallaton n walls or parttons. Glass Block Assembly. A lght-transmttng assembly constructed of glass block held together wth mortar or other sutable materals. Glazed Lght. A pane of glazng materal that s separated by muntns and mullons from adjacent panes of glazng materal n a fre wndow assembly. Glazng Materal.* A transparent or translucent materal used n fre wndow assembles. Openng. For the purpose of Chapter 5, a through-hole n the fre wndow assembly that can be seen from the unexposed sde whle lookng perpendcularly through the plane of the assembly. Shall. ndcates a mandatory requrement. Test Assembly. The wndow or glass block assembly to be tested n order to determne a fre protecton ratng. The test assembly for wndows also ncludes the wall or partton n whch the wndow s ntended to be nstalled and the attachments or other mountng methods used. Wndow Assembly.* An ntegral fabrcated unt contanng glazed lght(s) placed n an openng n a wall that s ntended prmarly for the transmsson of lght, or lght and ar, and not ntended prmarly for human entrance or ext. Chapter 2 Control of Fre Test 2-1 Temperature-Tme Curve. See Fgure 2-1.1. 2-1.1 The temperature nsde the furnace to whch the test assembles are exposed durng the fre test shall be controlled to conform to the standard temperature-tme curve shown n Fgure 2-1.1. The ponts on the curve that determne ts character are as follows: 1000 F (538 C)... at 5 mnutes 1300 F (704 C)... ~... at 10 mnutes 1399 F (760 C)... at 15 mnutes 1462 F (795 C)... at 20 mnutes 1510 F (821 C)... at 25 mnutes 1550 F (843 C)... at 50 mnutes 1584 F (868 C)... at 35 mnutes $57
... NFPA 257 -- F95 ROP -4? 3 == 1613 F (878 C)... " at 40 mnutes 1638 F (892 C)... at 45 mnutes 1700 F (927 C)... at 1 hour 1792 F (978 C)... at 1/2 hours 1925 F (1052 C)... at 3 hours 0 01. r_-,. O" Temperature-degrees-fahr. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 %. \ \ \ 2-3.1.2 The pressure-sensngprobes shall be as shown n ether Fgure 2-3.1.2(a) or Fgure 2-3.1.2(b). Fumace wall' Furnace *- ~P. k- s~n'ess / ~ steal / 4O Secton el (thkns. 3) '1 r... "1 L.l~^t.. J &, 4+- T _a. 150 Elevaton,] -150 J -25.---t O" ~,"" lrlgure 2-3.1.2(a) Stadc pressure -- measurng devce dmensons (n mmmeters). O" Ul 1/16" h o l q ~ >2" -~ lrtgure 2-1.1 Temperature-tme curve. 2-1.2 At the start of the test, the temperature nsde the furnace shall be ambent. Standardl~n.d//ameterppe "~AJ Weldecleak 2-2 Furnace Temperatures. 2-2.1 The temperature of the fre test furnace shall be determned by the average temperature obtaned from the readngs of not less than 9 thermocouples symmetrcally dsposed and dstrbuted to measure the temperature near all parts of the test at~sembly. The thermocouples shall be protected by sealed porcelan tubes havng 3/4-n. (19-ram) outsde dameter and /8-n. (3-ram) wall thckness, or, as an alternatve n the case of base-metal thermocuuples, they shall beprotected by sealed 1/2-n. (l$-mm) nomnal dameter wrought-steel or wrought-ron ppe of standard weght, or they shall be enclosed n protectve tubes of such materals and dmensons that the tme constant of the protected thermocuuple assembly les wthn a range of 5.0 mnutes to 7.2 mnutes. The exposed length of the thermocouple protecton tube n the furnace chamber shall be not less than 12n. (304.8 mm). The juncton of the thermocuuples shall be 6 n. (152.4 nun) from the exposed face of the test assembly, or from the wall n whch the assembly s nstalled, durng the entre test exposure. 2-2.2 The furnace temperature shall be measured and recorded at ntervals not exceedng mnute. 2-2.3 The furnace temperature shall be controlled so that the area under the temperature-tlme curve obtaned by averagng the results from the temperature readngs s wthn 10 percent of the correondng area under the standard temperature-tme curve shown n re 2-1.1 for fre tests of 1 hour or less, wthn 7.5 percent for ose test longer than 1 hour but not longer than 2 hours, and wthn 5 percent for those tests longer than 2 hours. 2-3 Furnace Pressure. 2-3.1 The vertcal pressure dstrbuton wthn the fre test furnace shall be measured m accordance wth 2-3.1.1 through 2-3.1.4. 2-3.1.1 The pressure wthn the furnace shall be measured by at least two pressure-sensng probes separated by a mnmum vertcal dstance of 6 ft (1.8 m) nsde the furnace. CROSS-SECTON ALONG PROBE AXS, ~40 SECTON A-A lrtgure 2-3.1.2(b) Pressure probe. 1116" dameter holes spaced 40 apart around the OOe (typ). 2-3.1.3 The pressure-sensng probes shall be located as near as practcal to the vertcal centerlne of the furnace openng. 2-3.1.4 The pregsure at each locadon shall be measured usng a dfferental pressure nstrument capable of readng n ncrements no larger than 0.01 n. wg (2.5 Pa) wth a precson of not more than + 0.005 n. wg (+ 1.25 Pa). The dfferental pressure measurement nstrument shall be located to mnmze stack effects caused by vertcal runs. of pressure, tubng between the pressure-sensngprobes and the dfferen~al pressure measurement nstrument locatons. 2-3.1.5 Based on the vertcal separaton and pressure dfferences between the two pressure-sensng probes, a calculaton of the neutral plane [zero (0) dfferental pressure] locaton shall be made. 2-3.2 Control of the furnace pressure shall be establshed begnnng no later than 10 mnutes after the start of the test and shall be mantaned throughout the remander of the test. 358
NFPA 257 -- F95 ROP 2-3.3 Pressure. The dfferental pressures measured between the exposed and unexposed surfaces of the test assembly shall be controlled to wthn +_20 percent of the ntended pressures for the duraton of the test (excludng the frst 10 mnutes). 2-3.4 The pressure shall be measured and recorded at ntervals not exceedng 1 mnute. 3-1 Constructon and Sze. Chapter 3 Test Assembles 3-1.1 The desgn, constructon, materal, workmanshp, and hardware of the test assembly shall represent those for whch a fre protecton ratng s desred. A record, of materals.. and constructon detals to be used for the purpose of dentfcaton shall be kept. 3-1.2 Tl~e area of the test assembly shall be not less than 100 ft 2 (9.29 mz), wth no dmenson less than 9 ft (2.75 m). f the condtons of use lmt the constructon to smaller dmensons, a proportonate reducton shall be permtted to be made n the dmensons of the test assembly for those tests used to qualfy them for such restrcted use. 3-2 Mountng. The fre wndow assembly shall be nstalled n the wall or partton constructon n the manner n whch t s to be used. t shall be mounted so that the latches and fasteners other than hnges shall be on the unexposed sde, and the mountng shall not prevent the free and easy operaton of all operable components such as ventlators and sashes. 3-3 Strength. The wall or partton n whch the fre wndow assembly s tested shall have the strength and fre resstance to retan the assembly securely n poston throughout the fre and hose stream tests. The wall or partton shall be constructed of materals representatve of the wall or partton constructon n whch the fre wndow assembly s ntended to be nstalled. Where used, wall anchors shall be sutable for the wall or partton n whch the test assembly s nstalled. center of the test assembly. Where the nozzle s so algned, the requred dstance from the tp of the nozzle to the center of the test assembly shall be reduced by 1 ft (0.31 m) for each 10 degrees of devaton from the normal. 4-2.4 The hose stream shall be drected around the perphery of the test assembly, startng upward from ether bottom corner. When the hose stream has traversed around the perphery of the test assembly and s approxmately 1 ft (0.31 m) from reachng the startng pont, the hose stream shall be appled n vertcal paths approxmately 1 ft (0.31 m) apart untl the entre wdth has been covered, and then n horzontal paths untl the entre heght has been covered, ffthe requred duratof of the hose stream test has not been reached after ths procedure has been performed, the procedure then shall be reversed and followed untl the requred duraton has been met. 4-2.5 The water pressure at the base of the nozzle shall be as specfed n Table 4-2.6. 4-9.6 The hose stream shall be appled n accordance wth Table 4-2.6 for each square foot of exposed area of the test assembly. Table 4-2.6 Water Pressure at Base of Nozzle and Duraton of Applcaton for Hose Stream Water Pressure at Duraton of Base of Nozzle Applcaton of Desred Ratng ps (kpa) exposed area sec/ft 2 (sec/m 2) 3 hours and over 1 1/2 hours and over 45 (310) 3.0 (32) and less than 3 hours 30 (207) 1.5 (16) 1 hour and over and less than 1 1/2 hours Less than 1 hour 30 (207) 30 (207) 0.9 (10) 0.6 (6) NOTE: The exposed area shall be calculated usng the outsde dmensons of the test assembly, ncludng frames. 4-1 Fre Test. Chapter 4 Conduct of Tests 4-1.1 Duraton. The test shall be contnued untl the desred ratng perod s reached or untl falure to meet the performance crtera of Chapter 6 occurs. 4-1.2 Furnace Heat Flux. Procedures for measurng the total heat flux (convectve and radatve) and the radatve heat flux wthn the furnace are found n Appendx C. 4-1.3 Unexposed Surface Radaton. Procedures for measurng the radant heat flux from the unexposed face of the fre wndow assembly are found n Appendx C.- 4-2 Hose Stream Test. 4-2.1 Wthn the 2 mnutes mmedately followng the fre endurance test, the fre-exposed sde of the test assembly shall be subjected to the mpact, eroson, and coolng effects of a standard hose stream. 4-2.2 The standard hose stream shall be delvered through a 2 1/2- n. (64-ram) hose dschargng through a natonal standard play ppe n accordance wth ANS/UL 385, Play Ppes for Water Supply Testng n Fre Protecton Servca The play ppe shall have an overall length of 30 n. (762 mm) and shall be equpped wth a 1 1/8-n. (28.5-mm) dscharge tp of the standard-taper, smooth-bore pattern wthout shoulder at the orfce. The play ppe shall be ftted wth a 2 1/2-n. (64-mm) nsde dameter by 6-n. (153-mm) long npple mounted between the hose and the base of the play ppe. The pressure tap for measurng the water pressure at the base of the nozzle shall be normal to the surface of the npple, centered on ts length, and shall not protrude nto the water stream. The water pressure shall be measured wth a sutable pressure gauge [mnmum 0 ps to 50 ps (0 kpa to 545 kpa) ] graduated n no more than 2-ps (13.8-kPa) ncrements. 4-2.3 The tp of the nozzle shall be located 20 ft (6.1 m) from the center of the test assembly. The lengthwse centerlne of the nozzle shall be on a lne normal to the plane of the test assembly. The lengthwse centerlne of the nozzle shall be allowed to be on a lne devatng not more than 30 degrees from the lne normal to the 5-1 Fre Test. Chapter 5 Performance Crtera 5-1.1 W'mdow Assembles. Durng the fre test, a wndow assembly shall meet the performance crtera specfed n 5-1.1.1 through 5-1.1.6. 5-1.1.1 The wndow assembly shall reman n the wall n whch t s nstalled for the duraton of the fre test. 5-1.1.2 No flamng shall occur on the unexposed surface of the assembly. 5-1.1.3 There shall be no separaton of the glazng materal edges from the glazng frame so as to create any openngs. 5-1.1.4 At the permeter of operable components, movement from the ntal closed poston shall not exceedthe thckness of the frame member at any pont. 5-1.1.5 The wndow assembly shall not move away from the wall so as to create an openng. 5-1.1.6 There shall be no openngs n the wndow assembly. 5-1.2 Glass Block Assenhbles. Durng the fre test, aglass block assembly shall meet the performance crtera specfed n 5-1.2.1 through 5-1.2.4. 5-1.2.1 The glass block assembly shall reman n the frame n whch t s nstalled for the duraton of the fre test. 5-1.2.2 No flamng shall occur on tle unexposed surface of the assembly. 5-1.2.3 There shall be no openngs n any of the ndvdual glass blocks. 5-1.2.4 No openngs shall occur n the jonts between the ndvdual glass blocks or between the glass blocks and the frame n whch the glass block assembly s nstalled. $59
- NFPA 257 m F95 ROP 5-2 Hose Stream Test. 5-2.1 WndowAssembles. Durng the hose stream test, a wndow assembly shall meet the performance crtera specfed n 5-2.1.1 through 5-2.1.4. 5-2.1.1 The wndow assembly shall reman n the wall n whch t s nstalled for the duraton of the fre test. 5-2.1.2 At the permeter of operable components, movement from the ntal closed poston shall not exceed the thckness of the frame member at any pont. 5-2.1.3 Separaton of the glazng materal edges from the glazng frame due to movement away from the frame so as to create an openng shall not exceed 30 percent of each ndvdual glazed lght permeter. - 5-2.1.4 Openngs created by glazng materal breakage n the central area of each ndvdual glazedlght shall not exceed 5 percent of the area of the glazed lght. 5-2.2 Glass Block Assembles. Durng the hose stream test, a glass block assembly shall meet the performance crtera specfed n 5-2.2.1 and 5-2.2.2. 5-2.2.1 The glass block assembly shall reman n the frame n whch t s nstalled for the fre test. 5-2.2.2 At least 70 percent of the gl~ss blocks shall not develop openngs. Chapter 6 Report 6-1 Report Results. Results shall be reported n accordance wth the performance of the test assembly subjected to the tests as prescrbed n these test methods. The report shall nclude, but shall not be lmted to, the nformaton specfed n 6-1 (a) through (1). (a) A descrpton of the constructon detals and materals used to construct the wall or partton n whch the assembly s mounted for testng. (b) The temperature measurements of the furnace plotted on a comparatve graph showng the standard temperature-tme curve. (c) All observatons of the reacton of the test assembly that has an nfluence on ts performamce durng both the fre and hose stream tests. (d) A descrpton of the fre wndow assembly, ncludng fasteners and attachments as they appear after both the fre and hose stream tests. (e) The amount and nature of the movement of any operable components from the ntal closed poston. (f) For wndow assembles, the condton of the ndvdual glazed lghts, ncludng movement of the edges, and the perce~atage and locaton of glazng materal fragments dslodged durng th~ tests. (g) For glass block assembles, any loosenng of the blocks n the frame antfany through-openngs, ncludng ther locaton. (h) The materals and consttucton of the test assembly and detals of nstallaton, ncludng frames, latches, hnges, and fasteners used for mountng and the sze of glazed area n order to ensure postve dentfcaton or duplcaton of the test assembly n all respects. () Pressure dfferental measurements made between the furnace and the unexposed sde of the test assembly [n. wg (Pa)] and the calculaton determnng the poston of the neutral plane wth respect to the top of the fre wndow assembly durng the fre test [ft (m)]. (j) The actual duraton of the fre test as descrbed n Secton 4-1. The fre protecton ratng of the fre wndow assembly as determned n accordance wth ths standard also shall be reported. The fre protecton radng shall be assgned n accordance wth the followng: 1. 20 mnutes 3. 3/4 hour 4. 1 hour 5. 1 1/2 hours 6. 2 hours 7. 3 hours and longer n hourly ncrements. (k) Where the fre protecton ratng s 30 mnutes or longer, a correcton shall he appled for varaton of the furnace exposure from that prescrbedn those cases where t affects the fre protecton ratng. Ths shall be done by multplyng the ndcated duraton by two-thrds of the dfference n area between the curve of the average furnace temperature and the standard temperature-tme curve for the frst three-fourths of the test duraton and then dvdng the product by the dfference n area between the standard temperature-tme curve and a baselne of 68 F (20 C) for the same porton of the test, ncreasng the latter area by 54 F-hour (30 C - hour) [3240 F-mnute (1800 G-mnute)], to compensate for the thermal lag of the furnace thermocouples durng the frst part of the test. Fol'fre exposure n the test hgher than the standard temperature-tme curve, thcdndcated fre protecton ratng shall be ncreased by the amount of the correcton and shall he decreased smlarly for fre exposure below the standard temperature-tme curve. The correcton shall be expressed by the followng formula: C = 2(A - As} 3(As + L) where: C = correcton n the same unts as = ndcated fre protecton ratng A = area under the curve of ndcated average furnace temperature for the frst three-fourths of the ndcated ratng perod As = area under the standard temperature-tme curve for the ~ame part of the ndcated fre protecton ratng L = lag correcton n the same unts as A and As [54 F-hr (30 C-hr) ] [3240 F-mn (1800 C-mn) ]. (1) The results of the hose stream test. Chapter 7 Referenced Publcatons 7-1 The followng documents or portons thereof are referenced wthn ths standa~rd and shall be ~onsdered part of the requrements of ths document. The edton ndcated for each reference s the current edton as of the date of the NFPA ssuance of ths document. 7-1.1 NFPA Publcaton. NFPA, 1 Batteryrnarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quncy, M_A. 02269-9101 NFPA 80, Standard for Fre Doors and Fre Wndows, 1992 edton. 7-1.2 Other Publcatons. 7-1.2.1 ANS/UL Publcaton. Underwrters Laboratores nc., 333 Pfngsten Road, Northbrook, L 60062. ANS/UL 385, Standard for Safety Play Ppes for Water Suppl 3 Testng n Fre-Protecton Servce, 1988. 7-1.3 Addtonal Reference. Thermal Radaton from Marne Fre boundares: Evaluaton and Analyss of A-60, A-30, A-15, and A-0 Bulkhead Assembles, Report No. CG-D-O1-94, LeMoyne Boyer, SWR1, San Antono, TX, July 1993. 2. 30 mnutes 360
NFPA 257 -- F95 ROP Test Assembles. Fre wndow assembles are tested n relatvely large ~zes corrpared wth most sde-hnjaked swngng fre ~oors [e.g., 100 ftx (9.3 m x') for wndows versus 20 ft ~2 to 40 ftx (6.1 m x to 12.2 m 2) for doors]. The sze of ndvdual panes of glazng materal are determned by the desgner. Fre wndow assembles as large as 150 ft2 (13.9 m 2) have been tested. Where assembles are less than 100 ft2 (9.3 m2), ths fact should be reported. Conduct of the Tests. The test frame or wall n whch a fre wndow assembly s nstalled should be rugged enough to endure the fre exposure durng the test perod wthout affectng the wndow assembly. Tradtonally, ths wall has been of masonry constructon. Today, fre wndows are nstalled n walls of other than masonry constructon and have been tested n such walls as well. Furnace Pressures. A fre n a buldng compartment creates both negatve and postve pressures on wndow assembles, dependng upon atmospherc condtons, heght above the ground, wnd condtons, and ventlaton of the compartment at the begnnng of and durng the fre. A furnace pressure that s slghtly hgher than the ambent pressure outsde of the furnace could have sgnfcant mpact on the performance of fre barrer assembles. Operatng a test furnace at a negatve pressure dfferental has the effect of drawngany hot gases or flames back nto the furnace chamber so that the observaton of flamng around any openngs on the unexposed surface s mnmzed. Furthermore, the draft nduced by the negatve pressure dfferental reduces any heatng that mght occur along the edges of any openngs and, n fact, provdes some degree of coolng of surfaces. Postve compartment pressures n actual fres have the opposte effect. n prevous edtons, NFPA 257 specfed that the pressure n the furnace should be mantaned as nearly equal to atmospherc as ~ ossble. Ths method of test generally resulted n the test assembly eng subjected to a negatve pressure durng the test, snce most laboratores set the neutral plane n the furnace at or above the top of the assembly. As revsed, the standard now permts tests to be conducted under any pressure stuaton, dependng on the needs/ requrements of the manufacturer, test laboratory, or the authorty havng jursdcton. The pressure n the furnace s requred to be measured and reported. The dfferental pressure employed s ntended to be that pressure that s necessary to evaluate the fre wndow assembly.wth respect to ts feld nstallaton. The dfferental pressure should be determned by one of the followng: (a) Code requrements, (b) The desgn pressure that may occur n the type of nstallaton for whch the test s proposed, (c) The test sponsor, or (d) Other crcumstances. Hose Stream Test. hnmedately followng the fre test, the test assembly s removed from the furnace and the fre wndow assembly s subjected to the mpact, eroson, and coolng effects of a stream of water from a 2 1/2-n. (63.5-mm) hose dschargng through a standard playppe equpped wth a 1 l/8-n. (28.5-mm) tp under a specfed pressure for a specfed duraton based on the length of the fre test and the area of the test assembly. The applcaton of water produces stresses n fre assembly and provdes a measure of ts structural capabltes. Weghts have been used n Europe to provde a measure of the ablty of the assembly to wthstand mpact. The hose stream s consdered to be an mprovement over the weghts n both unformty and accuracy. Just as the standard fre exposure s not ntended to be representatve of any or all actual fre condtons, the standard hose stream exposure s not ntended to ~e representatve of any actual frefghtng or fre suppresson actvty. The fre exposure test and the hose stream test provde a relatve measure of the performance of constructons and assembles under specfed, standard exposure condtons. The hose stream test provdes a method for evaluatng the ntegrty of constructons and assembles and for elnfnatng nadequate materals or constructons. The coolng, mpact, and eroson effects of the hose stream provde mportant tests of the ntegrty of the 'specmen beng evaluated. The rapd coolng and thermal shock mposed by the hose stream test followng the fre exposure test elmnates materals that are subject to falure under such condtons. The orthogonal load m. posed by the hose stream subjects vertcal specmens to a load. n,a drecton perpendcular to the normal dead load on the spectmen. Ths effect elmnates constructons or assembles wth margnal factors of safety for wthstandog lateral forces. The hose stream test provdes a real and measurable lateral mpact load on the specmen.testng by ngberg at the Natonal Bureau of Standards establshed that the standard hose stream test produced a 57.7 lb force on the specmen. The combned effects of the hose stream test provde a method of screenng the ntegrty of a specmen that cannot be provded by any other means. Performance Crtera. Durng the fre and hose stream tests, the fre wndow assembly should stay n place and not be loosened from the test flame. Durng the hose stream test, wndow assembles are permtted to have glazng materal dslodged from the central porton as long as the amount dslodged does not exceed 5 percent of the area of each ndvdual glazed lght. Durng the hose stream test, separaton of the glazng materal edges from the frame by movement away from the frame to create an openng as defned by footnote 1 n Chapter 6 s lmted to 30 percent of the permeter of each ndvdual glazed lght. At least 70 percent of the glass blocks should not develop openngs. Appendx C Radant and Total Heat Flux Ths.Appendx s not apart of the requrements of ths NFPA document but s ncluded for nformatonal purposes only. C-1 Fre Test. Where t s desrable to obtan nformaton and data on the transmsson and reradaton of radant heat through and by a fre wndow or glass block assembly, the followng procedures shall be followed. These procedures are ntended to standardze the test methodology n order to develop comparatve test results that can be used to establsh a bass for ncorporatng mandatory procedures nto ths standard. C-2 Furnace Heat Flux. Pror to performng measurements of thermal radant heat transfer through wndow assembles, a furnace calbraton shall be performed to determne baselne ncdent heat fluxes on the test assembly and assess furnace heat flux unformty. Ths shall be performed n accordance wth G-2.1 through C-2,5. C-2.1 The calbraton procedure shall be performed for a mnmum duraton of 3 hours wth the furnace operatng at temperatures correspondng to the standard temperature-tme curve specfed n Secton 2-1. C-2.2 The furnace shall be calbrated ntally pror to measurng the unexposed surface radaton of any wndow assembles. After the ntal furnace calbraton, t shall not be necessary to recalbrate the furnace unless there s a sgnfcant modfcaton made to the furnace or the furnace fuel that could have more than a nomnal effect on the heat flux characterstcs of the furnace. C-2.3 The total (convectve and radatve) heat flux produced n the furnace shall be measured by three total heat flux transducers havng a 180-degree vew angle. The transducers shall be nstalled on the exposed face of a calbraton wall and located at the upper one-fourth, mddle, and lower one-fourth of the calbraton wall along ts vertcal centerlne. The calbraton wall shall have the same dmensons as the furnace openng that receves the test assembly. The calbraton wall shall be constructed of noncombustble materals and shall have a sold backng. The face of the calbraton wall to be nstalled n the furnace openng facng the burners shall be covered wth a sngle layer of low densty ceramc fber batts or blankets havng a mnmum thckness of 1 n. (25.4 mm). The calbraton wall shall be nstalled n the furnace openng pror to the start of the calbraton procedure. C-2.4 The radant heat flux produced by tm furnace shall be m easu red by three radant heat transducers havng a 150-degree vew angle that are located adjacent to each of the total heat flux transducers. The vew angles are specfed to provde for a vew of the entre furnace back wall opposte the calbraton wall. The heat flux transducers shall be equpped wth a wndow to lmt the transducer measurement to radant heat flux only over the approprate radaton spectrum. Sapphre or calcum fluorde wndows have been found satsfactory for the antcpated wavelength range. 362
NFPA 257 -- F95 ROP Appendx A ExplanatoryMaterlal Ths Appendx s not apart of the requrements of ths NFPA document but s nctuded for nformatonal purposes on~. A--4 Fre Wndow Assembly. For further nformatof, see NFPA 80, Standard for Fre Doors and Fre Wndows. A-.4 Glazng Materal. For further nformaton, see NFPA 80, Standard for Fre Doors and Fre Wndows. A-l-4 Wndow Assembly. For further nformaton, see NFPA 80, Standard for Fre Doors and Fre Wndows. Appendx B Commentary -- Background and Development Ths Appendx s not a part of the requrements of ths NFPA document but s ncluded for nformatlonal purposes only. ntroducton. Ths commentary provdes the user of NFPA 257 wth background nformaton on the development of the standard and ts applcaton n the fre protecton of bm'ldngs. t also provdes gudance n the plannng and performance of fre tests and n the reportng of results. No attempt has been made to ncorporate all the avalable nformaton on fre testng n ths commentary. The serous student of fre testng should revew the referenced documents for a better apprecaton of the ntrcateproblems assocated wth testng and wth the nterpretaton ot test results. Major Revsons. The 1995 edton of ths standard ncorporates sgnfcant revsons to the earler edtons n an effort to update the standard and to obtan addtonal performance nformaton useful for fre protecton engneerng purposes and buldng code requrements for the use and applcaton of fre wndow assembles. Based on nternatonal standards, t has been determned that addtonal useful nformaton can be obtaned readly durng the fre test of fre wndow assembles. Ths nformaton can be used by buldng codes to determne acceptable levels of performance and can be appled byfre protecton engneers and other desgn professonals to acheve a more cost-effectve level of fre and lfe safety where usng fre wndow assembles. The requrements for the duraton of the fre test have been left en, whereas, nprevous edtons, t was lmted to 45 mnutes. ~ th the advent of new glazng materals that can provde varous levels of fre protecton, ths edton of the standard responds to the needs of the ndustry and the fre protecton communty to establsh varous fre protecton ratngs both longer and shorter than the 45- mnute specfcaton n past edtons. The 45-mnute lmt was based on the ablty of standard wred glass to perform satsfactorly n accordance wth earler edtons of thsfre test standard. To parallel the crtera n NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fre Tests of Door Assembles, the hose stream test duraton and applcaton pressure have been modfed to reflect the ncreased duraton of the fre test. Ths standard also has been darfed regardng the amount of glass or glass block that may be broken or otherwse dslodged durng the fre test and the hose stream test. Crtera also have been establshed for lmtng flamng on the unexposed face of the test assembly. A test procedure for measurng the radant heat flux from the unexposed face of the wndow assembly has been added to Appendx B. ts purpose s to provde a standardzed protocol for makng such measurements so that the nformaton developed can be used for fre protecton engneerng purposes and fre modelng where t s desrable to control the radant heat transfer through a fre wndow or glass block assembly. Applcaton. Openngs n the exteror walls of buldngs have contrbuted to the spread of fre. Fre protecton standards and buldng codes recognze the hazard of exteror wall openngs caused by nadequate spatal separaton between buldngs. Where. the spatal separaton s not adequate and the expected fre exposure s moderate or lght, these regulatons permt wndow openngs protected wth fre wndows. Ths protecton may be provded by properly desgned wndows and gass block assembles. Where sustaned severe exposures are possble, the openngs should be protected wth fre door assembles. - - To protect paths of egress from nteror fres, fre wndow assembles may be specfed for openngs abuttng exteror stars and fre escapes and n corrdors where wall openngs are used to provde natural lghtng of the corrdor from adjacent rooms. Scope and Sgnfcance. NFPA 257 provdes a method for evaluatng the effectveness of lght-transmttng openng protectves. The fre wndow assembly s exposed to predetermned fre condtons for a desred fre protecton ratng perod and then, at the opton of the test sponsor, subjected to a standard hose stream mpact test. The standard also measures heat transmsson and radaton through the assembly. NFPA 80A, Recommended Practce for Protecton of Buldngs from Exteror Fre Exposures, should be consulted for nformaton on exteror fre exposure problems, and NFPA 80, Standard for Fre Doors and Fre Wndows, should be referenced for nformaton on radant heat transfer. Openngs n walls, even where protected, provde lower fre protecton than the wall, and the desgned protecton cannot be expected f combustbles are located drectly n front of or behnd the protectves. Therefore, clear spaces should be provded on both sdes of openngs n fre-rated walls and parttons. Furnace. The method provdes detals on the operatng characterstcs and temperature measurement requrements of the test furnace. The walls of the furnace typcally should be of furnace refractory materals and should be suffdendy rugged to mantan the overall ntegrty of the furnace durng the fre exposure perod. The thermocouples n the furnace are located 6 n. (152 mm) from the face of the wall n whch the fre wndow assembly s nstalled. Otherwse, no furnace depth s specfed. A mnmum depth of 18 n. (457 mm) s necessary to meet the 12qn. (304-mm) mnmum exposed length of the thermocouple protecton tube. Reference documents should be consulted for a more comprehensve revew of furnace desgn and performance. Temperature-Tme Curve. A specfed temperature-tme relatonshp for the test fre s defned n the standard. The actual recorded temperature-tme condton obtaned n the furnace durng the test as measured by the area under the temperature-tme curve s requred to be wthn the specfed percentages of those of the standard curve. The number and type of temperature-measfrtag devces are outlned n the standard. Specfc standard practces for locaton and use of these temperature-measurng devces also are outlned n the standard. The standard temperature-tme curve represents a relatvely severe buldng fre. The curve was adopted n 1918 as a result of several conferences by eleven techncal organzaton, ncludng testng laboratores, nsurance underwrters, fre protecton assodatous, and techncal socetes. t should be recognzed that the temperature-tme relatonshp of ths test method represents only one real fre stuaton. However, t s used n other fre test methods such as NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fre Tests of Buldng Constructon and Materals, NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fre Tests of Door Assembles, and ASTM E814, Standard Test Method for Fre Tests of Through- Penetraton Fre Stops. Although the temperature-tme curve s specfed for standard thermocouples locatedwthn the furnace, measurement of the temperature-tme curve n ths manner does not establsh a standard ncdent heat flux on the tested spedmen. ncdent heat flux that occurs n an actual fre. may vary sgnfcandy from. that developed by tests conducted by ths standard test method. Smlarly, ths standard rovdes for a standard temperature-tme relatonshp to be followed ~ yall furnaces usng ths standard method. However, nternal heat flux developed n varous test furnaces may vary. Furnace Control. The standard contans specfc nstructons for measurng temperatures n the furnace and for the selecton of requred thermocouples. Thermocouples of the desgn specfed are suffcently rugged to retan accuracy throughout antldpated test perods. However, ther massve constructon results n a sgnfcant tme delay n response to temperature change and results n actual temperatures exceedng the ndcated temperatures durng the early stages of the test perod, when the temperature rses rapdly. The ron or porcelan tubes surroundng the juncton and leads of the thermocouple provde a sheld aganst degradaton of the juncton and ncrease the thermal nerta. Dependng on the type of thermocouple used and ts method of protecton, some laboratores may replace furnace thermocouples after 3 or 4 accumulated hours of use. 361
NFPA 257 -- F95 ROP C-2.5 The total heat flux transducers and the radant heat flux transducers shall be calbrated to ndcate ncdent heat flux wth a range of 0 kw/m2 to 230 kw/m 2. Water-cooled Gardon-type transducers wth an accuracy of_+.5 percent and a maxmum nonlnearty of~ percent of full range have been found to be sutable. The transducers shall be calbrated ntally traceable to NST and not less than once each year thereafter. The calbraton schedule shall be verfed and documented before the heat flux transducers are used. C-3 Unexposed Surface Radaton. Thermal radaton from the unexposed surface of the wndow assembly shall be measured n accordance wth C-3.1 and C-3.3. C-3.1 A mnmum of two total heat flux transducers shall be used. C-3.2 The heat flux transducers shall be located 6 ft _+1 n. (1.83 m _+ 0.3 ram) from the unexposed surface of the wndow assembly where measured along an axs perpendcular to the face of the test assembly. One transducer shall be centered on the upper half of the wndow assembly, and one shall be centered on the lower half. The transducers shall be algned to allow vewng the correspondng area of the wndow assembly wth the ad of a laser ponter. The feld of vew of the transducers shall nclude only the unexposed surface of the wndow assembly to prevent the fluxmeter from sensng radaton from surfaces other than the wndow assembly. Ths can be accomplshed by usng a radant heat sheld wth an unglazed openng of the approprate sze placed between the fre wndow assembly and the heat flux transducers. Radaton from the unexposed face of the fre wndow assembly shall not pass through any glazng or lght-transmttng materal or shall not otherwse be obstructedbefore reachng the target of the transducers. f t s not practcal to locate the transducers at the prescrbed dstance of 6 ft (1.83 m), they shall be located at a greater dstance that s sutable, but not more than 12 ft (3.66 m), along the axs perpendcular to the face of the wndow assembly. The radant heat flux correspondng to a dstance of 6 ft (1.83 m) shall be calculated based on the rato of the correspondng radaton confguraton factors of the 6-ft (1.83-m) dstance and the greater dstance used. C-3.3 The heat flux transducers shall be calbrated to ndcate ncdent heat flux mad have a range of 0 kw/m2 to 50 kw/m 2. Water-cooled Gardon-type or Schmdt-Boelter-type transducers wth an accuracy of-+3 percent and a maxmum ofzl2 percent of full range have been found to be sutable. The transducers shall be calbrated ntally traceable to NST and not less than once each year thereafter. The calbraton schedule shall be verfed and documented before the heat flux transducers are used. CA Report. The results of the heat flux measurements performed n accordance wth ths test procedure shall be reported. The report shall nclude, but shall not be lmted to, the nformaton specfed as follows: (a) The total heat~ux and the radant heat flux measured nsde the furnace (kw/mz). (b) The radant heat flux m~easured on the unexposed face sde of the wndow assembly (kw/mz;). (c) The radant heat flux (kw/m 2) measured on the unexposed face sde of the wndow assembly, the poston o~the transducers (n ft), and the calculated radant heat flux (kw/m ~) correspondng to a dstance 6 ft (1.83 m) from the wndow assembly where the transducers are located more than 6 ft (1.83 m) from the test assembly. Appendx D Referenced Publcatons bl The followng documents or portons thereof are referenced wthn ths standard for nformatonal purposes only and thus are not consdered part of the requrements of ths document. The edton ndcated for each reference s the current edton as of the date of the NFPA ssuance of ths document. D-.1 NFPA Publcatons. Natonal Fre Protecton Assocaton, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quncy, MA 02269-9101. NFPA 80, Standard for Fre Doors andfre Wndows, 1992 edton. NFPA 80A, Recommended Practce for Protecton of Buldngs from Exteror Fre Exposures, 1993 edton. NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fre Tests of Buldng Constructon and Materals, 1990 edton. NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Tests of Door Assembles, 1995 edton. D-1.2 Other Publcaton, D-.2.1 ASTM Publcaton. Amercan Socety for Testng and Materals, 1916 Race Street, Phladelpha, PA 19103. ASTM E814, Standard Test Method for Fre Tests of Through-Penetraton Fre stops, 1994. 363
NFPA 268 -- F95 ROP PART ll (Log #2) 268-1 - (2-2): Accept SUB--R: Mark A. Nunn, Brck nsttute of Amerca RECOMMENDATON: Revse text as follows: 2-2 Other Stm.tdm.~ Documents. (Text of secton remans as rnted n proposed draft) ~ UBSTANTATON: Ths secton refers to "other standards" whch reference the BOCA and SBGC model buldng codes. The buldng codes are not standards but are mandatory requrements for buldn~ constructon. t s best to tde ths secton "other documents for better reference to the model codes. COMMTTEE ACTON: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMTTEE MEMBERS ELGBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMTTEE ACTON: AFFRMATVE: 20 ABSTENTON: Holmes, Houser, Janssens, Lngeufelter, Stone, Talley COMMTTEE ACTON: Accept n Part. Accept part of the submtters comment so that ths secton read as follows: 7-1 Test specmens shall be a mnmum of 1.22 m (4 ft ) by 2.44 m (8 ft) n sze and shall be representatve of the overall wall system constructon ncludn~ fnsh detals. Jonts. f any. attachments. sunnort structure. COMMTrEE STATEMENT: The verbage that was not accepted s approprate to be ncluded n the test report and not wthn ths secton. Currently secton 13-1.2 contans ths verbage. Please note that edtoral reformattng from the draft copy of ths document, Secton 8-1 s now 7-1. NUMBER OF COMMTTEE MEMBERS ELGBLE TO VOTE:~ 27 VOTE ON COMMTTEE ACTON: AFFRMATVE: 20 ABSTENTON: Holmes, Houser, Janssens, Lngenfelter, Stone, Talley COMMENT ON AFFRMATVE: GOULD: Revse to read "...f any, attachments and support structure" (Log#3) 268-2 - (6-1): Accept n Prncple n Part SUBMTTER: Mark A. Nunn, Brck nsttute of Amerca RECOMMENDATON: Revse second sentence as follows: "The ndvdual burner heads shall consst of a porous ceramc late c,,vccd by z,,,c,,,,c:...c+:... d ~L-.'. b~ (See Note 1) ~,. or equvalent, r adantp,.ane.l burners...,~d.c~u, ~ ~1 NOTE 1: Eclnse nfx-gn or eouvalent radant nanel burners manufactured ~y Eclpse Combuston. Rockford. llnos. have been found satsfactory. SUBSTANTATON: Propretary tems such as Eclpse nfra-go should not be descrbed n the standard text. Even though t states "or equvalent," the standard should have a generc descrpton of the ndvdual burner heads. When beng referenced nto a model code, the code bodes may hestate to adopt the standard because propretary nterests are beng served. By provdng reference to a note for burner heads manu&cturers, the code bodes generally approve of ths type of text because notes are not consdered as part of the when beng adopted by a model code COMMTTEE ACTON: Accept n Prncple n Part. 1. Revse the second sentence to read as follows: "The ndvdual burner heads shall consst of a porous ceramc plate covered by an nconel mesh, or equvalent, radant panel burners. 2. Add a new appendx tem for 5-1 to read as follows: A-5-1 Eclpse nfra-glo or equvalent radant panel burners manufactured by Eclpse Combuston, Rockford, llnos, have been found satsfactory. COMMTrEE STATEMENT: The actons should fulfll the ntentons of the submtter. Please note that edtoral reformattng from the draft copy of ths document, Secton 6-1 s now Secton 5-1. NUMBER OF COMMTTEE MEMBERS ELGBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMTTEE ACTON: AFFRMATVE: 20 ABSTENTON: Holmes, Houser.,Janssens, Lngeufelter, Stone, Talley (Log #4) 268-3 - (8-1): Accept n Part SUBMTrER: Mark A. Nunn, Brck nsttute of Amerca RECOMMENDATON: Revse text as follows: 8-1 Test specmens shall be a mnmum of 1.22 m (4 ft ) by 2.44 m (8 ft) n sze and shall be representatve of the overall wall system constructon ncludn~ fnsh detals, onts, f anv. attachments. sunnort structure, and'any other det,qls necessarv to descrbe the tes(assembly, * * SUBSTANTATON: Ths secton descrbes the applcable wall assembly ths test method s for. Secton 8-1 states the test panels be representatve of overall wall constructon. Secton 12-1.2 ncludes constructon of the wall assembly along wth dentfyng characterstcs of fnshed detals, such as jonts, to fully descrbe the wall assembly. These two sectons should state the dentcal wordng so as to ensure that the actual specmen tested s reported under Secton 13, wth all wall characterstcs ncluded. (Log #5) 268-4- (9-1.1): Accept $UBMrrTER: Mark A. Nunn, Brck nsttute of Amerca RECOMMENDATON: Revse text as follows: 9-1.1 The heat flux v. tme curve at each of the ~~ ~_~ specfed heat flux meter locatons on the calbraton nanel surface and the reference heat flux meter at the sde mounted locatons (see Fgure No. 8). SUBSTANTATON: Fgure No. 8 depcts sx heat flux meter locatons for the calbratonpanel. Fve heat flux meters are postoned on the panel whle the sxth s the sde referenced calormeter shown n Fgure No. 7. The sde reference calormeter s re.ferred to on Fgure No. 8. ths change wll clarfy exactly where all sx heat flux meters are located for calbraton of the test equpment. COMMTTEE ACTON: Accept. Please note that edtoral reformattng from the draft coy of ths document, Secton 9-1.1 wll be ncorporated nto Secton 8-1.1 NUMBER OF COMMTTEE MEMBERS ELGBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMTTEE ACTON: AFFRMATVE: 20 ABSTENTON: Holmes, Houser, Janssens, Lngenfelter, Stone, Talley (Log #CP1 ) 268-5 - (Entre Document): Accept SUBMTTER: Techncal Commttee on Fre Tests, RECOMMENDATON: Develop a new document for a standard test method for determnng gntablty of exteror wall assembles usng a radant heat energy source. SUBSTANTATON: To complment the fre test methods avalable wthn the NFPA standards to address the gntablty of exteror wall assembles from a radant heat source. Ths standard can be used to measure and descrbe the propertes of materals, products or assembles n response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory condtons. The results of ths test can be used as an element of a fre rsk assessment whch taken nto consderaton all factors that are pertnent of the fre hazard of a partcular end use. COMMTTEE ACTON: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMTTEE MEMBERS ELGBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMTYEE ACTON: AFFRMATVE: 20 ABSTENTON: Holmes, Houser, Janssens, Lngenfelter, Stone, ~eylanat1on OF NEGATVE: GOULD: Paragraph 8-1.1 specfes sx locatons. Log 5 specfes 5. These appear to be n conflct. More tme s needed to proofread the document. Also, paragraph 7-1 does not correctly 364
NFPA 268 -- F95 ROP NFPA 268 Standard Test Method for Determnng gntblty of Exteror Wall Assembles Usng A Radant Heat Energy Source 1995 Edton NOTCE: An astersk (*) followng the number or letter desgnatnl{ aparagraph ndcates explanatory materal on that paragraph m Appendx A. nformaton on referenced publcatons can be found n Chapter 14 and Appendx C. 1-1 Scope. Chapter 1 General 2-2.3 gntblty. The propensty of gnton as measured by the tme to sustaned flamng. 2-2.4 Heat Flux. The ncdent flux mposed externally on the surface of the specmen by the radant panel. Chapter 3 Summary of Method 3-1 Test Panel Orentaton. Ths test method utlzes a gas-fred radant panel to apply a 12.5 kw/m 2 (1.10 Btu/ft2 -sec) radant heat flux to a representatve sample of an exteror wall assembly whle the test specmen s exposed smultaneously to a plot gnton source. The radant panel and the test specmen are orented n a parallel plane confguraton, wth the geometrc centers of the radant panel and the test specmen concurrent along a lne perpendcular to ther surfaces. ( See Fgure 3-1.) 1-1.1 Ths fre test response standard descrbes a method for determnng the propensty of gnton of exteror wall assembles from exposure to 12.'5 kw/m2 ~1.10 Btu/ft2-sec) radant heat n the presence of a plot gnton source. Radant panel Radant panel 1-1.2 Ths test method evaluates the propensty to gnton of an exteror wall assembly where subjected to a mnmum radant heat flux of 12.5 kw/m2 (1.10 Btu/ft~-sec). Ths method determnes whether gnton of an exteror wall assembly occurs when the wall s exposed to a specfed radant heat flux, n the presence of a plot gnton source, durng a 20-mnute perod. specmen Plan vew Test l] specmen U Sde elevaton 1-1.3 Ths test method s applcable to exteror wall assembles havng planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces. 1-1.4 Ths test s approprate for code and other regulatory purposes, for specfcaton and desgn purposes, and for research and development actvtes. (See Secton B-.) 1-1.5 Ths method does not evaluate the fre endurance of wall assembles, nor does t evaluate the effect of fres orgnatng wthn the buldng or wthn the exteror wall assembles. Ths method does not evaluate surface flame spread, nor does t evaluate the nfluence of openngs on propensty of gnton. 1-2 Sgnfcance and Use. 1-2.1 Ths fre test response standard measures and descrbes the propertes of materals, products, or assembles n response to heat andflame under controlled laboratory condtons ands not used to descrbe or apprase the fre hazard or fre rsk of materals, products, or assembles under actual fre condtons. However, results of ths test shall be permtted to be used as an element of a fre rsk assessment that takes nto account all factors that are pertnent to an assessment of the fre hazard of a partcular end use. 1-2.2 Ths fre test response standard nvolves hazardous materals, operatons, and equpment. Ths standard does not address all of the safety problems assocated wth ts use. t s the responsblty of the user of the standard to establsh approprate safety and health practces and to determne the applcablty of regulatory lmtatons of the standard pror to use. Requrements for specfc hazards are provded n Chapter 9. 1-2.$ gntblty s the tme from ntal exposure to the tme of sustaned flamng. 1-2.4 The values stated n S unts shall be consdered the requred values. The values n parentheses are for nformaton only. Chapter 2 Termnology 2-1 Termnology. ASTM E176, Standard Termnology of Fre Standards, shall be referenced for defntons of terms used n ths test method. 2-2 Defntons. The terms that follow are defned for the purposes of ths standard. 2-2.1 Heat Flux Meter. The nstrument used to measure the level of radant heat energy ncdent on the plane of the specmen surface as specfed n ths standard. 2-2.2 Sustaned Flamng. Vsual confrmaton of the unnterrupted exstence of flame on, or near, the surface of the specmen for a perod of at least 5 seconds. 4ftx8ft Test specmen 3 ftx 3t Radant panel sometrc vew Fgure 3-1 Spatal relatonshp between the test specmen and the radant panel. 3-2 Test Set-up. Ths method utlzes a 0.91 m x 0.91 m (3 ft x $ ft) propane-fred radant panel and a mnmum 1.22-m (4-ft) wde x 2.44-m (8-ft) hgh test specmen. A spark gnter mounted on the vertcal centerlne of the test specmen at a pont 460 mm (18 n.) above ts horzontal centerlne and 15.9 mm (5/8 n.) from ts surface serves as the plot gnton source. A radaton sheld solates the test specmen from the radant source pror to the start of the test, durng whch the radant panel s gnted and brought to a specfed steady-state temperature of 871 C ± 27.8 C ( 1600 F ± 500F). The specfed heat flux value s controlled by the spacng between the radant panel and the test specmen. The test specmen s exposed to a "square-wave" radant heat versus tme exposure for a perod of 20 mnutes. The method determnes whether or not the test specmen gntes durng the 20-mnute test perod. When sustaned flamng for a perod greater than 5 seconds s observed on, or near, the surface of the test specmen, gnton has occurred. Chapter 4 Radant Panel Apparatus and Specmen Mountng System 4-1" Radant Panel. The radant panel shall have mnmum face dmensons of 0.91 m x 0.91 m (3 ft x 3 ft) and shall consst of an array of ndvdual burner heads, each measurng not less than 152.4 mmx 152.4 mm (6 n. x 6 n.). The ndvdual burner heads shall consst of a porous ceramc plate covered by an nconel mesh, or equvalent, radant panel burners. The burner heads shall be fred bya premxed propane-ar fuel mxture. The gas supply to the burner beads shall be separated nto three zones. Each zone shall consst of two horzontal rows of sx burner heads. The zone arrangement shall allow the surface of the 0.91 m x 0.91 m (3 ftx 3 ft) radator to be controlled to produce a relatvely unform temperature. The temperature of each zone of burner heads shall be establshed by conlrollng the propane-ar fuel mxture pressure suppled to each zone. Automatc controls shall be prosaded to gnte 565
NFPA 268 -- F95 ROP the radant panel and to shut off the propane gas fuel flow n the event of a msfre. The burner heads andthe ~ssocated propane and ar plumbng and control equpment shall be mounted on a steel platform. [ See Fgures 4.1(a) and (b).] 4-2 Test Specmen. A mnmum 1.92-m (4-ft) wde x 2.44-m (8-ft) hgh test specmen shall be mounted on a steel frame trolley assembly (seefgure 4.2) or equvalent support system. The mountng frame shall hold the test specmen securely n a vertcal orentaton and shall allow for the spacng between the test specmen and the radant panel to be adjusted. The specmen trolley shall consst of a 1.22 m x 1.22 m (4 ftx 4 ft) steel base mounted on steel V-groove wheels or equvalent arrangement. The V-groove wheels shall travel on angle ron tracks that are mounted securely to the laboratory floor and that ncorporate levelng adjusters. A means shall be provded to prevent the trolley from overturnng. 4-3 Radaton Sheld. 4-3.1 A radaton sheld shall be used to solate the test specmen from the radant panel both before and after the test perod. The radaton sheld shall cons!st of a water-cooled panel (seefgure 4-3.1 for one possble arrangement) or other constructon that has been shown to have no effect on the specmen or radator. 4-3.2 Where a water-cooled sheld s used, dual water flow connectons shall supply coolant water to the bottom of the radaton sheld. The coolant water shall ext along the top edge of the radaton sheld. The water coolant flow shall be ether a closed or an open loop system, dependng on the condtons and preference of the ndvdual laboratory. The radaton sheld shall be ftted wth a essure gauge and, n closed loop systems, a pressure relef valve. e outlet of the pressure relef valve shall be pped to an area that prevents njury to test personnel n the event of the release of coolant or steam. A thermocouple shall be mounted n the coolant dscharge to montor temperature ncrease n the coolant durng tests. ncreases n coolant temperature durng tests shall not exceed 50 C (100 F). 4-3.3 The radaton sheld shall be mounted so that t can be removed quckly or nserted (see Fgure 4.3.3for one possble arrangenwno. Pror to the start of the test, the radaton sheld shall be nserted between the radant panel and the test specmen to prevent exposure of the test specmen untl the start of the 20-mnute exposure. Once the radant panel has attanbd ts specfed steadystate temperature, the radaton sheld shall be removed n order to begn the radant heat exposure perod. Radaton sheld (Shown wthout suppod beam) Gude track Test specmen J Radant panel Suppo trolley 1 burner heads Propane lne ----= t1'1''... Control panel Propane/ar Combuston supply lne ar blower lrlgure 4-1(a) Plan vew of the testapparatus. Test specmen Spark,~ter ~.---y-~... Support trolle m Radant panel burner heads Combuston ar blower Propane/ar J Propane/ar mxture pressure gauge Control panel Gude track~ Radal B~ sheld Fgure 4-1(b) Sde elevaton of the test apparatus. 366
NFPA 268 -- F95 ROP ~ 4 8 n. 1,1<--~--16 n. = ~ 161n. n. T ] t- 1/4 n. ~ ~ 16 n. - ~ -r -- 16 n. - ~ = ~ 14 2 n.-~ 35 n. 2 n. x 2 n. x 1/4 n. steel tube ~ m 66 m. 31 n. 0.5 2 n. 2 n. 8~ n. 4 n. 1%en.. ~ 34~n: 47 n: 5~A n. 2 n. Fgure 4-2 Front elevaton of the specmen trolley and frame. 367
NFPA 268 -- F95 ROP "~ 6 fton. 1 ft 6 n. 1 ft 6 l.- ~ ~ Support trolley --(~ attachment ponts 6 ft 0 n. Water outlet ~ + ] +.<---- Water outlet! = =! 3/4 n. Ho Water nlet ~ + -'-- --- + ~ Water nlet B 3/4 n. He Emergency vent lne ~-~ A Secton A-A 2.00 1'00-3-~1 el O O el o10101 01ol 0 0 0101o o O o 1"-]'2-00 -'1- u U,*---4 4.00 Secton B-B Fgure 4-3.1 Radaton sheld. $68
NFPA 268 -- F95 ROP [~A L, t Support beam Turnbuckle UnstnJt roller gude channel 111111111111111111! Front elevaton J,,-4 n.-~j 4-4 Spark gnter. The spark gnter shall consst of two electrodes connected to a nomnal 6000-volt energy source. The spark gnter electrodes shall extend horzontally from the edge of the test specmen and shall be postoned so that the center of the spark gap s located along the vertcal centerlne of the test specmen at a locaton 4f0 mm + 3.2 mm (18 n. + 1/8 n.) above the horzontal centerlne of the test specmen [ see Fgures 4-4(a) and (b). ] The center of the spark gap also shall be located 15.9 mm + 1.6 mm (5/8 n. + 1/16 n.) away from the surface of the test specmen. The spark gnter electrodes shall be desgned and mounted so that the 15.9 mm+ 1.6 mm (5/8 n. + 1/16 n.) spacng s mantaned throughout the test perod by a sprng tensoner or equvalent arrangement. The spacng shall be mantaned even f the test specmen surface deforms. The spark gnter electrodes and support structure shall be desgned so that the entre cross-sectonal area of the desgn s contaned wthn a 9.5 mm (3/8 n.) projected wdth. The spark gnter shall be operated so that the duraton of the "off" porton of the cycle s no greater than 2 seconds, and the duraton of the "on" porton of the cycle s at least 5 seconds. be Support roller Unstrut channel (welded to beam) Clevs 4-5 Ambent Condtons. 4-5.1 The test shall be conducted wthn a buldng vented to dscharge combuston products and ntake fresh ar so that oxygendefcent ar s not ntroduced durng a tesl 4-5.2 Ambent ar temperature at the start of the test shall be 10 C to 32 C (50 F to 90 F). 4-5.3 The radant panel apparatus shall be located n a draft-free envronment so that volatles evolvng durng the course of a test rse vertcally adjacent to the surface of the test specmen. Secton A - A Fgure 4-3.3 Radaton sheld support trolley. nsulated mount [ j Test specmer~ surface ~> ~Alumnum roundro ~ '~ 0 0 g d e.... e ymc~ ~lo ntng L-- Glass tubng of the test specmen F'tgure 4-4(a) Plan vew of the spark gnter. e Set screw bracket J nsulator - Alumnum ground rod support and spacer bar ----7 1/4 n. o.d. SS tube -~ opp(~r electrode ~Glass tubng Sde elevaton Fgure 4-4(b) Sde elevaton of the spark gnter. 369
NFPA 268 -- F95 ROP 5-1 Heat Flux Meter. Chapter 5 nstrumentaton and Documentaton 5-1.1 Locatons durng Calbraton and Product Tests. A heat flux meter for reference use shall be located wthn 127 mm (5 n.) of the vertcal edge of the test specmen on a lne along the horzontal centerlne of the test specmen (seefgures-l.1). The exact dstance -of the heat flux meter from the vertcal edge of the test specmen shall be the same as that used for the calbraton test. The front face of the heat flux meter shall be n the same plane ~ the exposed face of the test specmen and shall be parallel to the face of the radant panel. r 4 t 0 n. Test specmen Plan vew ~_ '.~/_ Exposed! f~' l plane 1(--5 n.-~ Maxmum ; allowable separaton Fgure 5-1.1 Reference calormeter locaton. 5-1.2 Heat flux meters shall be located n the calbraton panel at the fve locatons specfed n Fgure 5-1.2. 5-1.3 Specfcaton. The heat flux meters shall be of the Gardon or Schmdt-Boelter type wth a flat black surf~e and a nomnal 180 vew angle. The heat flux meters shall be operated at the manufacturer's recommended coolant temperature and flow rate for the flux levels to be measured n accordance wth ASTM E511, Standard Test Method for Measurng Heat Flux Usng a Copperq52onstantan, Crcular Fol, Heat-Flux Gag The zero off-set of the heat flux meters at ambent temperature, due to the temperature of the coolant water, shall be added to or subtracted from the heat flux data collected durng the calbraton and the product tests before calculatons are made to determne complance wth ths test method. The heat flux meters shall have a fur-scale calbraton range of 50 kw/m2 (4.41 Btu/ft2 -sec). 5-2 Thermocouples. 5-2.1 Locatons. Amnmumofeghtthermocouplesshallbe nstalled on the face of the radant panel wth the termnaton bead of each thermocouple mounted so that the bead s n contact wth - the burner screen at the locatons specfed n Fgure 5-2.1. T 9 n. -4-6 n. E) E) -+ 6 n. -+ -f 6 n. 9 n. 3 ft 0n. 3.51t 4t JL 3.511 Relerence heat flux meter located no more than 5 n. from vertcal edge of panel / ~=-9 n.=~6 n.+6 n.+6 n.=~ 9 n,--~ - 3 fton. >l (~) Temperature measurement locaton Fgure 5-2.1 Temperature measurement locatons on the face of the radant panel. 5-2.2 Specfcatons. The thermocouples shall be Type K, no smaller than No. 24 AWG, and no larger than No. 14 AWG. The thermocouples shall be nsulated and capable of contnuous operaton at a temperature of at least 982 C (1800 F.) 5-$ Photographc Documentaton. Photographc or vdeo equpment shall be used to record the performance of the test specmen throughout the 20-mnute test perod. The exteror surface of the test specmen shall be marked dearly wth a 0.3 m x 0.3 m (1 ft x 1 ft) grd usng a contrastng color. A clock or other sutable tmng devce shall be used for photographc records. Ths clock or tmng devce shall be synchronzed accurately wth all other measurements, or other provson shall be made to correlate the photo record wth tme. Color photographs shall be taken at regular ntervals for the duraton of the test, or a contnuous vdeo recordng or move flm shall be made. The cameravew area shall nclude the entre 1.22 m x 2.44 m (4 ft x 8 ft) specmen. Chapter 6 Test Specmen and Mountng 2 ft--'~_ 4 f t Fqgure 5-1.2 Calbradon panel heat flux meter locatons. 6-1 Specment Detal. Test specmens shall be a mnmum of 1.22 m x 2.44 m (4 ft x 8 ft) and shall be representatve of the overall wall system constructon, ncludng fnsh detals, jonts, f any, attachments, and support structure. 6.2 Mountng. Test specmens shall be mounted securely on the trolley assembly wth ther 2.44-m (8-ft) dmenson n a vertcal orentaton. The exteror face of the test spedmen shall be parallel to the face of the radant panel and the geometrc center of 370
NFPA 268 -- F95 ROP the test specmen, and the geometrc center of the radant panel shall be concurrent wth respect to a lne drawn perpendcular to the faces of the test specmen and the radant panel. Chapter 7 Calbraton "of the Test Equpment 7-1 Calbraton. A successful calbraton test shall have been cpalerformed pror to and wthn 30 days of any gntblty test. The braton test shall last for 20 mnutes and shall use the radant panel to expose a standard calbraton panel as detaled n Fgure 5-1.2. The calbraton panel shall consst of two layers havng a total thckness of 31.8 mm (1 1/4 n.). A 12.7-mm (1/2-n.) low densty, rgd thermal nsulafon board (fberfrax Duraboard or equvalent) havn~ a nomnal densty of 0.23 g/cm 3 to 0.28 g/cm 3 (15 lb/ft 3 to 18 b/vft 3) shall be mounted to the test frame and covered wth one layer of 19.l-ram (3/4-n.), 0.74-g/cm 3 (44-1b/ft 3) nomnal densty calcum slcate nsulatng materal wth a thermal conductvty at 177 G (350 F) of 0.128 W/m*K (0.89 Btu*n./h*ft2* F). The data specfed n 8-1 (a) through (d) shall be recorded at ntervals no greater than 15 seconds as follows: (a) The heat flux versus the tme curve at each of the fve specfed heat flux meter locatons on the calbraton panel surface and the reference heat flux meter at the sde-mounted locatons (seefgure 5-1.2); (b) The heat flux versus the tme curve obtaned by averagng the four heat flux meters located at the corners of the central square foot of the calbraton panel; (c) The temperatures versus the tme on the surface of the radant panel at the specfed locatons (see Fgure 5-2. ); (d) The average of the temperatures on the surface of the radant panel at each of the specfed locatons. 7-9 Spacng. The spacng between the exposed face of the calbraton panel and the face of the radant panel shall be recorded. 7-$ Valdaton. The calbraton test shall be consdered vald, provded the values specfed n 7-3(a) through (c) are as follows: (a) The heat flux obtaned by averagng the four heat flux meters located at the corners of the central square foot of the calbraton panel shall be 12.5 kw/m2 ± 5 percent (1.10 Btu/ft 2- sec ± 5 percent). (b) The heat flux at the center of the calbraton panel shall be 13.9 kw/m2 ± 7 percent (1.22 Btu/ft2- sec ± 7 percent). (c) The average surface temperature of the radant panel shall be 871 C + 27.8 C (1600 F ± 50 F) for each thermocouple. Chapter 8 Test Specmen Condt.onng 8-1 Condtonng. Specmens shall be condtoned to a constant weght at 21.1 C + 5.6 (3 (70 F + 10 F) and a relatve humdty of 50 ercent ± 10 percent. Constant weght shall be consdered to have ~ een acheved where less than a 0.1 percent change n the measured weght of the test specmen undergong condtonng s recorded for each of three successve measurements taken three days apart, pror to testng. Chapter 9 Safety Precautons 9.1 Gas Hazard. The possblty of a gas-ar fuel exploson n the test apparatus shall be recognzed. Sutable safeguards consstent wth sound engneerng practce shall be nstalled n the panel fuel supply system. These safeguards shall nclude one or more of the followng, as approprate: (a) A gas feed cut-off that actvates when the ar supply falls; (b) A fre sensor drected at the panel surface that stops fuel flow when the panel flame goes out; (c) A commercal gas water heater or gas-fred furnace plot burner control thermostatc shutoff that actvates when the gas supply fals, or another sutable and approved devce; (d) A manual reset for any safeguard system used. 9-2 Hgh Temperature and Pressure. Thepossblty of excess pressure and hgh temperatures nvolvng the flud (water) of the heat exchanger used as a radaton sheld (see Secton 4-3) shall be recognzed. Pressure relef valves pped to a safe locaton shall be provded. The desgn and operaton of the radaton sheld shall be consstent wth sound engneerng practce. 9-3 Products of Combuston. n vew of the potental hazard from products of combuston, other laboratory equpment shall be protected from smoke and gas. Laboratory operators shall be nstructed to mnmze exposure to combuston products by followng sound safety practce (e.g., wearng approprate protectve equpment, usng nsulated gloves). Chapter 10 Test Procedure 10-1 Condtonng. The specmen shall be tested wthn 1 hour from the tme the specmen s removed from the condtonng room. 10-2 Specmen and Test Equpment. Pror to the start of the test, the status of the followng tems shall be verfed: (a) The test specmen shall be mounted securely to the trolley assembly and properly orented wth respect to the radant panel. (b) The trolley assembly shall be moved to the proper locaton to provde the requred separaton dstance between the face of the test specmen and the face of the radant panel determned from the most recent calbraton test. (c) The sdeqnounted reference heat flux meter shall be mounted n ts proper orentaton and shall be operated at the manufacturer's recommended coolant temperature and flow rate for the flux levels to be measured n accordance wth ASTM E511, Standard TestMethod for Measurng Heat Flux Usng a Copper-Constantan, Crcular Fol, Heat- Flux C, agn (d) The spark gnter shall be n place and operatonal. (e) The radaton sheld shall be n place and shall be operated at the proper water flow rate. (f) The propane gas supply to the radant panel shall be suffcent n quantty for the duraton of the test and shall be connected properly. 10-3 Radant Panel Preheat. Ten mnutes pror to the start of the test perod, the radant panel shall be gnted. Durng the 10-mnute warm-up perod, the radant panel shall functon properly, and ts average surface temperature shall be 871 G ± 27.8 G (1600 F ± 50 F). Data shall be recorded for the surface temperature of the radant panel and the reference heat flux meter begnnng 1 mnute pror to the start of the test and shall be contnued untl the end of the test perod. Thrty seconds pror to the test, the spark gnter shall be turned on and vdeotapng or photographng of the test assembly shall commence and contnue for the test perod. 10-4 Specmen Exposure. At tme zero, the radaton sheld shall be removed and the radant heat exposure of the test specmen shall begn. The test shall be contnued for a perod of 20 mnutes unless sustaned.. flamng. (. ton). of the test specmen occurs. f sustalned flamng (gnton)/~'nt~e test specmaen occurs, the test shall be termnated by nsertng the radaton sheld between the radant panel and the test specmen, turnng off the spark gnter, extngushng the test specmen, and nterruptng the flow of gas to the radant panel. f the specmen does not gnte, the test shall be termnated after 20 mnutes by nsertng the radant sheld between the radant panel and the test specmen, turnng off the spark gnter, and nterruptng the flow of gas to the radant panel. 10-5 Heat Flux Varaton. Durng a test, f the heat flux measured by the reference heat flux meter vares more than :t: 2.5 percent from the average value recorded durng the most recent calbraton test, the results shall be nvald. Chapter 11 Report 11-1 nformaton. The report shall nclude the nformaton specfed n 11-1 (a) through (k) as follows: 371
NFPA 268 -- F95 ROP (a) The name, thckness, densty and sze of all materals used n the wall constructon, along wth any other dentfyng characterstcs or labels that are sgnfcant n order to dentfy the constructon completely ; (b) The constructon of the full wall assembly, ncludng fnsh detals, jonts, f any, attachments, support structure, and any other detals necessary to fully descrbe the test assembly; (c) A descrpton of the matedal condtonng; (d) The relatve humdty and temperature of the test buldng pror to and durng the test; (e) The tme hstores of the eght ndvdual thermocouples mounted on the surface of the radant panel and the average of the eght thermocouples; (f) The tme hstory of the reference heat flux meter; (g) The dstance from the edge of the test specmen to the centerlne of the sde-mounted reference beat flux meter; (h) The separaton dstance ~etween the exposed face of the test specmen and the face of the radant panel; () A transcrpt of the vsual observatons recorded durng the test; (j) A statement ndcatng whether the test specmen experenced sustaned flamng (gnton) durng the 20-mnute test perod; (k) A statement ndcatng whether the average heat flux value recorded at the reference heat flux meter was wthn + 2.5 percent of the average value recorded durng the most recent calbraton test. Chapter 12 Precson and Bas 12-1" Applcablty. Ths standard does not ~0cldress ether the precson or bas of ths test method. 13-1 Heat Flux Meters. Chapter 13 Calbraton 13-1.1 Heat flux meters shall be calbrated at least once a year by transfer calbraton methods usng a NST~albrated heat flux meter. 13-1.2 Each laboratory shall be permtted to use a dedcated calbrated reference heat flux meter for the calbraton of heat flux meters. Chapter 14 Referenced Publcatons 14-1 The followng documents or postons thereof are referenced wthn ths standard and shall be consdered part of the requrements of ths document. The edton ndcated for each reference s the current edton as of the date of the NFPA ssuance of ths document. *- 14-1.1 ASTM Publcatons. Amercan Socety for Testng and Materals, 1916 Race Street, Phladelpha, PA 19103. ASTM E176, Standard Termnolog 3 of Fre Standards, 1995. ASTM E511, Standard Test Method for Measurng Heat Flux Usng a Copper-constantan, Crcular Fol, Heat-Flux Gage, 1989. Appendx A Explanatory Materal Ths Appendx s not a part of the requrements of ths NFPA document but s ncluded for nformatonal purposes only. A-4-1 Eclpse rffra-glo or equvalent radant panel burners manufactured by Eclpse Combuston, Rockford, L, have been found to be satsfactory. Appendx B Commentary on Radant gnton Test Ths Appendx s not a pa'rt of the requrements of ths NFPA document but s ncluded for nformatonal purposes only. B- ntroducton. B-1.1 Hstorcally, exteror walls of large area or multstory buldngs have been constructed usng noncohabustble materals. n recent years, model buldng codes of the Unted States have been revsed to recognze the use of lmted quanttes of combustble materals n exteror wals of buldngs tradtonally requred to use noncombustble materals. The use of combustble materals n exteror ~alls has rased concerns regardng the possblty of fre spreadng from buldng to buldng by radant heat transfer and gnton of the exteror facades. B-.2 Model codes contan fre resstance ratngs and openng -lmtatons for exteror walls of buldngs, based-upon the concept of lmtng radant heat transfer to an adjacent buldng. The commonly accepted threshold for ploted gnton of wood s 12.5 kw/m (1.10 Btu/ft-sec). The exteror walls of a buldng should be desgned to lmt the radant heat transfer to adjacent structures to 12.5 kw/m (1.10 Btu/ft-sec) or less. The bass of the concept s that radant heat transfer should be lmted to values that do not gnte combustble archtectural ~rm, veneer, or exteror facades on adjacent buldngs. B-2 Model Buldng Codes. B-2.1 U.S. Model Buldng Codes. BOCA NatonalBuldng Code and the SBCC Standard Buldng Code regulate buldng facades based on gntblty characterstcs. Exteror facades are regulated as a functon of dstance to the property lne and on the bass of the radant heat flux necessary to cause gnton of the facade under "ploted ~ condtons. Both the Standard Buldng Code and the Natonal Buldng Code contan summary descrptons for conductng gntblty evaluatons for exteror wall assembles. However, no standardzed test method for the determnaton of gnfblty characterstcs of exteror buldng facades under radant heat exposure currently exsts wthn the model buldng codes or ASTM. ~s t~a~bmty Research. 11-3.1 A research project, sponsored by the Exteror nsulaton Manufacturers Assocaton, was conducted to develop a laboratoryscale, radant heat gntbllty test procedure. The research program conssted of two phases. n the frst phase, large-scale tests were run at the Southwest Research nsttute to develop a database to be used toju.dge the relablty of data from laboratory-scale tests of smlar specmens. ~lse e~hcale tests used 2.44 m x 3.66 m (8 ftx 12 ft) exteror wall at were~exposed to radant heat from a 1.83 m x 2.44 m (6 ft x 8 ft) radant panel. 1 The radator and product szes are beleved to be adequate to predct product behavor n actual fres. However, large-scale testng can he needlessly expensve f laboratory-scale or bench-scale tests are shown capable of producng data that correlate wth large-scale testng. Specmens smlar to those tested n the large-scale apparatus were tested n a laboratory-scale procedure at theunversty of Calforna- Rchmond Feld Test Staton by Fsher Research and Development, nc.2 Specmens for the laboratory-scale tests measured 1.22 m x 2.44 m (4 ftx 8 ft) and were exposed to a 0.91 m x 0.91 m (3 ftx 3 t) gas-fred radant panel. To acheve an exposure of 12.5 kw/mz (1.10 Btu/ft~-sec), the specmen was separated from the radant panel a dstance of 1.08 m to 1.10 m (43 n. to 44 n.). The data from the laboratory-scale tests and the large-scaletests are shown n Table B-3.1. The laboratory-scale test procedure developed by Fsher Research and Developmen~ nc., hasbeen used as the bass for the NFPA 268 standard. A-12-1 Due to the fact that results are not beng expressed numercally, a precson and bas statement s not applcable. 372
NFPA 268 ~ F95 ROP -- B-3.2 Table B-3.1 shows that the performance of exteror wall systems tested n accordance wth the NFPA 268 standard correlates well wth full-scale test results. The 0.91 m x 0.91 m (3 ft x 3 ft) radant panel and 1.22 m x 2.44 m (4 ftx 8 ft) specmen are suffcent to reproduce full-scale behavor. B-3.3 The NFPA 268 standard takes a conservatve approach by evaluatng the gntblty of specmens under "ploted" condtons. A spark gnter s located at the upper boundary of the specmen area beng subjected to the specfedradant heat exposure. The spark s located n the flow of volatles that travel up the face of the specmen n the regon where the greatest concentraton of volatles has been observed. B-3.4 Ths method prescrbes the testng df full assembles. Tests of ndvdual wall components mgl~t not be ndcatve of the behavor of the fnal assembly. B-3.5 Use of a bench-scale apparatus mght not produce results that correlate wth the full-scale behavor of wall assembles because of "scale effects". 3 For example, many nsulated exteror wall systems use expanded polystyrene (thermoplastc) foam nsulaton. Thermoplastc nsulaton can shrnk away from the fre exposure, thereby changng test geometry and exposure condtons. Claanges n exposure condtons can be magnfed n bench-scale tests as compared to full-scale tests. Furthermore, there could be a mnmum test specmen area (larger than bench scale) that needs to be exposed n order for some specmens to produce suffcent volatles to reach a flammable mxture wth ar. B-3.6 Ths test method carefully prescrbes radant panel sze and operatng condtons. Radant panel specfcatons are set to standardze the "flux map" on the face of test specmens. Ths method should be used for regulatory purposes, and, consequently, t s mportant that exposure condtons from apparatus to apparatus be standardzed. Sgnfcandy chan~gng the sze or shape of the radant panel, for example, results m a dfferent flux profle over the face of the test specmen and can produce varyng results. Smlarly, a change n the operatng temperature of the radant panel, whch, n turn, would necesstate a change n the separaton of the radant panel and the test specmen, results n a change n the confguraton. factor. The change n confguraton factor produces a dfferent flux profle. 13-3.7 To respond to the needs of the U.S. model buldng codes, ths apparatus has been standardzed to operate at a sngle exposure condton: 12.5 kw/m2 (1.10 Btu/ft2-sec). The apparatus could be recalbrated to provde dfferent exposure condtons. However, such changes would requre addtonal research. For example, the apparatus has been developed to evaluate the performance of wall assembles under radant heat exposure. Suffcent separaton of the radant panel and the test specmen need to be mantaned to avod convectve heat transfer. Avodance of convectve heat transfer establshes a lmt for exposures n ths apparatus. The lmts of the exposure condtons possble wth ths apparatus have not been determned. 1 Betel,JesseJ., "Large-Scale Radant Heat Exposure Tests of Exteror nsulated Fnsh Systems," Fnal Report SWR Project No. o1-3528,june 1991. 2 Fsher, P. E., Fred L and Fleshmann, Charles M., "Radant Heat Exposure of Exteror Walls," Fnal Report, Project No. FRD 8933, October 1992. 3 Grand, Ph.D., Arthur ]~. and Valys, AnthonyJ., "Report on Cone Calormeter Tme to gnton Test," Fnal Report, SWR Project No. 01-3782-022, September 20, 1991. Appendx C Referenced Pubfcatons C-1 The followng documents or portons thereof are referenced wthn ths standard for nformatonal purposes only and thus are not consdered part of the requrements of ths document. The edton ndcated for each reference s the current edton as of the date of the NFPA ssuance of ths document C-. BOCA Pubfcaton. Buldng Offcals and Code Admnstrators nternatonal, nc., 4051 West Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hll, L 60477. Natonal Buldng Code, 1993. C-1.2 SBCC Publcaton. Southern Buldng Code Congress nternatonal, nc., 900 Montclar Road, Brmngham, AL 35213. Standard Buldng Code, 1994. Table l-3.1 Summary of the Radant Heat Exposure Test Results Descrpton of the Wall Constructon ExEo~re Heat Flux (kw/m 2) Tme to gnton (sec) Cone Calormeter Lab Scale Full Scale EFS (thn coat, mneral wool core) 12.5 No 322 No EFS (thn coat, mneral wool core) 20 199 150 163 EFS (thn coat, 2 n. expanded P.S.) 12.5 No No No EFS (thn coat, 2 n. expanded P.S.) 20 140 134 139 EPS (thn coat, 2 n. expanded P.S.) 12.5 No test No No EFS (thn coat, 2 n. expanded P.S.) 12.5 No test No 270 EFS (thn coat, 2 n. expanded P.S.) 20 No test 117 135 EFS (thn coat, 2 n. expanded P.S.) 12.5 No 235 280 EFS (thn coat, 2 n. expanded P.S.) 20 218 83 85 EFS (thn coat, 1 n. expanded P.S.) 12.5 No No No EFS (thn coat, 1 n. expanded P.S.) 20 209 185 140 EFS (thn coat, 1 n. expanded P.S.) 12.5 No No No EFS (thn coat, 1 n. expanded P.S.) 20 186 130 116 EFS (thck coat, 2 n. extruded P.S.) 12.5 No No No EFS (thck coat, 2 n. extruded P.S.) 20 No No 771 EFS (thck coat, 2 n. extruded P.S.) 12.5 No No No EFS (thck coat, 2 n. extruded P.S.) 20 No Malfunc. 570 EFS (thn coat, 4 n. expanded P.S.) 12.5 No 250 No EFS (thn coat, 4 n. expanded P.S.) 20 158 89 86 EFS (thn coat, 1 n. socyanurate) 12.5 355 200 222 EFS (thn coat, 1 n. socyanurate) 20 138 Ramped 105 EFS (thn coat, no nsulaton) 12.5 No No No EFS (thn coat, no nsulaton) 20 137 80 99 5/8 n. x 4 n. thck exteror gypsum board 12.5 No No No 5/8 n. x 4 n. thck exteror gypsum board 20 No test No test 1336 5/8 n. x 4 n. thck T-ll plywood 12.5 No 1100 819 5/8 n. x 4 n. thck T-11 plywood 20 197 333 191 For S unts: 1 n. = 25.4 mm; kw/m z = Btu/ftZ-sec. 373