Historia Normannis High Constable Wargear Regulations Supplement 2: Welsh Specific Ranks and Kit v1.0 (Bellatores)
Index - Introduction and legal information - Welsh regions and ranks - Cambro-Welsh military ranks o Wargear by rank Welsh Bowman Welsh Levy Archer Welsh Levy Welsh Militia Archer Welsh Militia - Welsh military ranks Llu Teulu Leaders and Nobility Welsh Magnates o Wargear by rank Heliwr Saethydd Ysgafn Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr Herwr Saethydd Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd/Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Tywysog - Wargear definitions and regulations o Celtic sword o Seax o Langseax o Cadfwyell o Gwaywffon o Bwa 2
o Javelins o Roundshield o Celtic nasal o Leather armour Leather corselet Leather jack 3
Introduction The Welsh Specific Ranks and Kit outlines all the equipment and specific military ranks that apply to Welsh groups and members. Any equipment that is listed in the glossary of the main Wargear Regulations is not repeated here- however a glossary of Welsh-specific Kit is included at the bottom of the document. A second (new) document, the Welsh Field Manual outlines Welsh orders, field combat styles, and other useful information. This issue represents a distinct shift from the concept of Pedites Cambrensis regulations (Welsh-specific equipment for Welsh-specific shows) to the idea of the Welsh regions of Normannis having devolved kit impressions according to their period ethnic makeup and dominant culture. Members outside of Wales may adopt a Welsh kit impression, but only at those events declared to be Pedites Cambrensis format - otherwise Welsh kit impressions will be limited to Welsh members from the correct regions. Whilst the Clothing Regulations for Wales are being compiled, the Wargear regulations will retain a quick overview of pertinent military clothing. -Daniel FitzEdward Head of Historia Normannis, High Constable 2016 Legal Information All information and graphics contained within is the original work of Daniel FitzEdward, or other members of the media team, unless specifically stated otherwise. All information is thereby property of Historia Normannis, and may be reproduced in part or in entirety by its members for the purposes of informing, educating or referencing within the society or liaising with event organisers. The information within is not to be reproduced in part or in entirety for the benefit of those outside the organisation without the express permission of Historia Normannis. 4
Welsh Regions and Ranks 5
Green Region Cell Groups These regions represent the most Normanised regions of Wales, often areas that had been annexed by Norman marcher lords completely. The standard Normannis group structure remains the same, with the use of the Cambro-Norman specific ranks listed below replacing their Anglo-Norman counterparts. Yellow Region Cell Groups The regions marked in yellow represent the areas that had obvious Norman influence, but had mainly maintained their traditional cultural equipment and methods of warfare. These groups replace their first four ranks with the ranks listed below so that the structure runs- Gwladwr, Herwr, Rhyfelwr, Teulu, Squire, Knight. Red Region Cell Groups The regions marked in red maintained their traditional way of warfare and cultural identity almost entirely, without incorporating much of the Anglo-Norman influence that had otherwise spread across Britain. These groups use the full run of Welsh ranks listed below. 6
Anglo-Welsh Military Ranks 7
Cambro-Norman Ranks The freemen called to serve in the regions dominated by Norman influence were, by and large, forced into conforming with the Norman ideals of warfare - and as such their equipment was impacted distinctly by Norman ideals. Welsh Bowman (A) (T1) Levies who could only equip themselves with a bow and little protection, who avoided clashing directly with the enemy - carrying either a traditional Welsh style of bow or an imported Norman form. Welsh Levy Archer (A) (T1) Lightly equipped skirmishing troops from Wales were highly valued for their ability to lay ambushes and use hit-and-fade tactics to frustrate their enemy. The Marcher Lords frequently raised these troops to, ironically, combat the same strategies from the other Welsh territories. Welsh Levy (T1) When a levy of troops were summoned, they were summoned from across all the lands a lord could call on - whether these crossed nominal national borders or not. The style of Welsh warfare would influence the equipment and the style of these troops but in many ways they were comparable to their Anglo-Norman counterparts. Welsh Militia Archer (A) (T2) Welshmen who dwelt within Cambro-Norman urban centres were arguably the most anglicised - and would be almost indistinguishable on the battlefield to their Anglo- Norman counterparts. Militia who used ranged weapons were valued for their utility in garrisoning fortifications and thus securing borders. Welsh Militia (T2) Welshmen who dwelt within Cambro-Norman urban centres were arguably the most anglicised - and would be almost indistinguishable on the battlefield to their Anglo- Norman counterparts. Harsh training from Norman nobles would have forced them into adopting Norman infantry strategies, rather than the skirmishing style traditional to Wales. 8
Wargear by Rank 9
The information contained in this section explains what kit is allowable for which rank, as well as stating the required minimum kit impression- that is, the kit a member must have to be considered as portraying that given rank. Unlike previous seasons, the Unacceptable column has been removed from each rank; any equipment not listed explicitly is assumed to be unacceptable. The definitions for each item of wargear are found in the Wargear Definitions and Regulations section. Due to the new arrangement of the information, archer ranks are now integrated into the list and are marked with an (A) after their name. Anglo-Welsh Troops Welsh Bowman (A) (T1) Welsh Levy Archer (A) (T1) Welsh Levy (T1) Welsh Militia Archer (A) (T2) Welsh Militia (T2) 10
Welsh Bowman (A) Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour None Hood None Additional Gear Arrows (6) Waist-belt Arrows/Quarrels (12) Hip-quiver/Bolt box Brown leather gloves Weapons Bow Bwa Warbow/Selfbow Long knife/seax Shield None None None Rank at a Glance Welsh Bowmen are non-combat archers, and as such do not participate in the melee aspect of combat displays. Therefore it is generally not advisable that they carry any perceivable hand-weapons other than, perhaps, a long-knife slung from the belt. This is also the de-facto rank for any members aged 14-16 who take part in the archery phase of combat. Despite being an item of clothing the hood is listed as ideal, as it neatly completes the kit impression as well as helping conceal female members shooting; for a description of the item refer to the clothing regulations. Please note as the rank is a non-combative one, it is the only rank listed that does not require the member to wear some form of hand protection. 11
Welsh Levy Archer (A) Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour None Hood Skullcap/Nasal Helm Additional Gear Arrows (6) Waist-belt Leather combat gloves Arrows/Quarrels (12) Hip-quiver/Bolt box Brown leather gloves Weapons Shield Bow Spear Roundshield (worn when shooting) Bwa/Selfbow Spear Roundshield (worn when shooting) Warbow Crossbow Long knife/seax Hand-axe/Long-axe Soldier s Kite (not worn when shooting) Rank at a Glance Welsh Levy Archers show the most Welsh influence in their gear of all the Anglo- Welsh ranks, being largely drawn from rural farm-dwellers within Norman lands, who realistically would have had less direct Norman influence than their urban peers. At this rank members may wear traditional Welsh dress, though this must be undertaken in its entirety, rather than piece-meal elements of Anglo-Norman and Welsh dress mixed together. As a general rule members in larger, urban-centred groups should seek to dress in the more Anglo-Norman fashion, and those in more outlying regions in the green-zone should seek to have distinctly more Welsh influence in their gear. 12
Welsh Levy Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour None Light gambeson, Skullcap helm, arming cap Arming cap worn as head protection (with no body armour) Nasal helm Additional Leather combat Padded leather/woollen None Gear gloves mufflers Weapons Polearm/Spear Spear, Long-knife/seax, Hand-axe Bill/Glaive, Warclub, Long-axe Shield Roundshield Roundshield Soldier s Kite Rank at a Glance Welsh Levies show the most Welsh influence in their gear of all the Anglo-Welsh ranks, being largely drawn from rural farm-dwellers within Norman lands, who realistically would have had less direct Norman influence than their urban peers. At this rank members may wear traditional Welsh dress, though this must be undertaken in its entirety, rather than piece-meal elements of Anglo-Norman and Welsh dress mixed together. As a general rule members in larger, urban-centred groups should seek to dress in the more Anglo-Norman fashion, and those in more outlying regions in the green-zone should seek to have distinctly more Welsh influence to their gear. 13
Welsh Militia Archer (A) Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Arming Cap (as head protection) Light gambeson, Skullcap helm worn with arming cap No body armour, Nasal helm worn with arming cap Additional Gear Weapons Shield Leather combat gloves Hip quiver/bolt box Arrows/Quarrels (8) Bow/Crossbow Polearm/Spear Roundshield (worn when shooting) Padded leather/woollen mufflers Hip quiver/bolt box Arrows/Quarrels (12) Selfbow/Bwa, Spear Long-axe Roundshield (worn when shooting) None Crossbow, Warbow, Long knife/ Warclub/Hand-axe/ Bill/Glaive Soldier s Kite (not worn when shooting) Rank at a Glance Welsh Militia show significantly more Anglo-Norman influence, since cultural impact was significantly more urban-centred. The local men would show signs of their ethnic heritage, and local shieldwrights would ensure that both roundshields and the more Anglo-Norman kite shields were available for military use. Despite the crossbow being the mainstay militia and garrison weapon of Anglo- Norman England, it never truly supplanted the traditional locally favoured bow in Wales, and as such these weapons should be significantly rarer amongst even Cambro-Norman forces. 14
Welsh Militia Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Skullcap helm, Light gambeson Full gambeson, Nasal helm, arming cap Maille corselet with/without integrated coif over gambeson Additional Gear Leather combat gloves Padded mufflers (with full gambeson) Weapons Polearm/Spear Spear, Long-axe, Handaxe, Langseax Padded leather/woollen mufflers (with light gambeson) Proto-Falchion, Bill/Glaive/Fauchard, Warclub, Long knife Shield Roundshield Soldier s Kite Roundshield Rank at a Glance Welsh Militia show significantly more Anglo-Norman influence, since cultural impact was significantly more urban-centred. The local men would show signs of their ethnic heritage, and local shieldwrights would ensure that both roundshields and the Anglo-Norman kite shields were available for military use. These troops would be organised along the European standard for militia forces, with most of the focus of their training being in a defensive role, focusing highly on formation and co-operation in the field. Their primary use would be to add weight to formations, support heavier troops, and defend fortified locations such as towns and castles. 15
Welsh Military Ranks 16
Welsh military society divides into four distinct groups- Llu (thlee) In times of war, Welsh rulers could call on all men between 14 and 50 to form an army, most often referred to as the llu. Although the summoned men of the llu often had some experience in raiding or defending their homes in small-scale local conflicts, their lack of experience and discipline in warfare meant they were often used to add weight to existing formations, or to skirmish and raid an enemy s vulnerable territory. Teulu (taylee) While 'teulu' literally translates to 'family', in a military context it more accurately means 'warband'. A lord's teulu was the core of his fighting force, and in smaller conflicts, they were often the only military force brought to bear in raids or battles, with the possible exception of foreign mercenaries. Often they were minor landholders in their own right, and most held various responsibilities in service to the lord, but maintained the armour and weapons necessary to fight battles on his behalf. Leaders and Nobility The Welsh nobility mirrored their Anglo-Norman peers the most closely- albeit with a distinct technological lag. During the 12 th century Wales developed a cavalry tradition that was recognisably analogous with the rest of Western Europe, although these troops remained relatively few in number. As Wales culturally followed an 'heroic' tradition (as opposed to the Norman 'chivalric'), heavy emphasis was put on martial prowess and glory in battle. Welsh Magnates Throughout medieval Welsh history, some lords would rise to a dominance that surpassed their peers, uniting large areas under their authority, usually through a combination of charisma and military might. Answering to no-one, they controlled the administration and function of some of the dominant regions of Wales - Gwynedd (gwin-eth), Deheubarth (di-hey-bath) and Powys (pow-iss) being the three biggest. It was these magnates that the kings of England would treat with as acknowledged rulers. 17
Llu Heliwr (helli-ur) (A) Welsh locals who equipped themselves for war and served their local Prince or Lord when called on. These men could not fully furnish themselves for melee combat and instead went to war with their hunting bows. Saethydd Ysgafn (saith-uth us-gavin) (A) Welsh farmers and drovers who would engage frequently in border raiding, using javelins and bows as their primary weapons to great effect when fighting heavier armoured and more encumbered enemies. Gwladwr (gwlad-ur) These men were Welsh locals who equipped themselves for war and served their local Prince or Lord when called on. These men were not professional combatants, and in many ways mirror the Freemen of Anglo-Norman forces. Saethydd Herwr (saith-uth hir-ur) (A) Welsh farmers and drovers who would engage frequently in border raiding, using javelins and bows as their primary weapons to great effect when fighting heavier armoured and more cumbersome enemies. Herwr (hir-ur) Welsh farmers and drovers who would engage frequently in border raiding, taking their spears across the border into Cheshire, Shropshire and Gloucestershire to steal valuable cattle from outlying Saes settlements. 18
Teulu Saethydd (A) These bowmen would still own farmsteads, but their level of wealth allowed for them to furnish themselves for war, which they would engage in through the summer months, taking their bows across borders to fight the enemies of their clan leader or prince. Rhyfelwr (ruh-vil-ur) These men would still own farmsteads, but their level of wealth allowed for them to furnish themselves for war, which they would engage in through the summer months whilst the crops ripened. In Wales the term spearman was synonymous with soldier. Teulu Saethydd (A) Welshmen who made up part of the retinue of their Uchelwyr or Prince, but rather than carrying swords or spears to war, took the famed Welsh Warbow instead. These men would not take a place in the centre of the battle-line, but would instead skirmish around the flanks, enfilading the enemy and preventing them from lapping around their own formation. Rhingyll (ring-uth) These men served a lord as his household, fulfilling some offices in their lord's teulu as a direct equivalent to an Anglo-Norman serjeant. These troops were permanently retained by a lord for their duties in peace or war. 19
Leaders and Nobility Cadben o Saethydd (cad-bin oh saith-uth) (A) The member of the Teulu specifically tasked with leading the archers of their overlord s retinue, usually a skilled veteran experienced in border conflicts and tribal warfare. Cadben o Gwaywffon (cad-bin oh gway-oo-fon) The member of the Teulu specifically tasked with leading the spears (synonymous with warriors) of their overlord s retinue, usually a veteran of border conflicts and experienced in inter-clan warfare. Marchog (mark-og) These men were the Welsh equivalent of a knight and fought in a distinctly similar fashion to their Norman counterparts, described in sources as both armoured and mounted for warfare. Uchelwr (ick-il-ur) The term Uchelwr translates as 'nobleman' and denotes an individual with recognisable heritage, significant authority and wealth. While they were not powerful enough to be considered to be a Breyr or Tywysog, they were still lords with prestige and the potential to become magnates. 20
Welsh Magnates Breyr These men were powerful lords- ruling over clans that were spread across multiple settlements. They could call on men from many different cantrefi (areas of land) who dwelt within their lands. As such their title functions as a rough analogy for that of a Norman baron. Tywysog The term Prince in Wales really meant powerful overlord rather than any strictly royal connections. Princes in Wales answered to no other secular authority, in theory, and were essentially petty kings, although in practical terms, political realities made them as subject to the Kings of England as even the most powerful Anglo-Norman Earls were. These men usually closely emulated their Norman counterparts, with some minor cultural differences. 21
Wargear by Rank 22
The information contained in this section explains what kit is allowable for which rank, as well as stating the required minimum kit impression- that is, the kit a member must have to be considered as portraying that given rank. Unlike previous seasons, the Unacceptable column has been removed from each rank; any equipment not listed explicitly is assumed to be unacceptable. The definitions for each item of wargear are found in the Wargear Definitions and Regulations section. Due to the new arrangement of the information, archer ranks are now integrated into the list and are marked with an (A) after their name. The equivalent Tier for the Pedites Cambrensis rank has been given in brackets after the title below. Llu Heliwr (A) (T1) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) (T1) Gwladwr (T1) Saethydd Herwr (A) (T2) Herwr (T2) Teulu Saethydd (A) (T3) Rhyfelwr (T3) Saethydd Teulu (A) (T4) Rhingyll (T4) Cadben o Saethydd (A)/Gwaywffon (T5) Leadership and Nobility Marchog (T6) Uchelwyr (T7) Welsh Magnates Breyr (T8) Tywysog (T9) 23
Heliwr (A) Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour None Hood None Additional Gear Arrows (6) Waist-belt Arrows/Quarrels (12) Hip-quiver/Bolt box Brown leather gloves Weapons Bow Bwa Warbow/Selfbow Long knife/seax Shield None None None Rank at a Glance Heliwr are non-combat archers, and do not participate in the melee segment of combat displays. As such, it is generally not advisable that they carry any perceivable hand-weapons other than a long-knife slung from the belt. This is also the de-facto rank for any members aged 14-16 who take part in the archery phase of combat. Despite being an item of clothing the hood is listed as ideal, as it neatly completes the kit impression as well as helping conceal female members shooting; for a description of the item refer to the clothing regulations. Please note as the rank is a non-combative one, it is the only rank listed that does not require the member to wear some form of hand protection. 24
Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour None Hood Light Gambeson Leather Corslet Celtic Nasal/Guthlac Helm Additional Gear Weapons Shield Arrows (8) Leather combat gloves Waist-belt Bow Lance/Spear Javelins (4) Roundshield (on back whilst shooting) Arrows (12) Leather combat gloves Hip-quiver Bwa Gwaywffon Seax Javelins (6) None Padded leather mufflers Warbow/Selfbow Long knife Spear/Lance Cadfwyell Roundshield Rank at a Glance Saethydd Ysgafn represent light skirmishing troops, men experienced in using their bow in border skirmishes and raids, picking off occasional exposed enemies or attacking from ambush. These men were used to quick hit-and-run raids, rather than large battles, and would in such circumstances be reserved to a support role only. As these members may engage the enemy in direct combat after ambush/archery phases they should also carry javelins so that they can accompany their charges to close contact with a barrage of these missiles. When shooting their bow, these javelins should be held in the bow-hand and aligned with the stave of the bow. 25
Gwladwr Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour None Celtic Nasal Guthlac Helm Nasal/Skullcap Leather Corslet Light Gambeson Additional Gear Leather Combat Gloves Waist-belt Leather Combat Gloves Weapons Lance/Spear/Gwaywffon Gwaywffon Seax Javelins (6) None Padded Leather Mufflers Lance Cadfwyell Long Knife Shield Roundshield Roundshield None Rank at a Glance Gwladwr represent the bulk of the Welsh male population, farmers and craftsmen who turned their hand to war whenever the lord required. These members are not presenting soldiers so much as the Welsh equivalent of the levy. Without the infrastructure for training, they have more in common with the Anglo-Saxon fyrd, and as such an irregular ragged approach to formation is encouraged. It is heavily encouraged that members wishing to portray a Pedites Cambrensis impression frequently acquire themselves a gwaywffon and learn to employ it in the correct way rather than use a standard Normannis spear or lance. 26
Saethydd Herwr (A) Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Leather Corslet Leather Corslet Celtic Nasal Guthlac Helm Light Gambeson Skullcap/Nasal helm Additional Gear Weapons Leather Combat Gloves Waist-belt Bow Lance/Spear Javelins (4) Leather Combat Gloves Bwa Gwaywffon Seax Cadfwyell Javelins (6) Leather Mufflers Warbow/Selfbow Long knife Spear/Lance Cadfwyell Shield Roundshield Roundshield None Rank at a Glance Saethydd-Herwrs represent those members of Welsh society who augmented the wealth and agriculture of their settlement by raiding nearby settlements, either other hostile Welsh settlements or across the border in England. Such men were accustomed to hit-and-run warfare, and were versed in open-line, skirmish-style combat rather than distinct line-battles. The Saethydd addition to their name marks them specifically as the bowmen who fought in this manner, typically skirmishing around the edges of the main confrontation to send arrows into unprotected flanks or at lightly-armoured support troops. Such men valued speed and stealth over battlefield manoeuvre, and therefore much like the other low-rank Welsh, an irregular, ragged approach to formation is encouraged 27
Herwr Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Celtic Nasal Leather Corslet Additional Gear Weapons Leather Combat Gloves Waist-belt Lance/Spear Javelins (4) Light Gambeson Leather Corslet Celtic Nasal Guthlac Helm Leather Combat Gloves Gwaywffon Cadfwyell Langseax Javelins (6) Maille Corslet over Leather Jack Skullcap/Nasal helm None Long knife Seax Shield Roundshield Roundshield None Rank at a Glance Herwrs represent those members of Welsh society who augmented the wealth and agriculture of their settlement by raiding nearby settlements, either other hostile Welsh settlements or across the border in England. Such men were accustomed to hit-and-run warfare, and were well versed in open-line, skirmish-style combat rather than distinct line-battles. Such men valued speed and stealth over battlefield manoeuvre, and therefore much like other low-rank Welsh, an irregular ragged approach to formation is encouraged. 28
Saethydd (A) Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Additional Gear Weapons Shield Leather Corslet Celtic Nasal Arrows (12) Waist-belt Leather Combat Gloves Bow Javelins (4) Lance/Spear Roundshield (worn on back whilst shooting) Leather Jack over Light Gambeson Leather Corslet Celtic Nasal Guthlac Helm Arrow (18) Hip-quiver Leather Combat Gloves Bwa Javelins (6) Gwaywffon, Cadfwyell Langseax Roundshield (worn on back whilst shooting) Light Gambeson Nasal/Skullcap Helm Padded Leather Mufflers Warbow/Selfbow Seax/Long knife None Rank at a Glance Saethydd (bowmen) represent those men who, despite other occupations during harvest season and sowing season, spent most of their summers campaigning on behalf of their tribal chief. These men were famed and feared for their ability with the bow, breaking up enemy formations on the open field and killing off enemies silently from ambush on broken terrain. As these members may engage the enemy in direct combat after ambush/archery phases they should also carry javelins so that they can accompany their charges to close contact with a barrage of these missiles. When shooting their bow, these javelins should be held in the bow-hand and aligned with the stave of the bow. 29
Rhyfelwr Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Celtic Nasal Leather Corslet Additional Gear Leather Combat Gloves Waist-belt Celtic Nasal Guthlac Helm Maille Corslet over Leather Jack Leather combat gloves /Padded Leather Mufflers Gwaywffon, Cadfwyell Langseax Javelins (6) Leather Jack over Light Gambeson Skullcap/Nasal helm None Weapons Lance/Spear Javelins (4) Lance/Spear Long knife/seax (as secondary) Celtic Sword Shield Roundshield Roundshield Soldier s Kite Rank at a Glance The term Rhyfelwr was synonymous with warrior in medieval Wales. These men were the descendants of the Romano-Celtic tradition of warfare, with long singlehanded spears and broad shields being arrayed in close formations. Due to the hilly and broken terrain of Wales heavy armour had never risen to prominence for the average soldier, but thickened and hardened leather seems to have survived as a throwback to the Roman pattern laid down for auxiliary troops. These members represent the professional mass of Welsh armies, men who trained during spare time with wooden weapons and were well-versed in fighting either in loose sudden strikes or fixed shield-walls when the terrain suited. As such members should be well-drilled in the Cambrensis Pattern of attack. 30
Saethydd Teulu Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Leather Jack over Light Gambeson Celtic Nasal Leather Corselet over Light Gambeson Celtic Nasal Guthlac Helm Maille Corslet over Leather Jack Nasal/Skullcap Helm Additional Gear Arrows (12) Waist-belt Combat gloves Arrows/Quarrels (18) Hip-quiver Leather combat gloves Padded Leather Mufflers Weapons Shield Bow Javelins (4) Lance/Spear Roundshield (worn on back whilst shooting) Bwa Javelins (6) Gwaywffon Cadfwyell, Langseax Roundshield (worn on back whilst shooting) Warbow Seax/Long Knife (as secondary) Celtic Sword None Rank at a Glance These archers represent those members of armed retinues who chose to use the bow rather than the spear or sword, but in all other ways were warriors sworn to their lord s service. In Anglo-Norman England, these men would hold intrinsically lower status due to their choice of arms, but in Wales, where missiles and skirmish combat were as valued as infantry, it was simply considered a matter of preference. These members represent warriors of a Welsh magnate s household and as such should be well equipped, and skilled in both line combat and archery. 31
Rhingyll Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Leather Corslet over full gambeson Celtic/Nasal Helm Maille Corslet over Leather Jack Nasal Helm/Celtic Nasal Guthlac Helm Maille Corslet/Maille Haubergion over full gambeson Additional Gear Waist-belt Leather Combat Gloves Lance/Spear Javelins (4) Leather Combat Gloves Padded Mufflers (with full gambeson) Weapons Lance Long knife/seax (as Javelins (6) secondary) Celtic Sword Gwaywffon/Spear Langseax, Cadfwyell Dane-axe Sword Shield Roundshield Roundshield Soldier s Kite Rank at a Glance These men served a lord as his household in war and peace, having responsibilities within the teulu outside of combat. As either non-nobles, or young noble heirs working to earn recognition, these men often held duties equivalent to those performed by serjeants in Anglo-Norman familias. These members should seek to give an impression of men sworn to the services of their lord - their fortunes would be tied to his, and they would not only spend their time on campaign with him but also live within the same compound and be a constant companion. This rank may wear a Welsh cloak in battle to mark their rank. 32
Cadben o Saethydd (A)/Gwaywffon Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Leather Corslet over full gambeson Celtic/Nasal Helm Maille Corslet over Leather Jack Nasal Helm/Celtic Nasal Guthlac Helm Maille Corslet/Maille Haubergion over full gambeson Additional Gear Weapons Shield Waist-belt Leather Combat Gloves Sword Lance/Spear Bow (for Cadben o Saethydd) Roundshield (worn on back whilst shooting) Leather Combat Gloves Celtic Sword Lance Long knife (worn as secondary) Bwa (for Cadben o Saethydd) Transitional Kite (worn on back whilst shooting) Padded Mufflers (with full gambeson) Sword Cadfwyell Dane-axe Spear/Gwaywffon Seax (as secondary) Javelins (6) Roundshield (worn on back whilst shooting) Rank at a Glance 'Cadben' means Captain, and these men were the commanders of archers or footsoldiers serving a lord; they would lead both the llu archers and the members of the Prince/lord s retinue that were equipped with bows, or infantry who were not directly part of a lord's bodyguard. Despite Welsh writers often disdaining the bow as less heroic than the spear, period records show companies of Welsh bowmen in service with Richard I on campaign in France alongside Flemish crossbowmen, equally prized for their effectiveness. These members would be a part of the Lord s retinue, in peace serving as a captain and huntsman, and in war leading contingents of skirmishers. This rank may wear a Welsh cloak in battle to mark their rank. 33
Marchog Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Haubergion over full gambeson Nasal helm Early Hauberk with full gambeson under Leather Jack Nasal Helm/ Guthlac Helm Maille hauberk without ventail over full gambeson Additional Gear Weapons Leather Combat Gloves Waist-belt Sword Lance/Spear Padded Mufflers / Leather Combat Gloves Celtic Sword Lance Long knife (worn as secondary) None Sword Cadfwyell Dane-axe Spear/Gwaywffon Seax (as secondary) Shield Soldier s Kite Transitional Kite None Rank at a Glance These men were the Welsh equivalent of a knight, and fought in a distinctly similar fashion to their Norman counterparts, described in sources as both armoured and mounted for warfare. These men would demonstrate evidence of creeping Anglo-Saxon/Norman influence, such as the adoption of the kite shield and the use of maille hauberks in battle, but these should ideally be the late 11 th century styles (early hauberks, round-topped kite shields) to reflect the technological lag in Wales and the distrust of the heavier armour of Norman elites. This rank may wear a Welsh cloak in battle to mark their rank. 34
Uchelwr Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Early Hauberk over full gambeson Nasal Helm Leather Jack over Hauberk and full gambeson Nasal Helm Guthlac Helm Hauberk over full gambeson Half-chausses Additional Gear Leather Combat Gloves Waist-belt Lance/Spear Sword Padded Mufflers Leather Combat Gloves None Weapons Lance/Spear Celtic Sword, Sword Gwaywffon Dagger Dane-axe Shield Soldier s Kite Transitional Kite Knight s Kite Rank at a Glance These men were the Welsh equivalent of a lord, their name translating literally as nobleman. During Wales post-roman past there had been many small kingdoms even within a single region, ruled by petty kings. By the 12 th century, Welsh society and culture had developed a ruling elite from the warrior class that was still below the dignity of the Princes, but above the warriors of the teulu. Within Normannis Uchelwr is given to mean a Lord in much the same manner as it would within Norman lands, a man of status and authority but distinctly in service to a yet greater authority. These men would show distinct evidence of Anglo-Norman influence, due in large part to their regular contact with Anglo-Norman Marchers However, these should ideally be the early 12 th century styles (hauberks, round-topped kite shields) to reflect the technological lag in Wales. This rank may wear a Welsh cloak in battle to mark their rank. 35
Breyr Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Hauberk over full gambeson Nasal helm Leather Jack over Hauberk over full gambeson Nasal helm Guthlac Helm Late hauberk over full gambeson Expanded Nasal (Surcoat if full maille) Additional Gear Leather Combat Gloves Padded Mufflers Maille hose Maille Mufflers Half-chausses Weapons Lance/Spear Sword Lance/Spear Sword Dagger Welsh Hand-axe Gwaywffon Mace Shield Knight s Kite Knight s Kite Late Kite Rank at a Glance Within Normannis this term is used to refer to the lesser princes, those men with lands and rank, but distinctly not of the degree where they could command overall seniority of a force. Welsh military fashion for the social elite had begun to reflect Norman practises, not due to particular military considerations beyond the personal protection of the lord. These men would rarely be fighting for extended periods in the same skirmishing manner as their men, and as such the extra protection came without major drawback. Where these members meet the requirements for full maille they may wear a surcoat. Where they do not they may wear a cloak over their armour to mark their status. 36
Tywysog Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Hauberk over full gambeson Nasal helm Late hauberk over full gambeson Expanded Nasal/ Guthlac Helm (with nasal) (Surcoat) Faceplate helm, Nasal helm Leather Jack (over Hauberk) Additional Gear Leather Combat Gloves Maille Mufflers Maille hose Padded Mufflers Half-chausses Weapons Lance/Spear Sword Lance/Spear Sword Dagger Cadfwyell Gwaywffon Mace Shield Knight s Kite Late Kite Heater Shield Rank at a Glance These men were the regional leaders of Wales, usually responsible for their own subkingdom, but sometimes a rank used as an honorific for any major lord who was not the client of another. Gerald of Wales himself once disparagingly wrote that any man with more than a single farmstead can call himself a Prince in Wales, while the title actually implied a lord so high that he was not subject to anyone. As such, in real terms, Welsh princes were often on a par with Anglo-Norman Earls in terms of wealth and power, and the most powerful were often of such status that they were only below the King of England in dignity. These members lead Welsh forces, and as such should be very visibly in command, and wearing similar analogous kit to their Norman counterparts. This rank may wear a Welsh cloak in battle as a mark of rank if not wearing a surcoat. 37
Wargear Definitions And Regulations 38
Celtic Sword Celtic Sword R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog Celtic Sword Minimum Maximum Ideal Blade Length 26 32 28-30 Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 3 rounded 2008 issue 10p Overview Swords represent the pinnacle of 12 th century weapon prestige, and as such should be very well maintained - the blades and fittings featuring no tarnishing or rust, with no notable dents or nicks in the sword edge (these should be smoothed away) and with a well maintained leather-wrapped or bare wooden grip. When selecting a sword, most members should look at the ideal lengths, however, as weapons should always be in proportion to the owner, particularly short or tall members should look at the minimum and maximum lengths. These sword should feature a single fuller running either the length of the blade or 2/3rds of the length of the blade. These swords can be slung from split sword-belts, or slung from shoulder-baldrics or waist belts with suspension loops. 39
When selecting a sword, please refer to the sword table below The pommels have been assigned letters (A-E) and the five predominant forms of crosses numbers (1-5). The intention is that the crosses represent bars of steel without additional embellishment or notable design features. Other styles were present, but these are significantly rarer and should be discussed with the Constabulary. The given letter-number combinations represent finished swords - so A3 would be a trilobe pommel with a wide, narrow cross. Period Dateline Ideal Rank A1 Unknown in Wales Unknown in Wales A2 Unknown in Wales Unknown in Wales A3 Unknown in Wales Unknown in Wales A4 Unknown in Wales Unknown in Wales A5 Unknown in Wales Unknown in Wales B1 Early 11 th century Spearman B2 Mid 11 th -12 th century Spearman -Teulu B3 Late Late 12 th -Early 13 th century Uchelwyr-Uchelwyr Mawr B4 Early 11 th century Uchelwyr B5 Late Late 12 th -Early 13 th century Uchelwyr-Uchelwyr Mawr C1 Early 11 th century Spearman C2 Mid 11 th -12 th century Spearman -Teulu C3 Mid 11 th -12 th century Spearman -Uchelwyr Mawr C4 Early 11 th century Spearman C5 Mid 11 th -12 th century Spearman -Uchelwyr Mawr D1 9 th century TOO EARLY FOR USE D2 Early 11 th century Spearman D3 Mid 11 th -12 th century Spearman -Uchelwyr Mawr D4 9 th century TOO EARLY FOR USE D5 Mid 11 th -12 th century Spearman -Uchelwyr Mawr E1 9 th century TOO EARLY FOR USE E2 Mid 11 th -12 th century Spearman E3 Early 11 th century Spearman -Uchelwyr Mawr E4 Mid 11 th -12 th century Spearman -Teulu E5 Mid 11 th -12 th century Spearman -Uchelwyr Mawr 40
Seax Seax R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog Seax Minimum Maximum Ideal Blade Length 6 18 16 Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 1 rounded 2008 issue 10p Overview Seaxes, either in their rounded form, or the more classic broken-back triangular form, remained common in Welsh artistic depiction until the beginning of the 13 th century. These may be mounted with wooden, bone or antler hilts. These weapons conform to the same basic measurements and restrictions as the long-knife, but conform to a different blade profile. Care should be taken to ensure that the rear point is rounded to acceptable proportions as well as the point of the weapon. Knives, like all blades, must be accompanied by a scabbard - either a leather scabbard with a semi-rigid 'back-seam' or a leather covered wooden scabbard. 41
Langseax Langseax R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog Langseax Minimum Maximum Ideal Blade Length 18 22 20 Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 3 rounded 2008 issue 10p Overview A Langseax is a Germanic/Scandinavian weapon comprising a long, triangular section blade, sharpened along the flat edge, with a hilt without pommel or cross. These weapons served a similar function to the Proto-Falchion, but were distinctly Anglo-Scandinavian in origin, and depicted in a 12 th century illustration of a Welsh spearman from the late 12 th century. Presumably it remained in use in Wales until supplanted by the Falchion in the mid-13 th century. These weapons should feature a blade that conforms to standard sword regulations, with a single fuller running along the spine of the blade. The hilt may be made of wood, bone or antler and be between 6-8 inches in length. The weapon should feature an accompanying scabbard of leather, sewn down the spine side (to prevent the stitches being cut when the weapon was sharp), which should be suspended vertically from the waist-belt by a pair of leather loops. 42
Cadfwyell Cadfwyell R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog Hand-axe Minimum Maximum Ideal Length Fingertips-Elbow Fingertips-Armpit Wrist-Armpit Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 2008 issue 10p 2008 issue 1p Overview Welsh hand-axes conformed to the two classic Saxon forms - either hooked, bearded heads, or flaring wedge-shaped heads. The Welsh did not adopt the crescent axe popular in Norman lands until the end of the 13 th century, when military influence was more keenly felt under Edward I. These heads should be mounted on a suitable ash, oak or rosewood haft, or less preferably, redwood or solid pine. These shafts should be suitably planed to disguise modern manufacture- and the head may be wedged into place (preferable) or riveted to prevent it loosening (less preferable). These axes may additionally feature a leather collar and/or a leather lanyard passing through a hole in the bottom of the haft. 43
Gwaywffon Gwaywffon R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog One-Handed Spear Minimum Maximum Ideal Overall Length 1 taller than user Top of user s Top of user s upstretched arm upstretched arm Point Profile Widened/flattened Blobbed Blobbed Overview This traditional Welsh weapon is neither a single-handed nor two-handed spear exclusively. Rather, it is designed to be used interchangeably. Members who wish to do so will need to ensure they have been tested and passed by their local Constable. The Gwaywffon is ideally used in two hands whilst gripping a roundshield in the left, in the classic Normannis manner, or used single-handed with excess length below the hand as a lance. All such spears should be marked with a broad red band around their butt to clearly show they are not Normannis-standard weapons, and can only be used at standard displays when they are suitable as a Lance or Spear for the user according to the standard regulations. For preference these spears should be as light as possible, with narrow lance-like hafts and small, light heads. Where possible ash should be used to ensure a light but durable weapon. 44
Bwa Bwa R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog Welsh Bwa Minimum Maximum Poundage 20lb 25lb Length Armpit-to-ground Nose-to-ground Overview Welsh bows are specifically described by Gerald of Wales. Far from the presumed longbows of the 13 th -14 th century, these bows conform to the size of self-bows (ground to shoulder) and were roughly hewn worked with knots and aspects of the branch. Despite their rough appearance, these bows appear to have been very powerful, with numerous anecdotes about their penetrative ability (e.g. accounts of an arrow from a Welsh bow penetrating a wooden door the thickness of a man's palm etc.), and this seems to stem from using a whole sapling with all of the meanders of the wood worked in, rather than excluded from, the finished bow. These bows should be roughly D-shaped in section, with the flat section of the bow on the outside of the stave and a leather grip placed in the centre of the bow s draw (which may not be the precise centre of the bow, due to their construction). 45
Javelins Javelins R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog Javelin Minimum Maximum Overall Length 3 5 Point Profile Black-Head blunt Red-Head blunt Overview Javelins consist of a dowel with a slight rake away from the head. These items should be as light as possible, with a red-head or black-head blunt to prevent injury. These items may feature a small leather collar to add weight to the leading end. These weapons should be thrown in a dart-like manner gripped around 2/3rds of the length down to provide enough weight to carry the javelin forward. Members taking part in Pedites Cambrensis shows regularly are encouraged to train in the effective and accurate use of the javelin. These items should be clearly painted with the markings of the region and marked with a unique group burn mark to prevent confusion and loss on the Encampment. 46
Roundshield Roundshield R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog Shields Minimum Maximum Ideal Diameter 24 30 28 *Please note- where stated as required (R) these shields are the required minimum in a scale that runs: roundshield, soldier s kite, knight s kite. Overview A roundshield may be between 24 and 30 in diameter, and either flat or domed in section. These shields must feature a central boss or umbo with a grip bar riveted to the back - this may be of iron or more preferably, wood. As with all shields these should be scored in the direction of the grain to indicate planking, and faced in canvas or suitably heavy-grade fabric, stiffened with glue before painting. A poly-urethane spray varnish with a silk finish may be applied to seal the shield- such sprays should be applied in careful even coats so as not to appear sprayed. Spearmen/Polearmsmen may sling their shield across their back to allow free movement, or may sling their shield across their front and using the leather back strap to guide the shield, use it in conjunction with a two-handed pole arm. This is provided they keep two hands on the weapon throughout combat, and the shield is not slung across the throat. 47
Painting Welsh Shields Like Scots shields, members may pick their own variation from the allowable designs below, unless the group leader has stipulated the Welsh variation for a group in consultation with the Head of Wales. Normannis Welsh shields should portray the colours of their cell-group, or the country s colours (red and white). The designs may be simple geometric patterns (cross, swirled cross, diagonal banding, four-pointed sunburst around the boss, etc.), or more rarely, zoomorphic or celtic knotwork designs. Crosses are given distinct preference as Wales was a distinctly Christian nation and had been for some time prior to the Saxon invasion. As such the cross had become a popular symbol both in day-to-day life and warfare. Zoomorphic designs may be one of the three popular charges to celtic shieldswolves, stags or eagles. These should be distinctly rarer than the geometric charges, and should only be carried by Spearmen and Teulu. Knotwork should usually take the form of crosses - these should not be overly elaborate, but can feature distinct celtic styling. Below a shield is given in Lampeter colours that typifies this type of design. Note: As of the 2016/17 Season, members portraying T1-3 may have a shield design from one of four unique patterns granted to each group to aid in group identification and cohesion, while maintaining the variety of roundshields initially intended. Upon passing their cadre for T4, members may request a unique roundshield design if they so wish. 48
Guthlac Helm Celtic Nasal R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog Overview The Guthlac helm is a distinct design depicted on the early 13 th century Guthlac Rolls. The helmet features rounded sides but a distinctly flatter top, with a broad band around the lower brim- this may be in a contrasting metal for decoration or for reinforcement; when worn by members below T6 it is suggested that this band be of iron or steel and stamped with decoration, and for higher ranks (T7-9) be formed of brass alloys to fill a more decorative function. The helmet is depicted as both with and without a nasal, and as such, this is not considered its defining characteristic. The helm is made of a single piece construction (there is no sign of welds or rivets) and the design matches closely to pre-roman helmets found across Europe, suggesting that the design itself may have evolved from a distinct Celtic root. 49
Celtic Nasal Celtic Nasal R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog Overview This term describes a helm of distinctly earlier period form that existed in Britain prior to the Norman invasion. The two main differences between these forms of helm and a standard Normannis nasal are shown in the diagram below- either cut out shapes over the brows of the helm in the earlier Scandinavian style, or attached hinged ear-flaps. These ear-flaps may be made of steel or boiled leather. A boiled leather or maille aventail (rear curtain/flap defending the back of the neck) may be attached to the rear of helms for those members wearing corselets without integrated coifs. Please note the forms of helm shown - not all forms of ear-flapped helms are acceptable (such as the Anglo-Saxon pattern Coppergate helm). 50
Leather Armour Leather Armour in General Armour, like weapons, was an expensive and prestigious asset in the 12 th century world and should always be treated and presented as such. Soldiers would trust their lives to their armour s ability to stop blows, and therefore all equipment should be kept in an excellent condition, oiled and repaired. Leather Corslet Leather Corslet R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog Overview A sleeveless breastplate of thick (3mm or above) semi-rigid leather. The corslet should be made from two panels with seams located down the sides and at the shoulders. The garment should cover from the shoulders to the upper thigh, preferably in vegetable or mid-brown tans, and may feature side-venting. The corslet may feature lacings down the left or right side for ease of removal. These items should be made to fit closely and well, with ease of movement and real protective value considered during construction. This armour is counted as an additional hit to the area it covers (the front and back of the torso), in addition to their base-layer of armour. 51
Leather Jack Leather Jack R I A U Heliwr (A) Saethydd Ysgafn (A) Gwladwr Saethydd Herwr (A) Herwr Saethydd (A) Rhyfelwr Saethydd Teulu (A) Rhingyll Cadben o Saethydd (A) Cadben o Gwaywffon Marchog Uchelwyr Breyr Twysog Overview Leather jacks would be worn in period as much as a measure against weather as a practical form of armour. Where specified these items are listed as allowable, they may be worn over maille or padding, or as armour in their own right. Leather jacks are, when made correctly, considered to be the equivalent of padded armour and therefore allow the member a single additional hit to their allowance when worn as independent armour. Such garments must be constructed from flexible leather of at least 1.5-2mm in thickness and should cover the arms to the elbow and from the neck to the knee. They should follow the rough pattern for a tunic, being pulled on over the head without split fronts or sides. Members portraying Uchelwr and Marchog may wear such items over their maille, as a weather-proof layer that would serve a similar role to a Norman surcoat, a reasonable measure in the British Isles. 52