Catholic Queen, Protestant Patriarchy

Catholic Queen, Protestant Patriarchy

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Catholic Queen, Protestant Patriarchy Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Politics of Gender and Religion Kristen Post Walton Assistant Professor, Salisbury University

Kristen Post Walton 2007 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-1-4039-8835-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-54208-6 ISBN 978-0-230-28595-8 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230285958 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Walton, Kristen Post, 1969 Catholic queen, Protestant patriarchy : Mary, Queen of Scots, and the politics of gender and religion / by Kristen Post Walton. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. 1. Mary, Queen of Scots, 1542 1587. 2. Scotland History Mary Stuart, 1542 1567. 3. Queens Scotland Biography. 4. Women in politics Scotland. I. Title. DA787.A1W35 2007 941.105092 dc22 [B] 2006048538 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07

This work is dedicated to Barbara and Edmund Walton for years of support, both financial and emotional, and Matthew and Rachel Rubin for reminding me that there are more important things in life

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Contents List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations viii ix xii Introduction 1 1 Mary s Return: the State of Scotland, 1558 1562 14 2 The English Succession Crisis and Debates about 49 Mary Stewart: Law, National Identity, Citizenship and the Queen s Two Bodies 3 From Return to Deposition: Mary, Darnley and 89 Scotland, 1562 1567 4 A Queen Undone: Justifications of Deposition, 140 Resistance and Imprisonment 5 Conclusion 173 Notes 178 Select Bibliography 196 Index 214 vii

List of Figures and Tables Figure 1.1 Depiction of John Knox and Christopher 43 Goodman trumpeting to the queens, in Peter Frarinus, An oration against the unlawfull insurrections of the Protestantes (1566), No. 8313, shelfmark C.37.d.47. Reproduced by permission of the British Library. Figure 2.1 Mary Queen of Scots descent from Henry VII 52 Figure 3.1 The murder of Henry, Lord Darnley, 136 MPF 1/366 (1). Reproduced by permission of the National Archives. Table 2.1 Succession crisis pamphlets 55 viii

Acknowledgements This project has taken many years and has been the work of many people besides myself. I owe debts of gratitude to many people. This book began as a graduate school dissertation, and I would be neglecting the heart and soul of the work if I did not thank the faculty, staff, and fellow students of the history department at the University of Wisconsin Madison. I am particularly grateful to Professor Johann Sommerville. He was my guide and my mentor throughout graduate school and without his assistance this project would never have begun, much less ever reached completion. I am thankful that I was lucky enough to work under the guidance of a group of wonderful scholars for the duration of my time in Madison. The other faculty members at Wisconsin who also proved invaluable during this project include Robert Kingdon who operated as a second adviser to me, and I have been very lucky to benefit from his guidance. Professors William Courtenay and Suzanne Desan also worked with me throughout my years as a graduate student and gave excellent insights into making this a better project. Wisconsin was a special place to learn about history, made even more special by colleagues such as Chip Landrum, who has helped to guide me through every step of the project, and Sarah Marcus whose encouragement has been legendary. Karen Spierling has been a rock who assisted me with the first drafts, the proposal, and the final revisions. Thank you. I would also like to thank Michael Strang, Ruth Ireland, Jo North (whose editorial eye is exceptional) and everyone else at Palgrave Macmillan. Each of you has contributed to helping me find the shape of this project and defining it as a book. For that I am grateful. I also would like to thank my colleagues at Salisbury University for their assistance in this difficult stage of turning a dissertation meant for a small committee into a book. Emotional and financial support were both important, as well as a very helpful course release to allow me to finish my revisions. For that, I particularly need to thank the chair of the history department, Maarten Pereboom, and our dean of the school of liberal arts, Tim O Rourke. Mia Vye is a trooper for organizing my schedule for research and giving me constant support. The regular advice of Tom Moriarty, Melanie Perreault and Mike Lewis has also been invaluable. Sam Gibson helped on technical difficulties with the ix

x Acknowledgements images. In addition, the students at Salisbury are wonderful and insightful. Thanks as well to my graduate class and my Early Modern Women seminar in 2005, which each read and commented on aspects of this book, and my Scottish history classes in 2003 and 2005. My research could never have been accomplished without the assistance of the archivists at the British Library, the National Archives, Lambeth Palace, the House of Lords Records Office, the Warwickshire Records Office, and the National Library of Scotland who were helpful at all times. Most of all, though, in Britain, the archivists at both the Bodleian and Cambridge University Libraries went out of their way to assist me and to locate manuscripts that were less readily available. For this I thank them profusely. The Institute for Historical Research in London is a wonderful resource for any scholar, and the seminars I attended there were extremely thought provoking. I am also indebted to the University of Warwick for granting me a research fellowship during the 1998 9 academic year, which allowed me to concentrate exclusively on my research in England. Professor Bernard Capp assisted me as adviser during that year. Finally, for my overseas research, I am indebted to the children with disabilities team at the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea s Department of Social Services, for offering me a part-time job while I was engaged in my research and allowing me to spend an extra year in the United Kingdom. In the United States, I am particularly grateful to the Folger Library and in particular Owen Williams and the entire group that worked with the NEH seminar in 2003 that was run by Lori Ann Farrell and David Cressy. Illustrations appear courtesy of the National Archives (front cover: Sketch of Mary Queen of Scots as a mermaid, a symbol of prostitution (1567), SP 52/13, No. 60; and Figure 3.1: The murder of Henry, Lord Darnley (1567), MPF 1/366(1)) and the British Library (Figure 1.1: Petrus Frarinus, Knox and Goodman Trumpeting, in An Oration Against the Unlawfull Insurrection of the Protestantes (1566), No. 8313, shelfmark C.37.d.47). Many aspects of this book have been presented as papers at a variety of conferences, and I have been honoured to discuss aspects of the work with some great scholars. Arthur Williamson, Carole Levin, Norman Jones, Sarah Hanley, Ed Furgol and John Guy have been particularly supportive of my work at various points. Brad Gregory gave some great advice as I worked out the title. In addition, I need to thank the many people who attended my panels and asked important questions and helped me to hone into some of the major themes in the book. David Stevenson and Norman MacDougall helped to spark my

Acknowledgements xi original love of Scottish history at the University of St Andrews in the early 1990s, and Dale Hoak cemented that love as an adviser and friend throughout the past fifteen years. Finally, I would like to thank my family. My parents have been with me every step of the way, emotionally, fiscally, and by giving their unending support. Southy and Allan remind me regularly how lucky I am to be doing what I do, and I am grateful to them for all of their assistance through the years. I also have the greatest extended family: Betsy and Joe Falconi deserve thanks for watching McCartney while I was overseas and for their general good wishes and support. Marge and Carl Abbott have always assisted by listening and guiding me through each level of this process, and Rick and Jen Post have always given me total encouragement. Sammy and Chele have given me all the support of true family. Finally I must thank Matthew and Rachel Rubin for bringing a new light in my life and for reminding me to appreciate the little things. The people who have been involved in this work have added greatly to it in many ways. The mistakes, of course, are my own.

List of Abbreviations All dates in this work are in the New Style, unless they are included in an original piece of text, including citations. Quotations have been copied directly from the source and have not been modernized, except where the original phraseology was too difficult for the modern reader. Any changes to an original quotation are noted in the text. BL British Library CSP Domestic Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the 1547 80 Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, 1547 1580, preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty s Public Record Office. Ed. by Robert Lemon, esq. London: Her Majesty s Stationery Office, 1856. CSP Domestic EI Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1601 1603, With Addenda, 1547 1565, preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty s Public Record Office. V. 6. Ed. by Mary Anne Everett Green (London: Her Majesty s Stationery Office, 1870). CSP Domestic Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, Addenda Addenda of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1565 1579, preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty s Public Record Office. Ed. by Robert Lemon (London, 1871) CSP Foreign Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1561 1572, preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty s Public Records Office. V. 4. Ed. by Joseph Stephenson, M.A. (London, 1861 1954). CSP Rome Calendar of State Papers, relating to English affairs, preserved principally at Rome, in the Vatican Archives and Library. V. I. Elizabeth, 1558 1571. Ed. by J. M. Rigg (London, 1916). CSP Scotland Calendar of the State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, 1547 1603, preserved in the Public Record Office, the British Museum, and elsewhere in England (Edinburgh, 1898 1969).

List of Abbreviations xiii CSP Spanish CSP Venice EHR MS(S) TNA NLS STC SP Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas, Vol. I: Elizabeth, 1558 1567, ed. by Martin Hume (London: Her Majesty s Stationery Office, 1892). Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, relating to English affairs, existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice, ed. by R. Brown et al. (London, 1867 97). English Historical Review Manuscript(s) The National Archives, London (previously the Public Records Office) National Library of Scotland Pollard, A. W. and G. R. Redgrave, ed., A Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland and Ireland, 1473 1640. London, 1926. State Papers