DEMOCRATIC ROYALISM
STUDIES IN MODERN HISTORY General Editor: J. C. D. Clark, Joyce and Elizabeth Hall Distinguished Professor of British History, University of Kansas Published titles include: Doron Ben-Atar THE ORIGINS OF JEFFERSONIAN COMMERCIAL POLICY AND DIPLOMACY Conal Condren THE LANGUAGE OF POLITICAL THEORY IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND William M. Kuhn DEMOCRATIC ROYALISM: The Transfonnation of the British Monarchy, 1861-1914 C. D. A. Leighton CATHOLICISM IN A PROTESTANT KINGDOM: A Study of the Irish Ancien Regime Cecilia Miller GIAMBATTISTA VICO: Imagination and Historical Knowledge Marjorie Morgan MANNERS, MORALS AND CLASS IN ENGLAND, 1774--1858 W. D. Rubinstein A HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD: Great Britain Jim Smyth THE MEN OF NO PROPERTY: Irish Radicals and Popular Politics in the Late Eighteenth Century
Democratic Royalism The Transformation of the British ~ o n a r c h y, 1 8 6 1-1 9 1 4 William M. Kuhn Assistant Professor of History Carthage College Wisconsin palgrave
William M. Kuhn 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 978-0-333-65813-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 P 1 LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin's Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-39764-8 ISBN 978-0-230-37566-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230375666 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Transferred to digital printing 2001
For Albert J. Kuhn and in memory of Roberta Marshall Kuhn
Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction viii ix xi 1 1 Walter Bagehot: Male Efficiency and Female Dignity 15 2 William Ewart Gladstone: National Acts of Religion 32 3 Lord Esher: Empire Theater 57 4 Randall Davidson: Quietness, Compromise, Comprehension 82 5 The Duke of Norfolk: Authenticity, Eccentricity, Absurdity 112 Conclusion 140 Notes 144 Bibliography 163 Index 172 vii
List of Illustrations 1. King George III at St Paul's in 1789, The Illustrated London News, 24 Feb. 1872, 184. 2. 'The Crowd Illuminated', The Graphic, 6 Mar. 1872, 19. 3. 'The Thanksgiving Day: A Rough Comer', The Illustrated London News, 9 Mar. 1872, 240. 4. Rehearsal for the Diamond Jubilee in front of St Paul's, The Illustrated London News, 19 Jun. 1897, 839. 5. Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Thanksgiving Service in front of St Paul's Cathedral, 22 Jun. 1897, The Royal Archives. 6. The Nave, Westminster Abbey, arranged for the Coronation of King Edward VII, 1902, The Royal Archives. 7. Davidson's sketch of Divine Service at Osborne, 1883, Lambeth Palace Library. 8. Queen Victoria's Funeral Procession through London, January 1901, The Royal Archives. 9. 'His Majesty assisting Dr Temple to rise from his knees after paying fealty', The Illustrated London News, 16 Aug. 1902, 235. 10. F. Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury, R. Davidson, Bishop of Winchester, and W. Maclagan, Archbishop of York, 1902, The Royal Archives. 11. Procession in Whitehall to the Lying in State of King Edward VII, The Illustrated London News, 21 May 1910, 778. 12. Lying in State of King Edward VII, Westminster Hall, The Illustrated London News, 21 May 1910. 13. Lying in State of King Edward VII, Westminster Hall, May 1910, The Royal Archives. 14. 'Bouverie King of Arms', Punch, 25 Jun. 1902, 455. 15. 'Mr Punch holding a Court of Overflow Claims', Punch, 25 Jun. 1902, 455. viii
Acknowledgements I would like to thank Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II for gracious permission to use material and reproduce photographs from the Royal Archives at Windsor. For allowing me to consult papers held privately or to quote from documents of which they own the copyright, I would like to thank Viscount Esher, Sir William Gladstone, David McGill on behalf of The Economist, His Grace the Duke of Norfolk and the Marquess of Salisbury. For permission to reproduce photographs, my thanks to His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, The Illustrated London News Picture Library and the Punch Library.. For facilities to see manuscripts in their care, I am equally grateful to the following individuals and institutions: the Bodleian Library, the Trustees of the British Library, the Master and Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge, the Guildhall Library, Kent Record Office, the Trustees of Lambeth Palace Library, the Public Record Office, Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University and the Library of Westminster Abbey. The resources and atmosphere of a number of other libraries contributed to the completion of this work and the calm of its author. I would like to thank the staffs of the Milton S. Eisenhower Library at Johns Hopkins, the Library of Congress, the Institute of Historical Research at the University of London and the London Library. This book is a revised version of a doctoral dissertation, which itself began as a BA paper. Financial support for research and revision came from a number of sources, above all from my parents, but also from a Frederic C. Lane Fellowship and from the Atlantic Committee at Johns Hopkins, from a fellowship in Western European Studies awarded by the Social Science Research Council, from the National Endowment for the Humanities, and from the Quality of Life Committee as well as Dean Donald Michie at Carthage. My undergraduate teachers at Chicago were models of enthusiasm and encouragement. I would like to thank Bernard S. Cohn, Mark Kishlansky and Diana Postlethwaite. In graduate school, Robert Forster, John Higham, J. G. A. Pocock and Katherine Verdery all gave me much useful advice. Of all my teachers, my greatest debt is to David Spring. He supervised my thesis, read patiently through many drafts, gave careful criticism and sustained the project over many years. A number of other scholars and experts read the manuscript or were ix
x Acknowledgements generous with their advice. In particular I would like to thank Richard Altick, Walter Arnstein, Vernon Bogdanor, John Burrow, Jonathan Clark, Pamela Clark, Joseph Hamburger, Philip Hicks, Marilyn Morris, Thomas Noer, Katherine Penovich, Richard Price, John Martin Robinson, Kenneth Rose and James Sack. Peter Stansky deserves a special mention for help above and beyond the call of duty. For satire, sympathy, skepticism and coffee, warm thanks to Sheila de Bellaigue, Allison Derrett, Frances Dimond, Maude Ebume, Megan Gent, Jenny Hurley, Jill Kelsey, Julia Melvin, Elizabeth Pearce, Helen Taylor and Pat West. Other British friends put me up and put up with me. I would like to thank Jonathan Boardman, Jane Bond, George Dickson and Michael Holland. Fritz Kohn made republican remarks on the progress and Jane Graham supported, assisted and cajoled at nearly every step along the way. For any good ideas in this book, these people are responsible; the rest is unmistakably my own. My greatest debt is acknowledged in the dedication. WILLIAM M. KUHN
List of Abbreviations The following abbreviations and short forms appear in the notes: AC Add Bell BL CAB DP EM ESHR G&G GD Gleanings HHM HJ J&L LC Lees-Milne LQV Notebook Arundel Castle Additional Manuscripts, British Library Bell, George K. A., Randall Davidson: Archbishop of Canterbury, 3rd edn,.london, 1952. British Library Cabinet Letters to the Crown, Public Record Office Randall Davidson, First Lord Davidson of Lambeth Papers, Lambeth Palace Library Earl Marshal Papers, Arundel Castle Reginald Brett, Second Viscount Esher Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge The Political Correspondence of Mr Gladstone and Lord Granville 1868-76, edited by Agatha Ramm, Camden 3rd ser., vols 81-2, London, 1952. The Gladstone Diaries, 1825-39, edited by M. R. D. Foot, 2 vols, 1840-54, edited by M. R. D. Foot and H. C. G. Matthew, 2 vols, 1855-96, edited by H. C. G. Matthew, 10 vols, Oxford, 1968-94. Gladstone, William E., Gleanings of Past Years, 1875-78, 7 vols, New York, 1879. Hatfield House Muniments Historical Journal Journals and Letters of Reginald Viscount Esher, edited by Maurice V. Brett and Oliver, 3rd Viscount Esher, 4 vols, London, 1934-38. Lord Chamberlain Papers, Public Record Office Lees-Milne, James, The Enigmatic Edwardian: The Life of Reginald 2nd Viscount Esher, London, 1986. The Letters of Queen Victoria, 1837-1861, edited by Arthur C. Benson and Viscount Esher, 1st ser., 3 vols, London, 1907.1862-85, edited by George E. Buckle, 2nd ser., 3 vols, London, 1926-28. 1886-1901, edited by George E. Buckle, 3rd ser., 3 vols, London, 1930-32. Norfolk, Gwendolen, duchess of, A Duke of Noifolk Notebook, London, 1917. xi
xii PD PRO Q&G RA Robinson T WAM WORK Works List of Abbreviations Parliamentary Debates, Hansard Public Record Office Guedalla, Philip, The Queen and Mr Gladstone, 2 vols, 1934, reprint (2 vols in 1), London, 1969. Royal Archives, Windsor Castle Robinson, John Martin, The Dukes of Norfolk, Oxford, 1983. Treasury Papers, Public Record Office Westminster Abbey Muniments Office of Works Papers, Public Record Office The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot, edited by Norman St John-Stevas, 15 vols, London, 1965-86.