The Implications of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in Production cost for Marine water small-scale fisheries: A Case Study of Mafia Island, Mainland Tanzania. Upendo Hamidu, Fatma Sobo and Lilian Ibengwe Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Fisheries Development Division Po.Box 9152 Dar es- Salaam Tanzania Presented at IIFET 2016 Aberdeen Scotland Conference
Presentation Outline Introduction Overview of IUU in Marine Territorial waters of Tanzania Challenges of the IUU Results Discussions Conclusions and Recommendations
Overview of Tanzania Fisheries Sector Lake Victoria- 51% Lake Tanganyika 41 % Lake Nyassa- 20 % Coastline of 1424 km long ; EEZ -223,000 km2; Diverse river system; and Numerous wetlands;
Social and economic Importance of Fisheries Sector Fisheries sector Economic sub sector Livelihoods Food security Foreign exchange Revenue collection Income generation Employment
Social and economic Importance of Fisheries Sector
Marine artisanal sub-sector Economic subsector Food Security - >9 million people Employment (more than 54,511 full time fishers Foreign exchange for commercial species Octopus, prawns, tuna, crabs and lobsters Accounts for 100% of the landings in the marine waters
Mafia Island One of the districts in Coast Region The population is 46,438 It is a premier fishing ground in Tanzania Rich in marine biodiversity, 350 species of fish More than 749 and migrant fishers coming in 1000 small fish buyers every season Fish Production is 3,325.74 kgs and 75% of Councils revenue accrued from Fisheries
Mafia Island km long and 17 km wide The majority of the people are poor Attracted fishers from other parts of Tanzania since the 1960s Supports 7,108 people 6020 full time fishers, 958 fisheries related One of the IUU hotspot (MCS Centre) Mafia Marine Park Most of the fish harvested sold outside the Island (Ferry)
FISHING UNITS MARINE Fishers without vessel/subsistence Non-motorized dugout/planked canoes Motorized small canoes (<10 meter) Motorized Large canoes/artisanal vessels (>10 meter) Fishing Production Cost Annual Production cost (exclusive Labour, Capital, Tax) per vessel Fishing gears - SP- hand traps, SN and HL servicing, ice, fishing gears- SP, TRP, GN, BS and HL with replacement cost for maintaining sail cloth & vessels. Fuel, food servicing, ice, fishing gears- SP, TRP, RN,LN, SH, BS, GN fuel, servicing charges, ice, fishing-like RN, LN, SH, BS, food, service charges for running generators and lamps; cost of buying Generators (KV6/KV4); replacement cost of fishing gears (RN and SH ) and cost of fuel and foods (5 days)
Tanzania fishery (marine ) - Open access Challenges - Tanzania fishery Lack of human, material and physical resources of central regional and LGAs lead to little monitoring, control for effective management which attribute the continued occurrence of IUU Increased No. of fishers, High Fishing pressure, Competition and poverty contribute to IUU Artisanal Fish offshore without assurance, small boats, post harvest losses Catches are declining and an increase in fishing effort will not result in increased catches. Inadequate Alternative Income Generating Activities Negative implications on biological, economical and environmental
Challenges - Tanzania fishery cont. The sustainability of small-scale fisheries in Tanzania is depending on the integrity of marine and coastal ecosystems and the abundance of fishery resources. competition for fish in small scale fishing grounds due to increase in human population has brought about conflicts amongst small-scale fishers. Resulted in reduced economic returns from fishing operations Threat to the livelihood security of small-scale fishers. Many small-scale fishers have resorted to the use of illegal fishing gears and methods Despite of the implementation of the existing management measures in the country, still there is a prevalence of (IUU) fishing.
Objective of the study This study aimed at assessing the implication of IUU fishing in the production cost for small scale fishing in Mafia Islands Specific objectives include Analyse the production costs of small scale fishers at Mafia Island Analyse the impact of IUU fishing in small scale fishing in Mafia island
Methodolgy Data collection Interview conducted to potential stakeholders to find out the availability of IUU gears and methods, causes and consequences of IUU Four classifications of fishing units were identified for the Marine Small Scale Fisheries Estimation of Production Cost = Sum of all operating cost (fees, licenses, fuel, maintenance and repair cost) Data analyzed in Excel sheet 2009 and OriginPro.8.5
RESULTS
IUU fishing in Marine waters In the context Tanzania small scale fisheries implies the use of Dynamites/blast, beach seines, small mesh sized gears, poison, ring nets and spears
IUU gears and methods/ Causes of IUU Percentages level of detrimental of IUU Gears and methods 14.68% 10.26% Dynamite Beach seine Ringnets Poison Spears 10.26% 61.89% 2.92%
What respondents think of IUU fishing (%) % Contibution of the IUU impacts in Mafia districts Lead to local fish depletion Leads to poverty Affects fish marketing; Contribute to eccessive fishing effort; Creates unfair competiton loss of life and body organs Increase Production Cost 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Production cost 14000 Trend of Increase of Production Cost per Fishing Unit 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Fishers without vessel/subsistence fisheries Non-motorized dugout/planked canoes Motorized small canoes (<10 meter) Motorized Large canoes/artisanal vessels (>10 meter) 2009 2012 2015
Year Year Year Year %Increase in Production costs by Fishing unit Percentage increase of Production cost per Fishing Unit Fishers without vessel/subsistence fisheries Non-motorized dugout/planked canoes 2015 2015 2012 2012 2009 2009 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 Fishing unit (Number) Fishing unit (Number) Motorized small canoes (<10 meter) Motorized Large canoes/artisanal vessels (>10 meter) 2015 2015 2012 2012 2009 2009 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Fishing unit (Number) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Fishing unit (Number)
Conclusions and recommendations IUU fishing is a secondary factor for an increased production costs to fishers Dynamite/ blast feeding is responsible for marine environment destruction hence has a direct impact on the production cost If proper planning is not done to address blast fishing then communities in Mafia island will continue to be in the midst f poverty Promotion of AIGA, Strengthening of BMUs and MCS centers is Crucial Expansion of MPRU is recommended Coral reef transplanting program is also crucial Gear exchange program is also very crucial.
Acknowledgement: NEPAD WIOMSA UNU-FTP THANKS FOR YOUR LISTENINGS