Invasive Fishes in the Aral Sea basin, arid Central Asia

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Invasive Fishes in the Aral Sea basin, arid Central Asia Ernest Khurshut Uzbekistan http://uznix.narod.ru

Aral Sea basin Aral Sea Syr-Darya River Amu-Darya River Zeravshan River Qashqa-Darya River Murgab River Tedzhen (Harirud) River South Kazakhstan http://uznix.narod.ru 2

Origin of aliens http://uznix.narod.ru 3

Pathways Invading Unintentional release Intentional (/ Deliberate) introduction Invasion via irrigating canals Release by aquarians Expansion Escape from fish farms Expansion via irrigating canals Fish seed handling between fish farms http://uznix.narod.ru 4

Deliberate introductions Goals of introduction Augmenting fish productivity of water bodies Fish culture Biomelioration Aquatic plants control Water bloom control Struggle against malaria (mosquito control) http://uznix.narod.ru 5

Deliberate introductions Since 1927 Into the Aral Sea alone were introduced about 30 species of fishes and invertebrates. The native Aral ichthyofauna consisted of 20 fish species. Most of aliens either doesn t naturalised or damaged native fauna. But most likely both. http://uznix.narod.ru 6

Augmenting fish productivity 1927 introduced in Aral Sea Acipenser stellatus + Nitzschia sturionism drastic decline of Acipenser nudiventris 1948-1963, 1978-1980 Pictures from FishBase http://uznix.narod.ru 7

Augmenting fish productivity 1954-1956 introduced in Aral Sea Mugil (=Lisa) auratus + M. saliens + 6 gobies: Knipowitschia caucasica, Neogobius fluviatilis, N. iljini, N. melanostomus, N. syrman, Proterorhinus marmoratus + Syngnathus nigrolineatus + Atherina boyeri + prawn http://uznix.narod.ru 8

Fish farming Imported fish culture technology in USSR Grass carp and Silver carp polyculture with Common carp and Crussian carp 1958 - Amu-Darya River basin Karamet-Niyaz fish farm, Turkmenistan 1961 - Syr-Darya River basin Akkurgan (later Balykchi) fish farm, Uzbekistan http://uznix.narod.ru 9

Biomelioration Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella control of aquatic plants Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix prevent water bloom 1958 - Amu-Darya River basin Karamet-Niyaz fish farm, Turkmenistan Kara-Kum canal, Turkmenistan + 19 fish species from the Yangtze River http://uznix.narod.ru 10

Malarial mosquito control Gambusia affinis Late 1930s brought from Dagestan, Caucasus Medaka Oryzias latipes Kazakhstan northern Uzbekistan Pictures from FishBase http://uznix.narod.ru 11

Unintentional release Balykchi fish farm with fries of Grass carp and Silver carp: Abbottina rivularis Elopichthys bambusa Hemibarbus maculatus Hemiculter leucisculus Hemiculter lucidus Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Megalobrama terminalis Mylopharyngodon piceus Opsariichthys uncirostris Pseudorasbora parva Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus Oryzias latipes probably from Kazakhstan Micropercops cinctus Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Siniperca chuatsu Percottus glenii probably misidentification Rhinogobius bruneus Channa argus probably also from Moscow http://uznix.narod.ru 12

Unintentional release Balykchi fish farm with fries of Grass carp and Silver carp: prawn Macrobrachium nipponense 8 mollusk species parasites and fish diseases http://uznix.narod.ru 13

Escape from fish farms Fish escapes: via discharge canals because of break of a dam Balykchi fish farm Area of the each pond ~ 100ha 1 km http://uznix.narod.ru 14

Fish seed handling between fish farms Some basins were not infected by alien species: Zarafshon River Surkhan-Darya River Aliens were introduced only to fish farms : Karamet-Niyaz Balykchi With fish seed aliens were transported to different farms Aliens escaped in wild in other basins http://uznix.narod.ru 15

Expansion via irrigating canals A wide irrigation network in the Aral Sea basin allowed the aliens to colonize basins of other rivers and expand their area. http://uznix.narod.ru 16

Aliens ratio 69 51 30 21 Indigenous Pest & Noncommercial Commercial http://uznix.narod.ru 17

Aliens ratio 37 69 51 14 Indigenous Naturalized Not naturalized http://uznix.narod.ru 18

Risks and Impacts Competition with native species Pests Predation Channa argus, Opsariichthys uncirostris Pseudorasbora parva, Hemiculter leucisculus, etc. Parasites and diseases Landscape changing Grass carp can eliminate vast areas of macrophytes that provide spawning and nursery areas for native fishes. Threatening gene pool http://uznix.narod.ru 19

Threatening gene pool Natives introduction: Abramis brama and Sander lucioperca inhabit low Syr-Darya and Amu-Darya Introduced in the Zeravshan River basin and Mid-Syr-Darya from the Ural River, Russia. Carassius auratus gibelio inhabits low Syr-Darya and Amu-Darya Introduced 1950s from Moscow region (Savino fish farm) in the Kattakurgan reservoir and fish farms in Tashkent region. Later it was stocked in other water bodies. http://uznix.narod.ru 20

Feral populations Common carp Cyprinus carpio Native Domesticated breeds stocked in wild Hybridization wild+domesticated Domesticated carp is more competitive High growth rate More predator resistant http://uznix.narod.ru 21

Competition Most of the indigenous species are endemic. Small indigenous species were so numerous that they considered as pests: Alburnoides oblongus A. taeniatus Capoetobrama kuschakewitschi Cobitis aurata aralensis Gobio gobio lepidolaemus several Noemacheilus species and others. http://uznix.narod.ru 22

Competition Gobio gobio lepidolaemus Abbottina rivularis http://uznix.narod.ru 23

Competition Alburnoides oblongus (endemic of the Tashkent region) Hemiculter leucisculus http://uznix.narod.ru 24

????????????????????????????? Taxonomy Misidentification impede the study Ecology Only commercial species were studied Interactions with native fauna Impact on native fauna and biocenosis NEW INTRODUCTION PROJECTS!!! http://uznix.narod.ru 25

Thank you http://uznix.narod.ru

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