Korea s Education Reform Ju Ho Lee, KDI School
Table of Contents I. Virtuous Circle II. Number One in Human Capital? III. Education Bubbles IV. Education reform V. Powerhouse of Global Talents
Socio-Economic Development of Korea Korean wave Industrialization Korean War Ⅰ. Virtuous Circle 3
Trend of Income Levels in US, Taiwan, Korea, Brazil, and Argentina Source: Made by Keun Lee (forthcoming) using data from Penn World Table 7.0 Ⅰ. Virtuous Circle
Ⅰ. Virtuous Circle
Ⅰ. Virtuous Circle
Average years of schooling (15-64 old) in Korea, Japan, USA, and China 15.0 12.0 9.0 6.0 3.0 0.0 K Korea 15-64 J Japan 15-64 USA15-64 China 15-64 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 source: Barro, R. & Lee, J. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010, NBER WP 15902 http://www.barrolee.com/ (2013.4. 12 retrieved) Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?
Average years of schooling (15-34 old) in Korea, Japan, USA, and China 15.0 12.0 9.0 6.0 3.0 0.0 Korea15-34 Japan15-34 USA15-34 China15-34 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 source: Barro, R. & Lee, J. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010, NBER WP 15902 http://www.barrolee.com/ (2013.4. 12 retrieved) Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?
New Zealand Korea Taiwan Japan Hong Kong USA Sri Lanka Australia Iceland Greece Canada Malta Malaysia Cyprus France Czech Ireland Chile Cuba Sweden Slovenia Hungary 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.1 12.0 12.0 11.9 11.7 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 13.1 13.0 12.8 12.8 13.4 13.7 Average years of schooling by countries 14.0 15-64 13.0 15-34 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 pop 15-64 mil 2.8 35.4 16.6 82.0 5.5 209.7 15.0 14.4 0.2 7.6 23.5 0.3 18.0 0.6 40.1 7.2 3.0 11.7 8.0 6.0 1.4 6.9 source: Barro, R. & Lee, J. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010, NBER WP 15902 http://www.barrolee.com/ (2013.4. 12 retrieved) Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?
Average Years of Schooling(15-64old, different years) 14.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2010 1990 1970 1950 2.0 0.0 Korea Japan Japan USA USA China China New Zealalnd source: Barro, R. & Lee, J. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010, NBER WP 15902 http://www.barrolee.com/ (2013.4. 12 retrieved) Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?
Distribution of Educational Attainment of the population(15-64) 100% Korea 100% Japan 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 20% Tertiary Secondary Primary No schooling 40% 20% Tertiary Secondary Primary No schooling 0% 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 0% 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 100% USA 100% China 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 20% Tertiary Secondary Primary No schooling 40% 20% Tertiary Secondary Primary No schooling 0% 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 0% 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 source: Barro, R. & Lee, J. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010, NBER WP 15902 http://www.barrolee.com/ (2013.4. 12 retrieved) Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?
PISA PISA 2009 Digital Reading Assessment (1) Mean score Digital Reading Scale Range of rank OECD countries All countries/economies S.E. Upper Rank Lower Rank Upper Rank Lower Rank Korea 568 (3.0) 1 1 1 1 New Zealand 537 (2.3) 2 3 2 3 Australia 537 (2.8) 2 3 2 3 Japan 519 (2.4) 4 4 4 5 Hong Kong-China 515 (2.6) 4 7 Iceland 512 (1.4) 5 7 5 8 Sweden 510 (3.3) 5 8 5 9 Ireland 509 (2.8) 5 8 6 9 Belgium 507 (2.1) 6 8 7 9 Norway 500 (2.8) 9 10 10 11 France 494 (5.2) 9 11 10 13 Macao-China 492 (0.7) 11 13 Denmark 489 (2.6) 10 11 11 13 Spain 475 (3.8) 12 13 14 15 Hungary 468 (4.2) 12 14 14 16 Poland 464 (3.1) 13 15 15 17 Austria 459 (3.9) 14 15 16 17 Chile 435 (3.6) 16 16 18 18 Colombia 368 (3.4) 19 19 Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?
Korea Japan Australia Hong Kong-China New Zealand Macao-China Ireland Iceland Sweden Norway Belgium Denmark France OECD average - 16 Spain Poland Hungary Austria Chile Colombia Percentage of students PISA 2009 Digital Reading Assessment (2): by Levels 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 Level 5 or above Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Below Level 2 40 60 80 Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?
Number of Researchers, 2010 or Latest Available Year Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?
United States Germany United Japan France Italy Korea Spain Canada Portugal Australia Poland Sweden Switzerland Czech Netherlands Turkey Finland Austria Mexico Belgium Ireland Slovak Greece Norway Denmark Hungary New Zealand New Graduates at Doctorate level by country of graduation, 2007 % All fields of study Science and engineering 15 10 5 4.3 3.7 0 Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?
x 10000 Outbound mobile students (students from a given country studying abroad) 60 50 40 30 China India Korea USA Japan 20 10 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 source: UNESCO I S Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?
Education Bubbles Education Bubbles Academic Inflation Test-oriented Education & Rote Memorization 83.8% Heavy Burden of Educational Cost (Private Tutoring, College Tuition fees) Ⅲ. Education Bubbles 17
Ⅲ. Education Bubbles
Education Reform 1. Decreasing Advancement Rates to Colleges Success Strategies of Meister High Schools 1 Vision for a professional technician 2 Win-Win Partnerships with Business 3 Education tailored to Industrial Needs 4 Consistent full-scale government support Ⅳ. Education Reform
Ⅳ. Education Reform
Education Reform 2. From Test-Oriented Education to Creativity and Character Education Introduce Admission Officer system Diversify high schools Autonomous private high schools Boarding high schools Autonomous public high schools Revitalize character education in addressing school violence issues ⅣEducation Reform
Ⅳ. Education Reform
Education Reform 3. Alleviating the Burden of Private Tutoring and College Tuition Reduce the burden of Private Tutoring 1 Expand After-School Program 2 Regulate through price ceiling and limited hours of latenight private instruction 3 EBS provides quality CSAT courses 4 Encourage local communities and industries for active educational donation 5 Pulling students out of underachievement based on nation-wide assessment of all student 6 Hire principals through open competition 7 Evaluate teachers by students, parents, and colleagues Ⅳ. Education Reform
Ⅳ. Education Reform
Ⅳ. Education Reform
5.00 (%) Educational Investment per GDP 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 교육예산 Government Tuition 등록금 ( 초중고대 Payment ) 사교육비 Private ( 초중고 Tutoring ) Budget by Household
Educational Investment Per Student 5 (million 백만원, 실질 won, real) 4 3 2 1 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Government Budget Tuition Payment 교육예산 ( 유초중고대 ) 등록금 ( 초중고대 ) 사교육비 ( 초중고 ) by Household Private Tutoring
Education Reform 4. Strengthening the Competitiveness of Universities Establish Data-based framework for restructuring universities Indicators on employment rates of graduates, faculty-student ratios, student scholarships,. are collected and disclosed for every university University Restructuring Committee(URC) announce annual list of universities subject to limited financial support or limited subsidies for student loans, or even to be closed down World Class University (WCU) initiatives Invite 340 foreign scholars to 30 domestic universities Governance Reforms for national universities Corporatize SNU Abolish direct election system of university president Ⅳ. Positive Changes
Trend in Proportion of University Evaluation (SJTU 500) Total Points by Countries 7.0% 6.0% 6.0% 5.7% 5.5% 5.4% 5.3% 5.2% 5.0% 4.0% 4.5% 4.2% 4.0% Japan China 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.2% 1.0% 1.1% 1.2% 1.4% 1.5% 1.4% Korea Taiwan Hong Kong Singapore 0.0% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ⅳ. Education Reform
Trend in Proportion of University Evaluation (QS 200) Total Points by Countries 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% 5.1% 5.3% 5.5% 4.9% 4.9% 4.5% 3.4% 2.0% 2.3% 2.4% 0.9% 1.1% 1.2% 1.4% 1.0% 5.4% 5.0% 2.9% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Japan China Korea Hong Kong Singapore Taiwan Ⅳ. Education Reform
Share of Papers and Citations by Countries share of citations(%) 15.0 10.0 5.0 Korea Japan China OECD countries(2011) 0.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 share of papers(%)
Academic Ranking of World Universities (2013) by Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. Alumni: Alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals (10%) Award: Staff of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals (20%) HiCi: Highly cited researchers in 21 broad subject categories (20%) N&S: Papers published in Nature and Science* (20%) PUB: Papers indexed in Science Citation Index-expanded and Social Science Citation Index (20%) PCP: Per capita academic performance of an institution (10%)
World University Rankings (2012-2013) by Times Higher Education(THE) Teaching: the learning environment (30%) Research: volume, income and reputation (30%) Citations: research influence (30%) Industry income: innovation (2.5%) International outlook: staff, students and research (7.5%).
Education Reform 5. Fostering Creative Science and Technology Convergence Increase Government investment in R&D From $ 10 billion (2008) to $ 16 billion (2015) STEAM(Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Math) Education Double government support for research of university professors From 16% (2008) to 32% (2003) International Science Business Belt Institute of Basic Science Heavy-ion Accelerator Ⅳ. Education Reform
Powerhouse of Global Talents Rejuvenate the Virtuous Circle Globalize universities and Research Institutions Embrace Cultural Diversity in Schools Foster international cooperation in education, science and technology Ⅴ. Powerhouse of Global Talents