Driver assistance systems from the point of view of a vehicle manufacturer Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Director of Engineering and Purchasing MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 1 Agenda Motivation Active safety by support in the transverse guidance control by support in the longitudinal guidance control by support when turning off VDA joint initiative SafetyTruck Summary MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 2
Agenda Motivation Active safety by support in the transverse guidance control by support in the longitudinal guidance arm by support when turning off VDA joint initiative SafetyTruck Summary MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 3 Truck accident occurrence in Germany Change compared with 1992 in % 8% Transport performance Serious injuries Fatalities Transport performance in tkm: + 71 % 6% Change compared with 1992 in % 4% 2% % 1992 1994 1996 1998 2 22 24 26-2% Serious injuries: - 34 % -4% Source: BGL with basic data from StBA, DIW, ifo, Prognos/ProgTrans, BVU Fatalities: - 36 % MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 4
Truck accident occurrence in Germany Accident victims per 1 billion tonne kilometres 5 52,9 52,1 47 Serious injuries Fatalities 4 38 33,6 3 27,2 2 23 2,4 1 7,5 6,9 6 4,6 4,7 3,8 3,2 2,8 1992 1994 1996 1998 2 22 24 26 Reduction of fatalities per 1 billion tkm by 61% Reduction of serious injuries per 1 billion tkm by 63% MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 5 Truck accident occurrence in Germany Number of fatalities 2. Goal of the European Commission: 1.5 1. Halving of the number of road fatalities 5 1,696 1,158 848 2 25 21 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 6
Compatability problem between trucks and cars MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 7 Kinetic energy of cars and trucks 1. Kinetic energy [kj] 8. 6. 4. 2. 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Speed[km/h] Extension of the passive safety systems in trucks is limited Car Truck 4t MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 8
Video Golf crash test Crash test MAN TGA - VW Golf IV MAN TGA 21 km/h, Golf IV 43 km/h; 7 % car overlap MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 9 Passenger load in crash HIC (Head Injury Criterion) Limit 1 Golf driver 288 Golf passenger 269 MAN driver 1 2 4 6 8 1. 1.2 Source: Our own investigations MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 1
Distribution 4 of types of accident Accidents with fatalities or serious injuries (25)* Accidents with fatalities/serious injuries [%] 3 2 1 LKW PKW 26,5 Rear-end accident with vehicle ahead LKW PKW 18,9 oncoming traffic * Truck > 12 t PGW and semitrailer unit Source: Federal German Office for Statistics, LKW PKW 16,6 Accident at crossroads LKW = truck PKW = car LKW 12,1 Running off road to right or left MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 11 8,7 vehicle at side LKW PKW 6,7 5,5 stationary vehicle Other type of accident Accident with pedestrian or cyclist 4 1 oollision with other Obstacle on the road Drivers survey* Drivers wishes very desirable 4 less desired 3 2 1 Tyre pressure display Turn-off assistant Emergency brake alarm Lane changing assistant Night vision support Traffic jam assistant Lane keeping assistant Emergency brake assistant *Source: Own survey of 5 drivers MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 12
Drivers survey Results Acceptance of warning systems higher than acceptance of intervening systems Greater need for safety systems when turning off and changing lanes Scepticism with regard to (too much) electronics Fear of losing control and too much automation Concern about possibly being underchallenged, overtired, loss of tasks MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 13 Agenda Motivation Active safety by support in the transverse guidance control by support in the longitudinal guidance control by support when turning off VDA joint initiative SafetyTruck Summary MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 14
Distribution 4 of types of accident Accidents with fatalities or serious injuries (25)* Accidents with fatalities/serious injuries [%] 3 2 1 26,5 Rear-end accident with vehicle ahead 18,9 oncoming traffic 16,6 Accident at crossroads 12,1 Running off road to right or left 8,7 vehicle at side 6,7 5,5 stationary vehicle Other type of accident 4 Accident with pedestrian or cyclist 1 other obstacle on the road MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 15 Influencing the driving dynamics Electronic Stability Programme (ESP) ESP ESP intervenes in a motorway exit from a speed of 5-6 km/h* Since January 27 in all 2-axle semitrailer tractors with automatic gearboxes and sustained-action brakes *Assumption: Truck 4m high, 2.5m wide, V Q =3,1m/s 2 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 16
Electronic Stability Programme Potential for avoiding accidents 44% 4% 2% 9% % ESP with ref. to truck accidents with ref. to truck rear-end accidents Source: Own investigations, Allianzzentrum für Technik GmbH, Ismaning, Oct 25 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 17 Prevention of straying from the lane Warning system: Lane Guard System (LGS) In series since 22 In series since 26 Acoustic warning in the event of accidental straying from the lane Driver warning by seat vibration relating to direction MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 18
Area of deployment Lane Guard System (LGS) Mode of functioning Monitoring of the lane by video camera Under 75 km/h warning on the inside edge of the lane marking Over 75 km/h warning on the outside edge of the lane marking Function limits / no warning Under 6 km/h When flasher is activated In tight corners With poor/no lane marking In snow, very unfavourable contrasts Ongoing development: Sensor fusion, traffic sign recognition, night vision (NIR) MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 19 Prevention of straying from the lane Active return to lane Automatic corrective intervention on lane marking: Effect direct on steering by braking of individual wheels Course of the aligning torque MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 2
Prevention of straying from the lane Active tracking Permanent intervention in the transverse guidance control of the vehicle (optimal holding of the vehicle on trajectory) Active tracking requires an active steering system. In today s legal situation permanent tracking is not permissible. Course of the aligning torque MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 21 Prevention of straying from the lane Accident prevention potential 8 72 6 49 4 2 4 6 Lane straying warning Autom. return to lane with ref. to the total number of truck accidents with ref. to LGS-relevant accidents Source: Own investigations, Allianzzentrum für Technik GmbH, Ismaning, Oct 25, driving simulator Engineering University Munich MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 22
Accident prevention potential by support in the transverse guidance control Driving errors which bring the vehicle to the limits of driving dynamics or unintentional straying from the lane owing to inattentiveness. Active measures: Electronic Stability Programme Warning on straying from lane Active return to lane Active tracking MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 23 Agenda Motivation Active safety by support in the transverse guidance control by support in the longitudinal guidance control by support when turning off VDA joint initiative SafetyTruck Summary MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 24
Distribution 4 of types of accident Accidents with fatalities or serious injuries (25)* Accidents with fatalities/serious injuries [%] 3 2 1 26,5 Rear-end acident with vehicle ahead 18,9 oncoming traffic 16,6 Accident at crossroads 12,1 Running off road to right or left 8,7 vehicle at side 6,7 stationary vehicle 5,5 Other type of accident 4 Accident with pedestrian or cyclist 1 other obstacle on the road MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 25 Accident prevention potential by support in the longitudinal guidance control Rear-end accidents from rear with vehicles in the same lane Active measures: Comfort systems for longitudinal control Adaptive Cruise Control Emergency brake systems MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 26
Longitudinal guidance control Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Seit 22 Serie Series since 26 Series since 22 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 27 Area of deployment Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Mode of functioning Brake control of up to 3 % of the max. possible deceleration Can be overdriven at any time by the driver Function limits Can be activated from 25 km/h No recognition of stationary vehicles May not be any recognition of vehicles in corners May not function in heavy rain, snow or if sensor is soiled MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 28
Longitudinal guidance control Automatic emergency braking Introduction of an automatic hard stop to reduce the severity of the collision 3-step warning and intervention strategy: 1. Acoustic warning braking with 3% of the max. braking power 2. Hard stop 3. Triggering only in simple, clearly structured traffic situations MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 29 Longitudinal guidance control Prevention potential Calc. accident prevention potential [%] 1 8 6 4 2 28 71 34 88 All rear-end accid. All rear-end accid. on motorways ACC ACC with additional hard stop by driver (after 2 secs)* *Emergency brake systems have comparable potential for reducing the severity of collisions Summary: Compared with ACC systems, emergency brake systems to reduce the severity of collisions have a slightly higher prevention potential Source: Own investigations, Allianzzentrum für Technik GmbH, Ismaning, Oct 25 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 3
Accident prevention in longitudinal traffic Accident prevention potential - all rear-end accidents Calc. accident prevention potential 1 8 6 4 2 34 78 from 25km/h, driver intervention -8km/h,driver intervention -8km/h, no driver intervention; recognition of stationary goals 98 Summary: The maximum accident prevention potential can be reached with systems which react in the range of -8km/h and recognise stationary vehicles Source: Own investigations, Allianzzentrum für Technik GmbH, Ismaning, Oct 25 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 31 Agenda Motivation Active safety by support in the transverse guidance control by support in the longitudinal guidance control by support when turning off VDA joint initiative SafetyTruck Summary MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 32
Distribution 4 of types of accident Accidents with fatalities or serious injuries (25)* Accidents with fatalities/serious injuries [%] 3 2 1 26,5 Rear-end accident with vehicle ahead 18,9 oncoming traffic 16,6 Accident at crossroads 12,1 Running off road to right or left 8,7 vehicle at side 6,7 stationary vehicle 5,5 Other types of accident 4 Accident with pedestrian or cyclist 1 other obstacle on the road MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 33 Active safety when turning off Monitoring the side area Turn-off assistant Warns the driver when moving off if there is a risk of a collision In stationary truck: No warning if nothing has changed since the vehicle stopped. Optical warning, if an object has approached within the green area. In truck moving off: Acoustic warning, if an object has approached in the red area. MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 34
Active safety when turning off Turn-off assistant Green line: Red line: Area of the advance warning Aread of the risk warning 2m,6m 2m MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 35 Active safety when turning off Turn-off assistant Sensors Sensors Warning of the driver before a collision with pedestrians and cyclists Efficiency analyses open MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 36
Active safety when changing lane Monitoring of the side area Monitoring the blindspot Warns the driver when changing lanes if there is a risk of a collision with a vehicle in the neighbouring lane Efficiency analyses open MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 37 Agenda Motivation Active safety by support in the transverse guidance control by support in the longitudinal guidance control by support when turning off VDA joint initiative SafetyTruck Summary MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 38
Political activities VDA joint initiative SafetyTruck Initiative of the automobile industry and insurances (chaired by VDA) Creation of financial incentives to purchase assistance systems Measures: Offer of safety packets consisting of ACC, LGS and ESP with better conditions Granting of a SafetyTruck certificate for a vehicle depending on the degree of its fitting with safety systems Discount system for insurance policies with SafetyTruck certificate classification MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 39 SafetyTruck Assistance Systems Accident prevention potential 49% 44% 4% 34% 2% 7% 4% 9% % ACC with additional hard stop by driver (after 2 secs) LGS with steering correcton by driver (after 1 sec.) ESP with ref. to truck accidents with ref. to truck rear-end accidents Source: Own investigations, Allianzzentrum für Technik GmbH, Ismaning, Oct 25 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 4
SafetyTruck Assistance Systems Accident prevention potential Accident prevention potetial* 1 % 2% % ESP 9% LGS 4% ACC 7% Emergency brake assistant, belt tensioner, belt warner,. SafetyTruck Current accident occurrence * with ref. to all truck accidents Source: Own investigations, Allianzzentrum für Technik GmbH, Ismaning, Oct 25 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 41 Agenda Motivation Active safety by support in the transverse guidance control by support in the longitudinal guidance control by support when turning off VDA joint initiative SafetyTruck Summary MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 42
Roadmap Longitudinal control Safety gain ACC stationary vehicles -8 km/h ACC withhardstop -8 km/h ACC from 25km/h ACC with hard stop from 25km/h Source: Own investigations Complexity MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 43 Roadmap Transverse guidance control Safety gain ESP Act. tracking Act. lane return LGS Turn-off assistant Quelle: Eigene Untersuchungen Complexity MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 44
Summary By means of today s and future safety systems a very high accident prevention potential can be achieved Tangible systems are preferred by the driver The efficiency of systems already available as series today can make a major contríbution to fewer accidents Increase in acceptance by improved customer information Rapid ongoing development of the systems Create customer incentives MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 45 Thank you! MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Prof. Dr. Karl Viktor Schaller Driver Assistance Systems 7. April 28 46