Addressing Traffic Congestion in Jakarta: what went wrong and the road ahead Rully Prassetya Transportation Policy GraSPP the University of Tokyo July 2013 L/O/G/O
Outline 1 2 Introduction What went wrong 3 4 Case study of BRT system The road ahead
Key Takeaways Major challenges in addressing Jakarta s traffic problem lies in economic, social, and political aspects. Lesson from Jakarta s Bus Rapid Transit System Intermodal integration; financial feasibility; change of behavior. The road ahead: Fixing the economic, social, and political aspect; Implementing MRT, ERP, and bike-to-work campaign.
Outline 1 Introduction 2 3 4
Introduction World second largest metropolitan city, i.e. 26 million people, in 2012 (www.worldatlas.com) Also known as DKI Jakarta; Jakarta Metropolitan area; Greater Jakarta; and JABODETABEK.
Traffic Congestion in Jakarta
Around 1.1 million trips were made everyday from suburban to central Jakarta in 2010; an increase of 50% from 2002 Source: STRAMP Person trip Survey, JUTPI Commuter Survey
The share of motorcycle users has been doubled; while the share of bus user decreased by 50% from 2002 to 2010 2010 2002 Walk/Bicycle Motorcycle Car Bus Others 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Source: The Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs Republic of Indonesia and JICA, 2012
Outline 1 2 What went wrong 3 4
What went wrong Unavailability of comfortable public transportation system Lack of intermodal integration; Economic Subsidized gasoline price; Concentrated economic growth; Social Difficulty in land acquisition; Political Difficulty of coordination among local governments; Non-transparent transportation policy making process;
What went wrong (cont d) Lower income and lower standard of living Lower efficiency and productivity; loss of competitiveness Subsidy for gasoline Congestion Vicious cycle of Jakarta s traffic congestion Lack of budget for investment Use of private cars and motor cycles Lack of public transportation investment Source: Author s analysis
Outline 1 2 3 Case study of BRT system 4
Introduction Begun operation in 2004; the first BRT in South and Southeast Asia How it works: Relatively cheap fare.
Passenger in million Subsidy in billion IDR The BRT passenger has grown at 30% annually; while the subsidy has grown at 20% 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Passenger Subsidy 0 0 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Source: www.transjakarta.co.id
Challenges faced Intermodal integration; Financial feasibility; Fare system; Services quality; Worse congestion in nontrans Jakarta road; No-feeder service; Over-crowded;
Evaluation on existing solutions Existing solutions Three-in-one (2003) Monorail (2003) Buss Rapid Transit (BRT) system (2004) Commuter line (since 1925) Type of policy Reducing supply of private vehicles. Increasing supply of public transportation. Increasing supply of public transportation. Increasing supply of public transportation. Reason for failure Easy to circumvent the system (Appendix 2). Lack of financial feasibility; lack of financing; thus lead to project cancellation (Appendix 3). Lack of intermodal integration; lack of number of bus; thus lead to longer waiting and less usage (Appendix 4). Tardiness; only used for suburbancentral Jakarta commuting; (Appendix 5). Source: Author s analysis
Outline 1 2 3 4 The road ahead
The road ahead Challenges Economic Subsidized gasoline price; Concentrated economic growth; Social Difficulty in land acquisition; Political Difficulty of coordination among local governments; Non-transparent transportation policy making process; Solution Economic Gradually remove fuel subsidy; Divert economic growth to outside the region. Social Implement the recently passed (2012) law on Land acquisition for public use; Political Establishing JABODETABEK Transportation Authority;
The road ahead (cont d) Potential solution Type of policy Reasons for haven t been implemented Possible way-out Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system ERP (Electronic Road Pricing) system or congestion charges Bike-to-work (Appendix 6) Increasing supply of public transportation. Reducing supply of private vehicles. Reducing supply of private vehicles. Land acquisition; Negative financial feasibility; Absence of supporting regulation; Incomplete vehicle database; Payment system; contingent upon availability of alternative Runway; Safety; Law on land acquisition; MRT + property business model (to improve financial feasibility); Accelerate alternative modes (BRT bus addition, MRT, Monorail) development; required regulation. Improving pedestrian path to accommodate bicycle; Source: Author s analysis
Closing remarks The need for transportation master plan Addressing economic, social, and political aspects. Improving financial feasibility Through improvement in business model. Informed-decision making process To avoid government inaction.
Thank You! L/O/G/O
References Cervero, Robert, bambang Susantono. 1999. Rent capitalization and transportation infrastructure development in jakarta. The applied regional science conference. Yagi, S. & Mohammadian, A., 2008. Policy simulation for bew BRT and area pricing alternatives using an opinion survey in Jakarta. Transportation planning and technology, 31(5), pp. 589-612. Soehodho, Sutanto, et al. 2012. Transport Mode Choice by Land Transport Users in Jabodetabek: An Urban Ecology Analysis. 2 nd International Conference in Electrical, Electronics, and Civil Engineering. Suryo, Robin Asad. 2002. The welfare analysis of congestion tax: Case study of Jakarta, Indonesia. PhD Thesis. Suryo, Robin, et.al. 2007. Commuting choice and cngestion taxes in industrializing Indonesia. The Social Science Journal, 44, pp. 253-273. The Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs Republic of Indonesia and JICA. 2012. JABODETABEK Urban Transportation Policy Integration Project in the Republic of Indonesia.
Appendix 1 Types of Public Transportation in Jakarta No Type 1 Trans-Jakarta bus 2 Non-Trans Jakarta Bus 3 Mini bus 4 Mini van (angkot) 5 Taxi 6 Tuk-tuk (Bajai) 7 Motorcycle Taxi (Ojek)
Appendix 2 Circumventing the three-in-one system In picture: a woman offered her-self as a jockey prior entering the three-in-one area
Appendix 3 The unused monorail pillar in Jakarta In picture: unused monorail pillar in Jakarta; the construction was halted in 2006.
Appendix 4 BRT System in Jakarta In picture: Trans-Jakarta bus and Trans-Jakarta station map
Appendix 5 Commuter Line in JABODETABEK In picture: The map of JABODETABEK commuter line route and a train in station
Appendix 6 Bike-to-work campaign in Jakarta In picture: people bike to work in Jakarta and logo of bike-to-work movement in Indonesia