WEATHER AND CLIMATE MONITORING AT THE KENYA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

WEATHER AND CLIMATE MONITORING AT THE KENYA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT By James K. Muhindi Kenya Meteorological Department P.O. Box 30259 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: 254-20-3867880 Mobile: 254-722-697801 E-mail: muhindi@meteo.go.ke

ESTABLISHMENT OF KENYA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT (KMD) The present Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) started as a small colonial service for East Africa way back in 1929, called the British East African Meteorological Service (BEAMS), to provide meteorological and climatological services to various sectors of the economy. KMD became a Department of the Government of Kenya in 1977 from the previous East African Meteorological Department (EAMD) after the collapse of the East African Community (EAC). 2

The Main Purpose of Kenya Meteorological Department As stated in the WMO Convention, the purpose of a National Meteorological and Hydrological Service (NMHS), like KMD, is in observing and understanding weather and climate and in providing meteorological, hydrological and related services in support of relevant national needs such as: a)safety of life and protection of property; b)safeguarding the environment; c)contributing to sustainable development;

METEOROLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE The infrastructure that is necessary for any NMHS to achieve its mandate includes: Data Observational systems and network; Data telecommunication systems and network; Data procession, analysis and forecasting systems; Product and information dissemination systems; Human resource capital 4

USER INTERFACE METEOROLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES OBSERVATIONS (AWS, AWOS, RADAR, SATELLITE, BUOYS ETC) AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY TRANSPORT (LAND, SEA AND AIR) TELECOMMU NICATIONS (INTERNET, AMSS, GTS, GSM, VSAT, PHONE, ETC) DATA PROCESSING AND FORECASTING SYSTEMS NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL CENTRE (NMC) HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (EXPERTISE, SKILLS & COMPETENCE PRODUCT DISSEMINATI ON WATER RESOURCES HEALTH DISASTER RISK REDUCTION TOURISM CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT IN AGRI. (WEATHER INDEX INSURANCE) CONFLICT EARLY WARNING CC ADAPTATION & MITIGATION 5

CURRENT OBSERVATIONAL NETWORK The Department s Current Observational Network consists of: Synoptic Stations: 39 manned 24-hr Synoptic Stations, 14 agro-meteorological stations, Automatic Weather Observing systems: 72 Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) 3 Airport Weather Observation Systems (AWOSs) at JKIA, Wilson & MIA 17 Hydromet AWSs for Flood Forecasting Rainfall Stations: About 1000 rainfall stations most of which operated by Voluntary Observers are 6

Automatic and Manual Station 7

CURRENT OBSERVATIONAL NETWORK Contd. Upper Air Station 1 Upper Air Station at Dagoretti Corner Two other stations at Garissa and Lodwar that are currently not operational. Remote Sensing 3 Satellite ground receiving stations (2 for MSG and 1 for NOAA satellite data); 8

CURRENT OBSERVATIONAL NETWORK Contd. Pollution Monitoring 1 Global Atmosphere Watch station on Mt. Kenya Two stations at Chiromo and JKIA Ozone measurements One Ozone measuring system in Nairobi (Dagoretti) Seismic Measurements Two Stations in Lodwar and Kibwezi operational 9

CURRENT OBSERVATIONAL NETWORK Contd. Tsunami Early Warning Four tidal gauge stations at Lamu, Malindi, Kilifi and Shimoni for multihazard detection, ocean waves, sea level rise, salinity, sea surface temperature and water quality, including tsunami related at the Coast. 10

Telecommunications Role Operating and Maintenance of the WMO Regional Telecommunication Hub (RTH) to facilitate the rapid exchange of meteorological data and products; Exchange and transmission of meteorological data nationally, regionally and internationally; 11

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Observed Parameters Parameters observed include: Rainfall, Temperature (Actual, Maximum, Minimum, Soil), Atmospheric Pressure, Humidity, Wind speed and Direction, Solar Radiation, Sunshine Hours. Others: Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) 15

Operational Station network in Kenya Northwestern Kenya Lodwar, Lokichoggio, Lokitaung. Northeastern Kenya Marsabit,Moyale, Wajir, Mandera, Garissa. Western Kenya Kitale, Kakamega, Eldoret, Kericho, Kisii, Kisumu, Suba. Central Rift Valley Nyahururu, Nakuru, Kabarak, Nakuru, Narok, Laikipia. Central Kenya and Nairobi Nyeri, Embu, Meru, Thika, Kangema, Dagoretti, Moi Airbase, Wilson Airport, JKIA, Ngong, Southeastern Kenya and the Coastal Strip Machakos, Makindu, Kitui, Voi, Lamu, Malindi, Msabaha, Mtwapa, Mombasa 16

Seasonal Rainfall Distribution March-April-May October-November-December 17

Daily Rainfall Data March 2017 MAR- STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15TOT LTM- MAR %MAR LTM- MAM %MAM LODWAR 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 4.8 26.8 17.9 100.6 4.8 MARSABIT 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 1.8 62.6 2.9 368.6 0.5 MOYALE 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 14.2 56.3 25.2 359.2 4.0 GARISSA 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 45.1 0.0 137.4 0.0 WAJIR 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 30.9 0.0 159.4 0.0 MANDERA 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 2.8 20.3 13.8 142.1 2.0 KITALE 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0 39.8 93.8 42.5 440.9 9.0 KAKAMEGA 0 27 7.8 0 4.6 4.7 0.01 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0 209.4 172.5 121.4 680.1 30.8 ELDORET 0 0 0.6 15.2 0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 54.4 70.0 77.8 330.4 16.5 ELDORET AP 0 0 0.0 0.6 0 4.5 0.01 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0 48.2 93.6 51.5 416.9 11.6 KERICHO 8.9 5.2 28.8 0 0 16.6 0.01 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 0 157.4 175.4 89.7 682.9 23.1 KISII 8.9 2.5 33.6 0 10.8 1.4 0.01 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0 124.9 197.9 63.1 694.3 18.0 KISUMU 0 0 4.8 3.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 182.7 163.4 111.8 533.2 34.3 NYAHURURU 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 9.4 56.9 16.6 275.8 3.4 NAKURU 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0 4.2 68.3 6.2 318.6 1.3 18

Temperature Data March 2017 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES STATION 1 2 3.0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16MMT LTM LODWAR 37.7 38.4 38.8 39.5 39.3 39.9 39.6 39.7 39.8 38.8 39.2 38.0 38.9 38.6 24.1 MOYALE 32.7 32.4 31.8 32.8 33.6 34.0 34.7 35.3 34.8 34.9 34.7 32.3 34.0 32.2 19.4 WAJIR 37.6 38.4 37.0 37.4 38.6 38.3 39.4 40.7 40.1 38.7 39.9 38.0 38.5 37.8 24.0 MANDERA 38.5 39.0 37.5 38.0 39.0 39.2 40.3 40.6 39.8 39.5 40.0 38.0 38.5 38.7 25.2 KITALE 28.2 28.8 28.7 27.1 29.3 29.8 29.3 31.4 28.2 30.5 30.4 30.5 31.9 29.5 12.2 ELDORET 25.3 26.3 25.1 25.3 26.2 27.2 27.0 27.5 27.6 26.3 27.1 25.5 27.7 26.5 10.8 KERICHO 26.8 25.7 24.6 25.4 26.1 25.5 26.9 27.8 24.0 26.4 27.4 27.5 29.0 26.3 10.4 KISII 26.8 27.2 27.0 25.8 27.3 27.6 28.5 30.0 26.0 28.8 30.5 29.5 30.2 27.9 15.8 NYAHURURU 23.9 25.7 25.9 25.7 26.8 27.2 27.2 26.5 26.4 27.7 26.1 25.4 27.6 26.4 7.6 NAKURU 27.8 29.0 29.0 29.1 31.0 30.5 31.0 31.1 30.4 31.7 31.0 29.3 31.5 30.2 10.2 NAROK 25.8 28.2 27.5 23.6 27.8 28.6 28.5 30.0 26.6 29.6 30.5 27.5 29.4 28.0 9.2 NYERI 26.1 29.8 29.4 26.5 29.0 29.5 29.3 28.5 29.0 30.0 29.9 28.0 30.1 28.3 12.3 MERU 26.6 29.2 30.1 28.5 29.2 29.5 29.5 29.2 29.1 27.6 28.5 27.0 29.7 28.4 13.4 JKIA 28.2 30.8 29.6 29.6 30.8 30.0 32.0 31.5 31.0 33.6 30.3 29.7 31.5 30.5 13.7 THIKA 28.2 32.3 30.6 30.4 31.8 32.3 32.4 32.2 31.8 32.1 31.0 29.0 32.8 31.1 14.8 MACHAKOS 27.2 29.3 30.3 29.9 31.3 30.9 31.3 31.0 30.4 31.1 29.8 28.1 30.7 29.7 14.5 VOI 32.7 34.5 36.5 36.1 37.1 36.8 37.2 36.1 36.7 35.2 34.7 33.7 36.2 35.2 20.7 LAMU 33.6 35.0 35.8 35.0 34.0 35.0 34.3 33.3 34.2 34.2 33.7 33.3 34.2 34.7 25.0 MALINDI 31.4 32.0 32.5 33.5 32.0 32.1 29.0 32.4 32.7 32.6 32.0 32.3 32.2 32.3 24.3 MOMBASA 30.0 33.6 34.3 34.8 34.6 33.8 34.5 34.4 35.0 34.4 34.3 34.8 34.5 34.0 24.0 MINIMUM TEMPERATURES STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16MMT LTM LODWAR 24.7 22.0 24.0 24.0 25.8 25.9 25.3 24.5 23.3 23.4 24.6 22.0 22.5 25.0 36.4 MOYALE 19.8 20.9 20.1 20.7 20.3 20.7 21.4 21.9 22.2 21.6 23.2 21.2 20.5 20.9 30.3 WAJIR 24.2 23.6 23.9 24.6 24.6 24.4 24.3 24.0 24.2 24.8 24.9 25.0 23.5 24.8 36.1 KITALE 12.6 13.3 13.6 11.2 12.1 14.5 12.9 11.6 12.2 13.4 13.0 11.6 10.4 12.9 27.5 ELDORET 13.5 10.8 11.0 10.4 10.8 10.6 11.2 11.0 9.1 12.4 11.4 12.2 10.1 11.9 25.4 KERICHO 10.3 14.9 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.0 11.1 9.6 12.5 13.2 8.9 7.6 13.6 11.2 25.0 KISII 15.4 14.9 16.0 14.2 16.3 16.0 15.6 16.2 17.0 16.0 16.0 16.1 17.9 16.4 26.9 NYAHURURU 7.2 5.8 8.5 7.9 6.3 7.5 7.2 5.8 6.2 7.2 6.4 8.1 6.8 7.6 23.6 NAKURU 10.9 9.0 11.5 12.5 11.5 11.0 11.2 10.0 11.5 13.0 11.6 9.5 9.2 11.1 28.0 NAROK 10.4 9.8 12.2 14.4 11.5 12.5 12.0 9.0 11.5 11.7 10.0 8.8 8.9 11.9 26.7 NYERI 10.5 9.0 11.2 12.9 11.8 10.7 10.2 9.0 8.8 9.4 9.3 11.7 10.5 12.4 26.6 MERU 12.5 10.7 11.9 12.7 12.8 11.0 16.4 10.7 10.5 11.0 11.6 12.4 11.1 13.5 26.1 JKIA 15.0 12.0 14.8 17.1 13.2 14.0 13.5 12.5 12.5 13.0 14.2 14.2 14.6 15.1 27.8 THIKA 9.4 7.2 10.5 12.3 9.9 8.8 9.5 6.6 8.2 7.8 8.2 8.2 8.2 9.9 27.5 MACHAKOS 15.3 12.4 14.9 15.8 14.5 13.8 13.5 13.8 12.7 13.1 14.6 15.4 14.7 15.1 27.3 VOI 22.5 20.4 22.3 22.5 21.5 22.1 22.5 21.0 21.7 22.1 22.6 20.5 20.5 22.1 33.5 LAMU 26.2 24.5 23.0 24.5 23.5 23.7 23.2 25.0 24.2 25.3 27.2 26.2 25.2 25.3 32.7 MALINDI 26.7 25.9 25.0 25.5 25.6 24.8 24.8 24.7 23.9 26.5 24.5 25.4 25.0 25.9 32.0 MOMBASA 25.9 24.8 26.0 26.2 25.7 25.6 25.5 24.7 25.4 25.7 24.5 24.9 24.2 25.6 32.6 19

LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET ELDORET AP KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NYERI EMBU MERU LAIKIPIA M.A.B. DAGORETTI WILSON JKIA THIKA MACHAKOS MAKINDU VOI LAMU MALINDI MSABAHA MTWAPA MOMBASA 0.0 11.8 0.0 55.8 32.9 80.8 52.0 92.1 91.1 58.8 42.0 61.4 62.3 47.0 21.7 225.9 198.0 155.6 160.3 214.0 192.9 150.7 113.1 91.1 Rainfall (mm) 273.6 273.2 241.8 242.6 299.7 275.5 384.6 525.1 591.5 LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET ELDORET AP KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NYERI EMBU MERU LAIKIPIA M.A.B. DAGORETTI WILSON JKIA THIKA MACHAKOS MAKINDU VOI LAMU MALINDI MSABAHA MTWAPA MOMBASA 0.0 11.8 0.0 55.8 32.9 80.8 52.0 92.1 91.1 58.8 42.0 61.4 62.3 47.0 21.7 225.9 198.0 155.6 160.3 214.0 192.9 150.7 113.1 91.1 Rainfall (mm) 273.6 273.2 241.8 242.6 299.7 275.5 384.6 525.1 591.5 March 2017 Rainfall 700.0 TOTAL LTM(MAY) 600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 March rainfall against March LTMs 0.0 Stations FIGURE 1A: MARCH 2017 RAINFALL PERFORMANCE 700.0 TOTAL LTM(MAY) 600.0 March rainfall against MAM LTMs 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 Stations FIGURE 1B: MAM 2017 RAINFALL PERFORMANCE 20

Daily Rainfall Data May 2017 RAINFALL FOR MAY 2017 TOT- STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15MAY LTM- MAY %MAY TOT-MA TOT- MAM LTM- MAM %MAM LODWAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.2 0.0 26.3 26.3 95.3 27.6 MARSABIT 1.1 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.6 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 55.8 93.5 59.7 78.0 133.8 397.1 33.7 MOYALE 45.2 73.4 8.5 6.0 6.4 0.0 0.6 0.4 11.2 2.6 0.1 0.1 225.9 134.4 168.1 76.4 302.3 378.7 79.8 GARISSA 0.0 0.0 0.9 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 14.9 79.2 54.7 66.5 146.9 45.3 WAJIR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.6 0.0 103.8 103.8 162.4 63.9 MANDERA 0.0 22.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.9 39.6 83.1 30.7 63.6 154.8 41.1 KITALE 10.9 0.6 3.7 5.4 0.2 33.7 7.9 11.9 0.0 0.2 0.3 7.4 198.0 168.2 117.7 120.9 318.9 442.4 72.1 KAKAMEGA 1.8 20.0 8.6 1.1 0.0 6.9 19.8 5.6 9.8 14.8 10.6 0.5 214.0 247.7 86.4 411.4 625.4 678.7 92.1 ELDORET 41.4 1.6 7.6 1.2 0.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 3.0 0.0 7.4 0.0 155.6 116.6 133.5 158.6 314.2 326.4 96.3 ELDORET AP 7.6 9.6 3.5 2.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 5.5 0.0 1.4 2.5 0.0 160.3 179.6 89.3 198.2 358.5 438.4 81.8 KERICHO 10.1 17.0 2.3 8.0 7.0 15.7 0.0 15.7 14.8 11.9 6.0 7.3 273.6 267.7 102.2 348.5 622.1 675.7 92.1 KISII 48.5 14.8 1.2 1.8 1.3 13.9 0.0 2.3 13.5 2.1 13.9 3.5 192.9 231.7 83.3 369.1 562.0 681.0 82.5 KISUMU 17.8 0.0 13.4 16.1 1.0 10.0 0.0 24.4 6.4 10.0 0.4 0.6 150.7 160.5 93.9 407.3 558.0 541.2 103.1 NYAHURURU 6.4 0.3 0.0 5.6 5.4 1.8 0.0 0.0 1.5 4.8 0.0 1.9 80.8 104.8 77.1 44.7 125.5 271.0 46.3 NAKURU 7.6 12.0 6.8 11.0 6.7 1.6 1.4 2.1 6.6 8.9 8.0 4.5 92.1 116.1 79.3 39.5 131.6 308.5 42.6 21

LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET ELDORET AP KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NYERI EMBU MERU LAIKIPIA M.A.B. DAGORETTI WILSON JKIA THIKA MACHAKOS MAKINDU VOI LAMU MALINDI MSABAHA MTWAPA MOMBASA RAINFALL IN MM LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET ELDORET AP KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NYERI EMBU MERU LAIKIPIA M.A.B. DAGORETTI WILSON JKIA THIKA MACHAKOS MAKINDU VOI LAMU MALINDI MSABAHA MTWAPA MOMBASA 0.0 11.8 0.0 55.8 32.9 80.8 52.0 92.1 91.1 58.8 42.0 61.4 62.3 47.0 21.7 225.9 198.0 155.6 160.3 214.0 192.9 150.7 113.1 91.1 Rainfall (mm) 273.6 273.2 241.8 242.6 299.7 275.5 384.6 525.1 591.5 May 2017 Rainfall 700.0 TOTAL LTM(MAY) 600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 May rainfall against May LTMs Stations FIGURE 1A: MAY 2017 RAINFALL PERFORMANCE 900.0 800.0 700.0 600.0 TOT-MAM LTM-MAM MAM rainfall against MAM LTMs 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 STATION FIGURE 1: MAM 2017 RAINFALL AS COMPARED TO MAM SEASONAL LTMs 22

Monthly Rainfall Totals - EMBU YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN-TOT JA-TOT MAM-TOT JJA-TOT OND-TOT 1977 2.2 49.2 93.8 431.4 201.3 14.5 48.2 33.7 60.0 66.1 390.6 47.3 1438.3 51.4 726.5 96.4 504.0 1978 43.4 113.8 189.3 422.9 65.8 36.6 15.2 52.7 79.6 255.9 152.4 103.9 1531.5 157.2 678.0 104.5 512.2 1979 144.4 15.6 122.6 284.0 243.9 44.3 30.8 34.3 11.2 129.2 224.9 29.8 1315.0 160.0 650.5 109.4 383.9 1980 7.0 0.0 38.7 147.7 216.4 4.1 9.6 42.0 10.1 178.1 267.7 33.9 955.3 7.0 402.8 55.7 479.7 1981 4.3 5.2 206.1 394.0 298.9 19.9 12.4 40.9 21.0 112.5 85.0 41.5 1241.7 9.5 899.0 73.2 239.0 1982 6.0 0.0 175.3 330.6 264.3 29.0 14.6 25.4 57.7 453.6 131.6 38.1 1526.2 6.0 770.2 69.0 623.3 1983 0.8 19.6 29.0 363.3 152.6 34.5 22.1 12.5 66.2 138.6 127.6 123.8 1090.6 20.4 544.9 69.1 390.0 1984 1.2 0.0 48.4 202.9 15.0 7.8 36.2 19.5 36.5 373.9 164.6 33.3 939.3 1.2 266.3 63.5 571.8 1985 0.5 53.2 204.6 302.6 197.6 24.7 30.0 47.1 21.7 153.0 227.6 26.7 1289.3 53.7 704.8 101.8 407.3 1986 1.7 0.0 86.5 369.8 141.3 38.9 13.0 32.1 29.2 49.0 382.0 63.5 1207.0 1.7 597.6 84.0 494.5 1987 14.0 1.8 0.0 271.0 159.4 64.3 8.4 95.9 3.7 18.5 316.3 27.2 980.5 15.8 430.4 168.6 362.0 1988 2.9 17.6 149.6 562.7 214.9 50.6 22.9 51.2 32.5 204.1 357.2 217.9 1884.1 20.5 927.2 124.7 779.2 1989 29.5 14.2 103.1 291.2 185.6 11.3 37.5 46.9 51.9 253.8 265.0 58.3 1348.3 43.7 579.9 95.7 577.1 1990 89.9 16.6 223.7 429.8 180.0 20.7 27.4 22.4 71.7 217.6 307.7 164.8 1772.3 106.5 833.5 70.5 690.1 1991 21.1 0.0 79.2 183.5 204.8 11.9 35.6 47.0 1.1 106.9 168.3 48.8 908.2 21.1 467.5 94.5 324.0 1992 6.0 0.0 12.4 303.4 238.1 7.2 29.3 28.0 20.0 167.7 215.0 138.6 1165.7 6.0 553.9 64.5 521.3 1993 139.0 68.4 85.4 219.7 21.5 25.1 45.3 15.4 16.5 80.2 300.3 48.6 1065.4 207.4 326.6 85.8 429.1 1994 0.0 0.4 55.2 467.1 202.0 19.3 55.4 33.4 31.1 244.6 436.5 56.5 1601.5 0.4 724.3 108.1 737.6 1995 6.8 68.8 166.6 349.1 118.6 11.0 19.5 75.2 35.3 275.7 220.5 99.6 1446.7 75.6 634.3 105.7 595.8 1996 50.1 13.9 164.6 100.7 185.0 52.2 35.3 18.9 1.9 14.2 242.2 0.5 879.5 64.0 450.3 106.4 256.9 1997 0.9 0.0 91.9 493.8 89.0 20.5 16.3 9.1 1.8 396.3 408.7 139.4 1667.7 0.9 674.7 45.9 944.4 1998 166.3 165.5 85.8 217.7 396.5 88.4 61.0 64.5 15.9 10.2 234.3 0.0 1506.1 331.8 700.0 213.9 244.5 1999 53.3 11.2 191.5 177.1 87.5 10.0 36.1 36.8 14.4 42.9 395.6 185.8 1242.2 64.5 456.1 82.9 624.3 2000 0.0 0.0 16.2 60.1 24.5 21.1 25.0 22.8 29.4 40.5 198.2 61.7 499.5 0.0 100.8 68.9 300.4 2001 93.5 2.3 149.1 311.7 146.8 30.6 29.4 10.8 3.7 51.9 290.2 29.5 1149.5 95.8 607.6 70.8 371.6 2002 25.9 17.0 94.6 744.2 283.6 15.3 19.8 54.5 37.1 172.5 150.4 142.4 1757.3 42.9 1122.4 89.6 465.3 2003 0.0 0.0 66.7 312.9 306.5 10.6 13.6 101.2 52.8 202.2 175.1 93.6 1335.2 0.0 686.1 125.4 470.9 2004 32.6 54.4 147.7 150.7 62.9 20.9 3.8 15.5 38.0 238.6 372.2 49.8 1187.1 87.0 361.3 40.2 660.6 2005 3.4 1.0 21.9 238.8 247.0 31.7 36.0 47.1 22.7 168.1 129.9 5.0 952.6 4.4 507.7 114.8 303.0 2006 16.3 24.0 177.2 184.8 265.8 22.7 23.5 19.8 80.1 225.2 443.8 291.1 1774.3 40.3 627.8 66.0 960.1 2007 66.9 0.0 73.7 260.5 177.1 9.9 33.4 45.7 18.9 329.3 125.7 57.4 1198.5 66.9 511.3 89.0 512.4 2008 67.0 0.0 160.1 341.4 13.5 20.6 56.2 36.0 7.8 223.6 99.5 0.0 1025.7 67.0 515.0 112.8 323.1 2009 116.9 10.9 84.5 199.0 162.9 14.4 3.7 13.7 8.7 239.0 183.9 34.9 1072.5 127.8 446.4 31.8 457.8 2010 18.6 117.7 188.3 229.5 225.3 29.5 28.8 48.6 5.4 102.2 106.1 23.0 1123.0 136.3 643.1 106.9 231.3 2011 12.4 18.8 51.3 266.4 196.1 7.5 6.8 37.7 100.6 226.5 218.8 68.2 1211.1 31.2 513.8 52.0 513.5 2012 0.0 10.3 5.4 406.8 271.9 25.3 30.7 28.1 8.9 293.3 279.9 181.6 1542.2 10.3 684.1 84.1 754.8 2013 21.7 0.1 159.2 302.7 40.2 25.8 30.2 54.3 12.3 20.1 229.7 84.6 980.9 21.8 502.1 110.3 334.4 2014 0.0 47.1 239.0 154.5 50.1 86.4 18.0 40.4 1.3 120.9 217.8 20.3 995.8 47.1 443.6 144.8 359.0 2015 0.4 9.4 59.9 443.7 154.3 12.8 40.0 29.1 0.6 261.6 360.6 56.7 1429.1 9.8 657.9 81.9 678.9 2016 57.3 4.0 45.6 373.4 128.2 62.0 6.3 35.2 29.6 23.2 226.1 11.3 1002.2 61.3 547.2 103.5 260.6 23

2015 Monthly and Seasonal Rainfall RAINFALL DURING 2015 STATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL JAN-FEB MAM JJA OND LODWAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.3 31.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 32.3 12.0 170.0 0.0 122.3 2.6 45.1 MARSABIT 0.0 0.0 55.5 121.0 63.0 0.9 15.1 7.2 0.0 101.2 254.3 47.9 666.1 0.0 239.5 23.2 403.4 MOYALE 0.0 0.0 13.6 105.8 147.3 8.6 18.4 4.5 1.3 94.3 109.5 35.8 539.1 0.0 266.7 32.8 239.6 GARISSA 0.0 0.0 55.0 68.5 0.0 0.0 1.9 6.6 0.0 19.6 68.1 46.0 265.7 0.0 123.5 8.5 133.7 WAJIR 0.0 0.0 21.8 73.3 0.5 0.0 6.0 1.5 0.0 45.7 58.2 7.9 214.9 0.0 95.6 7.5 111.8 MANDERA 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.2 9.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 115.1 68.5 0.8 285.0 0.0 100.6 0.0 184.4 KITALE 0.0 15.3 24.8 181.3 270.7 200.9 91.3 61.2 121.6 141.9 133.8 72.0 1314.8 15.3 476.8 475.0 347.7 KAKAMEGA 3.4 52.2 210.6 368.3 297.5 229.8 146.0 198.8 110.7 193.9 312.1 132.0 2255.3 55.6 876.4 685.3 638.0 ELDORET 0.8 0.0 24.5 171.1 158.4 129.0 134.5 44.3 52.7 111.3 157.2 101.3 1085.1 0.8 354.0 360.5 369.8 KERICHO 0.4 77.3 57.0 256.7 303.8 158.5 103.5 82.4 124.8 225.1 278.2 210.9 1878.6 77.7 617.5 469.2 714.2 KISII 15.9 45.0 86.7 252.3 246.0 196.6 86.1 192.1 178.0 257.3 350.9 235.5 2142.4 60.9 585.0 652.8 843.7 KISUMU 3.5 34.7 160.3 259.6 172.5 49.8 84.9 22.3 154.5 198.8 140.3 187.2 1468.4 38.2 592.4 311.5 526.3 NYAHURURU 1.6 28.2 0.8 115.1 98.8 96.0 61.6 35.8 56.1 64.5 166.5 158.1 883.1 29.8 214.7 249.5 389.1 NAKURU 0.0 3.8 11.8 149.6 108.1 63.2 41.8 20.6 102.5 62.7 142.0 120.6 826.7 3.8 269.5 228.1 325.3 NAROK 70.4 76.9 17.1 167.2 171.8 49.6 25.0 15.8 7.2 64.6 185.4 144.5 995.5 147.3 356.1 97.6 394.5 NYERI 6.6 60.0 26.6 117.3 115.2 14.9 12.7 5.1 0.3 132.6 247.5 106.9 845.7 66.6 259.1 33.0 487.0 EMBU 0.4 9.4 59.9 443.7 154.3 12.8 40.0 29.1 0.6 261.6 360.6 56.7 1429.1 9.8 657.9 82.5 678.9 MERU 2.7 26.0 105.2 371.5 91.9 1.0 14.1 10.6 0.0 146.8 391.2 237.2 1398.2 28.7 568.6 25.7 775.2 M.A.B. 14.0 63.1 21.1 273.4 223.8 98.6 7.1 17.3 5.1 102.5 262.6 122.6 1211.2 77.1 518.3 128.1 487.7 DAGORETTI 19.3 56.2 29.9 301.2 311.9 70.2 14.8 12.2 12.2 78.2 181.6 76.1 1163.8 75.5 643.0 109.4 335.9 WILSON 36.0 31.9 40.2 226.3 233.8 57.5 24.1 19.6 6.6 72.3 295.2 105.3 1148.8 67.9 500.3 107.8 472.8 JKIA 2.8 38.7 17.5 170.5 120.5 116.7 8.7 2.2 6.4 47.1 229.7 176.8 937.6 41.5 308.5 134.0 453.6 THIKA 9.1 26.3 49.5 208.3 112.9 62.2 5.6 2.3 0.0 187.1 278.5 146.8 1088.6 35.4 370.7 70.1 612.4 MACHAKOS 1.5 70.9 23.4 81.7 123.2 49.2 5.4 4.8 0.0 10.4 267.0 161.2 798.7 72.4 228.3 59.4 438.6 MAKINDU 0.0 52.0 44.8 71.9 75.1 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.5 72.4 402.9 52.0 191.8 2.2 156.9 VOI 1.0 3.0 39.5 57.8 39.9 4.5 12.3 3.8 0.4 62.7 164.5 129.1 518.5 4.0 137.2 21.0 356.3 LAMU 0.0 0.0 14.9 12.2 362.7 73.5 18.4 79.1 16.9 90.2 112.5 1.3 781.7 0.0 389.8 187.9 204.0 MALINDI 0.0 0.0 21.4 27.5 417.2 48.4 83.9 30.2 6.0 80.2 63.7 3.9 782.4 0.0 466.1 168.5 147.8 MSABAHA 0.0 0.0 26.4 58.5 370.4 47.4 68.6 45.4 18.6 46.7 90.8 13.5 786.3 0.0 455.3 180.0 151.0 MTWAPA 0.0 0.0 77.4 124.1 397.9 42.5 81.9 94.2 25.2 75.6 205.7 8.3 1132.8 0.0 599.4 243.8 289.6 MOMBASA 0.0 0.0 95.6 107.1 396.1 47.2 113.0 41.9 18.7 128.8 265.5 39.2 1253.1 0.0 598.8 220.8 433.5 NATIONAL 6.1 24.9 46.2 165.3 181.5 62.4 42.8 35.2 33.1 103.9 192.2 95.8 989.4 31.0 393.0 173.5 391.9 N-EASTERN 0.0 0.0 29.2 92.0 44.0 1.9 8.3 4.0 0.3 75.2 111.7 27.7 394.2 0.0 165.2 14.4 214.6 WESTERN 4.0 37.4 94.0 248.2 241.5 160.8 107.7 100.2 123.7 188.1 228.8 156.5 1690.8 41.4 583.7 492.4 573.3 24

Example of Computed Averages Rainfall Rainfall in NW Kenya Monthly Av. Totals Unit 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 January Millimetres 1.3 8.1 21.0 5.0 6.6 1.7 0.0 5.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 February Millimetres 2.0 0.5 0.1 7.0 13.4 19.8 0.6 0.1 2.6 0.0 1.1 March Millimetres 33.9 17.8 91.3 18.8 31.2 6.3 0.0 143.1 53.3 47.1 5.8 April Millimetres 312.3 137.1 84.4 49.7 261.5 75.2 50.4 130.3 51.7 65.9 185.1 May Millimetres 229.8 588.5 298.4 127.8 381.3 207.8 251.3 359.6 381.0 388.9 149.4 June Millimetres 186.8 121.5 165.1 190.4 124.3 46.8 70.3 73.9 129.2 51.8 78.8 July Millimetres 88.2 68.0 65.7 42.7 73.6 61.6 33.8 48.2 52.9 73.2 19.5 August Millimetres 81.2 128.5 60.2 32.9 43.2 38.4 79.8 44.0 34.3 58.2 36.6 September Millimetres 102.7 150.4 18.0 6.8 34.0 44.9 12.6 29.1 1.1 17.1 26.3 October Millimetres 249.5 62.0 39.1 354.1 11.3 258.2 124.6 80.2 108.0 84.3 4.5 November Millimetres 215.5 72.1 48.7 35.3 76.8 90.6 141.2 64.4 111.8 147.6 53.9 December Millimetres 85.9 34.4 12.5 34.8 23.9 37.3 65.1 42.4 71.3 13.2 9.9 Seasonal Av. Totals Unit 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 March-April-May Millimetres 576.0 743.4 474.1 196.2 674.0 289.3 301.7 633.1 486.1 501.9 340.3 June-July-August Millimetres 356.1 318.0 291.0 265.9 241.0 146.8 183.9 166.1 216.4 183.1 134.9 Octo-Nove-Dece Millimetres 551.0 168.4 100.3 424.1 112.0 386.1 330.9 187.1 291.1 245.2 68.3 Annual Av. Totals Unit 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 January-December Millimetres 1589.1 1388.9 904.6 905.1 1081.1 888.7 829.6 1020.8 997.5 947.3 571.1 25

National LTMs LONG-TERM MEANS STATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL JF MAM JJAS OND LODWAR 10.3 6.5 27.6 48.6 25.1 11.0 17.7 14.0 6.2 10.7 24.3 14.9 216.6 16.7 101.3 48.7 49.9 MARSABIT 38.9 23.1 61.4 224.9 86.8 8.8 12.6 12.5 6.5 107.2 144.0 52.3 779.2 62.0 373.0 40.6 303.5 MOYALE 17.8 18.2 56.9 181.7 123.3 17.0 13.7 13.2 18.6 120.6 92.8 33.1 706.9 36.0 362.0 62.5 246.4 GARISSA 15.2 5.2 45.1 76.9 16.1 5.4 3.9 5.9 8.1 33.0 102.0 54.4 371.2 20.4 138.1 23.3 189.4 WAJIR 9.5 6.0 31.0 96.6 32.8 2.5 2.1 1.6 3.0 45.3 75.0 26.3 331.7 15.5 160.4 9.2 146.6 MANDERA 15.8 25.9 37.9 80.8 27.5 3.1 2.7 2.0 4.3 40.9 86.3 52.3 277.1 36.1 124.7 7.6 158.9 KITALE 28.0 42.4 95.6 185.8 166.8 105.2 133.0 152.9 112.1 122.8 95.6 44.3 1279.7 70.4 443.3 503.2 262.8 KAKAMEGA 76.3 96.7 173.1 261.7 244.7 168.0 150.9 219.5 175.7 165.9 144.9 96.8 1974.1 173.0 679.5 714.1 407.5 ELDORET 33.4 41.1 71.4 139.9 121.4 114.0 162.8 161.6 74.8 61.2 68.0 39.5 1086.1 74.5 332.7 508.5 168.6 KERICHO 105.9 87.4 176.5 249.7 260.4 170.3 167.7 193.3 181.4 174.5 156.4 102.2 2025.6 193.4 686.5 712.7 433.1 KISII 112.5 115.1 200.4 261.7 238.2 177.8 125.7 174.1 170.5 181.2 203.9 151.1 2111.6 227.7 700.2 648.1 530.6 KISUMU 82.3 80.0 163.2 214.8 157.5 82.0 66.2 87.2 99.2 99.9 142.8 111.7 1386.7 162.3 535.6 334.6 354.3 NYAHURURU 37.1 31.6 57.6 114.9 106.2 105.4 137.2 152.8 72.0 61.1 74.6 58.3 1008.7 68.7 278.6 467.3 194.0 NAKURU 30.1 37.4 68.2 129.3 118.8 78.8 89.9 108.0 81.6 76.5 76.6 44.5 927.4 67.2 314.9 357.1 198.1 NAROK 86.0 75.2 98.5 147.2 94.4 27.9 17.9 25.1 26.5 28.8 72.5 80.1 779.8 161.2 340.2 97.0 181.4 NAIVASHA 37.3 34.6 59.9 114.2 76.5 44.0 35.0 44.8 43.2 60.7 72.1 46.9 668.9 71.8 250.6 166.9 179.6 NYERI 52.2 42.8 74.1 176.9 174.6 32.4 33.4 31.3 27.0 111.6 119.2 78.9 950.5 95.0 425.5 124.1 309.7 EMBU 34.4 26.9 106.2 298.3 172.9 26.6 30.9 40.0 34.0 178.7 243.9 77.0 1265.2 61.3 577.4 131.6 496.0 MERU 72.5 43.5 106.4 249.5 103.3 11.9 10.5 13.8 28.8 225.2 320.4 153.5 1331.2 116.1 459.2 65.1 699.1 NANYUKI 24.7 19.8 53.8 116.3 73.5 40.6 48.7 59.9 47.9 79.3 88.4 39.1 692.0 44.5 243.6 197.1 206.9 MOI AIR-BASE 58.6 45.5 91.5 177.7 144.1 37.2 15.0 21.6 21.0 53.2 135.7 83.8 884.8 104.1 413.3 94.7 272.6 DAGORETTI 67.5 53.8 97.5 217.9 173.9 36.6 17.3 24.0 29.4 58.4 154.9 101.1 1032.2 121.3 489.3 107.3 314.3 WILSON 66.9 45.4 92.1 188.4 146.3 36.7 16.6 20.3 25.0 54.3 138.8 91.7 922.6 112.3 426.8 98.6 284.9 JKIA 49.3 45.1 75.1 137.7 102.8 23.1 9.8 15.3 20.8 45.6 120.1 94.5 739.0 94.4 315.7 68.8 260.1 THIKA 50.0 41.9 114.9 213.8 117.1 23.0 15.1 12.9 17.1 75.3 178.6 82.8 943.4 91.9 445.8 68.1 336.7 KATUMANI 54.8 38.9 88.2 139.3 60.5 8.1 4.1 4.4 5.0 37.7 158.1 95.3 694.4 93.7 288.0 21.6 291.1 MAKINDU 44.5 28.1 65.2 95.3 27.3 2.5 0.7 1.5 2.4 30.7 168.9 111.5 578.7 72.6 187.8 7.2 311.1 VOI 42.0 23.6 82.4 86.3 25.2 4.3 2.7 6.7 12.7 31.6 130.0 120.3 567.8 65.6 194.0 26.4 281.8 LAMU 10.3 3.1 29.0 131.3 299.3 155.9 86.7 41.7 45.9 55.0 57.8 39.2 955.2 13.4 459.6 330.2 152.0 MALINDI 10.6 7.2 40.0 161.4 307.9 143.6 95.6 63.3 53.5 87.2 70.2 32.6 1073.1 17.8 509.4 356.0 189.9 MSABAHA 15.4 8.8 42.3 166.3 305.1 154.2 105.6 65.9 56.4 94.6 93.3 49.1 1157.0 24.2 513.7 382.1 237.0 MTWAPA 22.2 14.1 53.9 220.9 311.8 137.8 100.3 75.5 64.0 123.7 112.8 54.0 1290.9 36.2 586.5 377.7 290.5 MOMBASA 30.7 11.9 54.2 156.6 245.5 90.6 67.0 60.8 58.0 112.7 104.5 66.5 1059.1 42.7 456.3 276.4 283.7 NATIONAL 43.7 37.2 81.5 165.5 142.1 63.2 54.5 58.4 49.5 86.2 122.0 72.1 971.8 80.7 388.3 225.3 279.5 26

Climate Monitoring and Climate Change Contribution of scientific input to monitoring, prediction, attribution, mitigation and adaptation to climate change issues relevant to Kenya s negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ; Monitoring environmental pollution, Greenhouse Gases, and other atmospheric constituents including ozone and aerosols over the Kenyan atmosphere; Provide expert advice on environmental audit and impact assessment; 27

Seasonal Rainfall trends in Kenya Narok MAM

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Rainfall in mm National Annual Rainfall Trend (Last 20 years) 1500.0 1400.0 1300.0 1200.0 1100.0 1000.0 900.0 800.0 700.0 600.0 500.0 Years National Annual Rainfall during the last 20 years (1997-2016) 29

Annual maximum temperature trends - Narok

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