Giraffe SAFE Program

Giraffe SAFE Program Action Plan 2017-2020 Submitted: 10 August 2017 by Program Leaders Liza Dadone 1, Andi Kornak 2, & Kristen Lukas 2 1 Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, CO 2 Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH with the Giraffid SSP, Giraffe & Antelope TAG, Program Partners, & Advisors Kristen Lukas 1

Contents Program Goal... 3 Program Operational Structure... 4 Conservation Target... 6 Status of Taxa within the AZA Community... 6 AZA Conservation Activities... 6 AZA Public Engagement Activities... 7 Conservation Status of Taxa... 8 Recovery Plans... 9 Threats to Giraffe... 10 Work Plan... 11 Conservation Objectives: Kenya... 11 Conservation Objectives: Tanzania... 11 Conservation Objectives: Uganda... 11 Public Engagement Objective... 12 Communication Objective... 12 Funding Objectives... 12 Giraffe SAFE Member-Sponsored Species Program 3 Year Strategy (2017-2020)... 13 Kenya... 13 Tanzania... 14 Uganda... 15 Public Engagement... 17 Communication... 18 Funding... 18 References... 19 List of Appendices... 19 Appendix 1. Uganda Giraffe Programme Annual Work Plan 2016-17... 19 Appendix 2. Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016... 19 2

Program Goal The goal of the Giraffe SAFE program is, of course, to save giraffe! With between 35-50% of giraffe facilities currently supporting conservation, we additionally aim to demonstrate measurable positive impacts of zoos accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) on the conservation of giraffe and increase the number of AZA zoos that support field conservation over the next three years. To ensure stability for conservation programming, long-term commitments will be encouraged. Ideally, the efforts of the Giraffe SAFE Member-Sponsored Species (SMSS) program will also engage the world-wide zoo community and increase overall support. In 2016, with the Antelope and Giraffe TAG s endorsement, the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo and the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo joined together to propose a SAFE program for giraffes. This program was approved as the first AZA SMSS in February 2017. The group has agreed to collaborate on program plans for three countries Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and on ways to increase public engagement for increase awareness of, and support for, giraffe conservation by AZA institutions. As the field conservation initiatives are intended to feed into existing conservation action plans, the existing Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map, as well as the draft National Giraffe Conservation Strategy for Kenya and work plan for giraffe conservation in Uganda, serve as a platform to measure the impact of the increased AZA effort against what has been prioritized for giraffe in each landscape. Specific objectives are identified in this Giraffe SAFE Action Plan as a first step in what will be a long-term commitment to ensuring the survival of giraffe in robust populations across East Africa. This Action Plan provides a framework and identifies opportunities for program partners and will be reviewed and updated on an annual basis. It will remain the prerogative of each individual AZA organization to determine where to commit funds and resources as they develop their giraffe conservation programming. The Giraffe SAFE program invites and welcomes all interested AZA zoos to become program partners. 3

Program Operational Structure Giraffe SAFE project areas are Kenya (K), Tanzania (T), Uganda (U), and Public Engagement (PE) ZOO REPRESENTATIVE(S) CONTACT INFORMATION Program Leaders Cheyenne Liza Dadone, VMD Mountain Vice President of Mission & Zoo Programs Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Kristen Lukas, Ph.D. Director of Conservation & Science Andi Kornak Director of Animal & Vet Programs Program Partners Steering Committee Columbus Mike Kreger Zoo & Vice President of Conservation Aquarium Adam Felts Curator Heart of Africa/Asia North Carolina Zoo Oregon Zoo Saint Louis Zoo San Diego Zoo The Living Desert Zoo & Gardens Utah s Hogle Zoo Quest Corinne Kendall, Ph.D. Curator of Conservation & Research Sheri Horiszney (Giraffid SSP Chair) Deputy Director Martha Fischer, M.A. (Giraffe & Antelope TAG Chair) Curator of Mammals David A. O'Connor, M.Sc. Researcher - Global Partnerships Jenna Stacy-Dawes, M.A. Research Coordinator Global Partnerships RoxAnna Breitigan Director of Animal Programs Justin Carmichael Public Engagement Coordinator Liz Larsen Director of Conservation Primary Project Area(s) K T U PE ldadone@cmzoo.org 719-330-4774 * * * * kel@clevelandmetroparks.com 216-632-2523 amk@clevelandmetroparks.com 216-635-3373 michael.kreger@columbuszoo.org 614-724-3409 adam.felts@columbuszoo.org 614-922-0068 * * * * * * * corinne.kendall@nczoo.org 336-879-7607 * * * sheri.horiszny@oregonzoo.org 503-220-2444 * * fischer@stlzoo.org 314-646-4610 * * * doconnor@sandiegozoo.org 202-352-0737 jstacy-dawes@sandiegozoo.org rbreitigan@livingdesert.org 760-346-4898 jcarmichael@livingdesert.org 760-346-5694 ext.2503 llarsen@hoglezoo.org * * * * * * 4

Program Operational Structure (cont.) ZOO REPRESENTATIVE(S) CONTACT INFORMATION Advisors Giraffe Conservation Foundation Wild Nature Institute IUCN Giraffe and Okapi Specialist Group Leiden Conservation Foundation Julian Fennessy, Ph.D. Steph Fennessy Co-Directors and Co-Founders Arthur Muneza East African Coordinator Derek Lee, Ph.D. Monica Bond, M.S. Principal Scientists Julian Fennessy, Ph.D. Giraffe co-chair Tom Leiden President Field Conservation Committee Liaison Utah s Hogle Christina Castellano Zoo Vice President & Chief Science Officer julian@giraffeconservation.org steph@giraffeconservation.org arthur@giraffeconservation.org derek@wildnatureinstitute.org monica@wildnatureinstitute.org Primary Project Area(s) K T U PE * * * * * * julian@giraffeconservation.org * * * * tmleiden16@gmail.com * * * * ccastellano@hoglezoo.org 801-584-1756 5

Conservation Target Populations of Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis) in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda). Status of Taxa within the AZA Community Giraffe are among the most iconic animals in the world with their tall stature, gentle nature, graceful gait, unique coat patterns, long black tongues, and powerful necks. For these and many other reasons, they are also very popular zoo animals. According to the Giraffe and Antelope Taxon Advisory Group & Giraffe Species Survival Plan, 97 AZA accredited zoos (131 total institutions) care for giraffe in the US, Canada and Mexico, which is more than any other charismatic mega-vertebrate. This means nearly half of accredited zoos care for giraffe, undoubtedly one of the most popular and beloved zoo species. There are currently more than 500 giraffe managed through two SSP Programs: Generic and Masai. The Generic Giraffe is a Green Program and the Masai are a Yellow Program. According to the 2016 Breeding and Transfer Plan for Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis): Giraffe taxonomy has long been debated and there is still limited consensus regarding subspecies, or possibly even species, differences. In 2004, the AZA populations of reticulated and Rothschild s giraffes were combined into a single management unit, leaving the Masai giraffe population to be managed separately. The 2016 Breeding & Transfer Plan provides analyses and recommendations for the generic Giraffe SSP that includes reticulated, Rothschild s, and hybrid individuals. The current, formally managed population of generic giraffes is 425 animals (178 males, 247 females) distributed among 85 AZA institutions. The Antelope and Giraffe Taxon Advisory Group has set the target size for this population to be 400 animals (2014 Regional Collection Plan). At present, the generic giraffe program qualifies as a Green SSP Program (>90% gene diversity for 100 years). Although our focus is on AZA giraffe, the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) estimates that about 1/10 th of the world population (700 million people) visit zoos worldwide each year. There are an estimated 2,000 giraffe in human care worldwide. If we can effectively engage and educate zoo guests about giraffe conservation, starting with those that come to AZA zoos, we could make a significant impact on conservation of this species. Giraffe are ecologically important in nature because they are browsers that influence the landscape and they serve as key prey for large carnivores and scavengers. Their status as iconic megavertebrates means they are also quite successful at attracting ecotourism and thus habitat preservation. However, giraffe across Africa face threats to survival including habitat loss and degradation, poaching, human encroachment, civil unrest, and disease. AZA Conservation Activities Giraffe populations have declined drastically over the past three decades (Muller et al., 2016) and AZA zoos have been mobilizing resources to increase awareness of giraffe conservation and to conduct or support field conservation initiatives for giraffe. According to the AZA Annual Report on Conservation 6

and Science (ARCS), from 2014-2015, AZA zoos have provided support for giraffe conservation primarily through the following organizations and projects: Care for Karamoja (http://www.care4karamoja.org/) Giraffe Conservation Foundation (https://giraffeconservation.org/) Reticulated Giraffe Project (http://www.reticulatedgiraffeproject.net/rgp/home.html) Rothschild s Giraffe Project (http://www.girafferesearch.com/) San Diego Zoo Global (http://endextinction.org/species/giraffe) Wild Nature Institute (http://www.wildnatureinstitute.org/save-the-giraffe.html) Data from the AZA Annual Report on Conservation and Science (AZA, 2017) reveal that AZA zoos reported investing nearly three-quarters of a million dollars to support or conduct giraffe conservation initiatives between 2014-2016: Year # Reporting Institutions Amount Spent 2014 41 $222,173 2015 37 $268,585 2016 43 $312,085 Total: $802,843 AZA Public Engagement Activities Zoo support for giraffe conservation is also evident in the enthusiastic support for public engagement opportunities made available through such initiatives as World Giraffe Day. First celebrated in 2014, World Giraffe Day is celebrated annually on June 21 st, the longest day of the year. The logos from 44 AZA zoos are currently listed on the 2016 World Giraffe Day website (https://giraffeconservation.org/world-giraffe-day/), which demonstrates the wide support within AZA for public engagement activities surrounding giraffe. 7

Conservation Status of Taxa Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) United States Conservation Status (www.fws.gov): Under Review IUCN Conservation Status (www.iucnredlist.org): Vulnerable G. c. rothschildi IUCN Conservation Status (www.iucnredlist.org): Endangered Species Subspecies Scientific name 2016 Wild Population Giraffe Angolan Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis 13,031 Kordofan G. c. antiquorum 2,000 Masai G. c. tippelskirchi 31,611 Nubian G. c. camelopardalis 650 Reticulated G. c. reticulta 8,661 Rothschild s G. c. rothschildi 1,671 South African* G. c. giraffa 38,938 Thornicroft s G. c. thornicrofti 600 West African G. c. peralta 400 Total 97,562 *This number was calculated as a sum of the Current Estimates for G. c. angolensis [provisional] and G. c. giraffe in the IUCN_Giraffe_camelopardalis. The iconic giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), one of the world's most recognizable animals and the tallest land mammal, have already been declared locally extinct in seven African countries. In December 2016, giraffe were reclassified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species from Least Concern to Vulnerable. New population surveys estimate an overall 36-40% decline in the giraffe population from approximately 150,000 in 1985 to 98,000 in 2015. Of the nine currently recognized subspecies of giraffe, five have decreasing populations, while three are increasing and one is stable. Previously, two subspecies were reclassified as Endangered and a high conservation priority. In 2008, the West African giraffe was listed as Endangered with less than 200 individuals, now ~400 individuals. In 2010, the Rothschild s giraffe (proposed re-classification as Nubian giraffe) was also listed as Endangered and population numbers have increased since based on international attention and support. The conservation status of the other giraffe subspecies is currently under review with the IUCN and may result in further updates to the Red List. Additionally, and in light of the current plight of giraffe highlighted by the new IUCN Red Listing, at the most recent IUCN 2016 World Conservation Congress in Hawaii, the members passed a motion to support Giraffids: reversing the decline of Africa s iconic megafauna. The motion (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/008) called for: IUCN, donors and partners to raise global and local awareness of giraffid declines and conservation needs and funds for key actions (e.g. lobbying range states and engaging local communities); IUCN Members, donors and partners to: 8

o Support the on-the-ground implementation of the 2015-2025 Okapi Conservation Strategy; and o Undertake increased fundraising and capacity building for management and monitoring of giraffid range state protected areas, including intelligence-led law enforcement via tools such as SMART (Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool), and for specific giraffid conservation activities, including development of improved survey and monitoring methods; IUCN Member States, giraffid range states, the United Nations and the international community to help restore the integrity and security of threatened protected areas, in particular World Heritage sites, in the ranges of giraffe (in particular Garamba National Park in DRC, Bouba-Njidda, Benoue and Waza national parks and Faro Reserve in Cameroon, and Shambe, Boma and Badingilo National Parks in South Sudan) and okapi (in particular Virunga and Maiko national parks and Okapi Wildlife Reserve); All States Parties to the World Heritage Convention to uphold their commitments to the Convention and not to permit extractives activities in World Heritage sites where giraffids are found and to ensure that all existing and future operations in areas surrounding such properties are compatible with the protection of their Outstanding Universal Value and do not threaten their integrity, in accordance with numerous World Heritage Committee decisions (e.g. 37 COM 7, para 8); and IUCN, giraffid range states, donors, key stakeholders and partners to develop and/or support an Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategy and Action Plan, as well as to raise global funds to facilitate its development and actions arising from it. Recovery Plans Recovery plans for Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis) are in development by Kenya (drafted in 2016) and Uganda (planned in 2017) but not by Tanzania. A strategic framework for conservation of giraffe across Africa was made available in 2016 and emerged from meetings co-hosted by Giraffe Conservation Foundation (GCF) and the IUCN Giraffe & Okapi Specialist Group (GOSG) in Namibia (2011), Kenya (2013), and South Africa (2015). Giraffe SAFE Program Co-Leader, Liza Dadone, is a member of the IUCN Giraffe and Okapi Specialist Group. In-situ Giraffe Conservation Plans (see attachments): Country Name Date Published Kenya National Conservation Strategy and Action Pending Plan for Giraffes in Kenya (2016-2020) Organization Appendix Kenya Wildlife n/a Service Tanzania (none) n/a n/a n/a Uganda Uganda Giraffe Programme Annual Work Plan 2016-17. National Strategy currently in development. 2016-2017 Giraffe Conservation Foundation #1 Africa- Wide Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map 2016 Giraffe Conservation Foundation & Partners #2 9

Threats to Giraffe Primary Threats to Giraffe in KENYA: o o o o o Habitat loss and fragmentation Population isolation Poaching Gaps in information on distribution and numbers Effects of climate change and variability Primary Threats to Giraffe in TANZANIA: o o o o Habitat loss and fragmentation Poaching Gaps in information on distribution and numbers Effects of climate change and variability Primary Threats to Giraffe in UGANDA: o o o o o Habitat loss and fragmentation Human encroachment Poaching Oil and gas exploration Effects of climate change and variability 10

Work Plan Refer to Program Summary Table for Metrics. Conservation Objectives: Kenya KENYA Objective 1. Develop monitoring protocols and use data gathered through ground and aerial surveys to verify population estimates for Masai, Nubian/Rothschild s, and Reticulated giraffe in Kenya by 10 August 2017. 2. Develop and evaluate one new two-year partnership between an AZA SAFE program partner and an in-range community-based conservation initiative by 10 August 2020. Recovery Plan Relevance Objective 1 of the Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 (Appendix 2) Objectives 2, 3, and 4 of the Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 (Appendix 2) Conservation Objectives: Tanzania TANZANIA Objective 1. Evaluate in-country interest and develop, as appropriate, a Tanzania Giraffe Conservation Strategy and Action Plan by 10 August 2020 2. Conduct a minimum of two surveys per year to identify etiology and potential population impact of Giraffe Skin Disease (GSD) in Ruaha National Park by 10 August 2020 3. Develop and evaluate one new two-year partnership between an AZA SAFE program zoo and an in-range community-based conservation initiative by 10 August 2020 Recovery Plan Relevance Objective 5 of the Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 (Appendix 2) Objective 1 of the Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 (Appendix 2) Objectives 2, 3, and 4 of the Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 (Appendix 2) Conservation Objectives: Uganda UGANDA Objective 1. Support development of Uganda s National Strategy for Giraffe Conservation by 10 August 2018 and its implementation through 10 August 2020. 2. Support translocation team members, conduct giraffe health assessments, and directly participate in two giraffe translocations by 10 August 2020. 3. Develop and evaluate one new two-year partnership between an AZA SAFE program zoo and an in-range community-based conservation/education initiative by 10 August 2020. Recovery Plan Relevance Component 4 of the Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme Annual Work Program (2016-2017, Appendix 2) and Objective 5 of the Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 (Appendix 1); Component 2 of the Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme Annual Work Program (2016-2017, Appendix 1) Component 3 of the Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme Annual Work Program (2016-2017, Appendix 1); Objectives 2, 3, and 4 of the Africawide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 (Appendix 2) 11

Public Engagement Objective Objective 1. Increase by 25% the number of AZA zoos and aquariums that support giraffe conservation and participate in World Giraffe Day by 10 August 2020 Recovery Plan Relevance Objective 3 of the Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 (Appendix 2) Communication Objective Objective 1. Increase by 25% the number of AZA zoos and aquariums that incorporate giraffe conservation messaging on ground by 10 August 2020 Recovery Plan Relevance Objectives 3 and 4 of the Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 (Appendix 2) Funding Objectives Objective 1. Increase by 25% the amount of funds directed to giraffe conservation in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda by 10 August 2020 Recovery Plan Relevance Objective 3 of the Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 (Appendix 2) 12

Giraffe SAFE Member-Sponsored Species Program 3 Year Strategy (2017-2020) Kenya Kenya Strategic Objective 1. Develop monitoring protocols and use data gathered through ground and aerial surveys to verify population estimates for Masai, Nubian/Rothschild s, and Reticulated giraffe in Kenya by 10 August 2020. Rationale: Conservation and management of wild giraffe is guided by sound scientific and evidence-based data. Action Metrics Timeframe AZA Zoos Field Budget 1.1 Conduct giraffe population census for Masai, Nubian/Rothschild s, & Reticulated giraffe using ground and aerial surveys for the ranges of these giraffe i) Surveys are completed and baseline numbers and distribution for each population established ii) Robust range-wide framework and methodology for monitoring protocols are developed and piloted Yr 1: Accumulate and assess available census data, engage in-country partners, develop project budget, and secure funding Yr 2 & 3: Funding dependent: census on additional ranges to survey for giraffe Yr 3: Complete compiling and analyzing results with in-country partners San Diego Zoo St Louis Zoo Cheyenne Mtn Zoo More partners required for success Partners KWS NRT TNC LWC Loisaba Mpala GCF Others Estimated $100,000 Kenya Strategic Objective 2. Develop and evaluate one new two-year partnership between an AZA SAFE program zoo and an in-range community-based conservation initiative by 10 August 2020. Rationale: Community-based conservation helps maintain viable populations of wild giraffe. Action Metrics Timeframe AZA Zoos Field 2.1 Where invited, support community-based conservation programs, to include some drought and degradationaffected giraffe habitats in northern Kenya i) Make a presentation about the proposed community-based giraffe conservation and research program to potential partners and governmental entities in northern Kenya ii) Identify willing community-based conservation partners who invite us into key giraffe habitats iii) Develop 2-year giraffe conservation and research workplan with each partner iv) Create partnerships with AZA SAFE program zoos to provide/support jobs (i.e. rangers), increase monitoring, assess and understand poaching, Yr 1: Accumulate information from Kenyan partners on current community-based conservation initiatives, and identify gaps and areas where SAFE program can assist/support/develop and then launch pilot program (s). Annual evaluation of engagement in World Giraffe Day activities. Yr 2: Review outcomes of pilot program(s) w partners, develop best practices and ongoing monitoring and accountability indicators. Expand to additional sites (funding dependent). Annual evaluation of engagement in World Giraffe Day activities. San Diego Zoo St Louis Zoo Cheyenne Mtn Zoo More partners needed Partners Same as above Budget Estimated $50,000 13

investigate alternate sources of livelihoods, and provide local education about giraffe conservation v) Lay foundation for culturally relevant World Giraffe Day activities in key schools adjacent to giraffe habitats Yr 3: Annual review of current partnerships and evaluation of indicators including available giraffe population census data for that habitat. Annual evaluation of engagement in World Giraffe Day activities. 2.2 Conduct human dimensions of conservation surveys in/around key giraffe sites i) Social surveys conducted in communities that frequently interact with giraffe in northern & southern Kenya, and results disseminated ii) Local cultural issues identified and addressed, as appropriate Yr 1: Develop and standardize questionnaires Yr 2: Human dimensions in key giraffe habitats in northern and southern Kenya, and data analysis San Diego Zoo St Louis Zoo Cheyenne Mtn Zoo Same as above Estimated $10-20,000 Tanzania Tanzania Strategic Objective 1. Evaluate in-country interest and develop, as appropriate, a Tanzania Giraffe Conservation Strategy and Action Plan by 10 August 2020. Rationale: Developing, implementing, and monitoring in-country action plans helps prioritize resources and maximize conservation impact. Action Metrics Timeframe AZA Zoos Field Partners Budget 1.1 Gauge stakeholder interest at the community and government levels for future development of a National Giraffe Conservation Strategy and Action Plan i) Assess community stakeholder interest in key giraffe landscapes across Tanzania i.e. Ruaha, Tarangire, northern rangelands ii) Discuss with Government officials and departments interest in and process for conducting Strategy and Action Plan iii) As appropriate, support development of National Giraffe Conservation Strategy and Action Plan Yr 1: Discussions with in-country giraffe conservation stakeholders to develop Strategy and Action Plan Yr 1-3: Development of Strategy and Action Plan, as appropriate NC Zoo The Living Desert Zoo & Gardens Cheyenne Mtn Zoo Columbus Zoo Wild Nature Institute GCF +/- USFWS international affairs Estimated $25,000 to support National Strategy and Action Plan Meeting(s) Tanzania Strategic Objective 2. Conduct a minimum of two surveys per year to identify etiology and potential population impact of Giraffe Skin Disease (GSD) in Ruaha National Park by 10 August 2020. Rationale: Conservation and management of wild giraffe is guided by sound scientific and evidence-based data. Action Metrics Timeframe AZA Zoos Field Partners Budget 14

2.1 Identify Giraffe Skin Disease (GSD) etiology in Ruaha National Park (Note: Depending on results of studies and consults with field partners, other areas may also be considered) 2.2 Track GSD prevalence and threat in Ruaha National Park i) Identify and support conservation partners in Ruaha NP to better understand and monitor GSD ii) Collect skin biopsy and other samples for diagnostic testing of GSD iii) Disease testing and histopathology of skin biopsy and samples analyzed and reported i) Monitor giraffe populations and collect individual photos to track affected individuals and evaluate associated mortality Yr 1: Develop partnerships and facilitate research permits for GSD research project in Ruaha NP Yr 2: Collect skin biopsy and other samples of GSD Yr 3: Skin biopsy and other samples analyzed and reported Yr 1: Facilitate permits for research in Ruaha NP Yr 2: Individual photo monitoring of giraffe in Ruaha NP Yr 3: Individual photo monitoring of giraffe in Ruaha NP, data analysis and reporting NC Zoo Columbus Zoo +/- other partners NC Zoo Columbus Zoo +/- other partners GCF Estimated $10-20,000 GCF (see above) Tanzania Strategic Objective 3. Develop and evaluate one new two-year partnership between an AZA SAFE program zoo and an in-range community-based conservation initiative by 10 August 2020. Rationale: Community-based conservation helps maintain viable populations of wild giraffe. Action Metrics Timeframe AZA Zoos Field Partners Budget 3.1 Provide community-based giraffe education programs, with initial focus on communities around the Tarangire Ecosystem i) Increase giraffe conservation educational awareness in local Tanzanian schools (including Juma the Giraffe book) ii) Celebrate World Giraffe Day with activities in Tanzanian schools Yr 1-3: Annual tracking of school programs/children involved in outreach program Yr 1-3: Annual evaluation of engagement in World Giraffe Day activities The Living Desert Zoo & Gardens Columbus Zoo More partners needed Wild Nature Institute GCF Estimated $10-20,000 Uganda Uganda Strategic Objective 1. Support development of Uganda s National Strategy for Giraffe Conservation by 10 August 2018 and its implementation through 10 August 2020. Rationale: Developing, implementing, and monitoring cohesive action plans help prioritize resources and maximize conservation impact. 15

Action Metrics Timeframe AZA Zoos Field Partners 1.1 Financial & advisory i) Provide financial support for Yr 1: Attend stakeholder meeting(s) in Kampala Cheyenne Mtn UWA support for Uganda s meeting Zoo GCF National Strategy for ii) Provide advisory support for Cleveland Giraffe Conservation meeting & for creating strategy Metroparks Zoo document 1.2 Support in-country implementation of National Strategy & Action Plan i) Annual work plans developed and approved ii) Monitoring & evaluation (M&E) framework developed & implemented Yrs 1-3: Biannual review of plan with in-country stakeholders/working group to identify additional opportunities for Giraffe SAFE program to support implementation of strategy Cheyenne Mtn Zoo Cleveland Metroparks Zoo UWA GCF Budget $10,000 Will vary Uganda Strategic Objective 2. Support translocation team members, conduct giraffe health assessments, and directly participate in two giraffe translocations by 10 August 2020. Rationale: Translocations increase resilience of giraffe populations in Uganda and AZA SAFE partner institutions can contribute valuable subject matter expertise in giraffe health care. Action Metrics Timeframe AZA Zoos Field 2.1 Funding and in-country support for giraffe translocations 2.2 Monitor giraffe health/disease status i) Field captures and translocations of giraffe to appropriate habitats in country, based on site-specific translocation assessment and plans following IUCN guidelines i) Identify etiology of Giraffe Skin Disease in Murchison Falls NP ii) Provide veterinary and husbandry support to help with care of giraffe at the Ugandan Wildlife Education Centre (UWEC) Yr 1-3. Giraffe translocations/reintroductions undertaken every 18 months following approved assessments Yr 2. GSD etiology identified in Murchison Falls NP Yrs 2-3: Annual discussions and support with UWEC team on care of zoo giraffe population Cheyenne Mtn Zoo Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Columbus Zoo More partners needed Cheyenne Mtn Zoo Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Columbus Zoo More partners needed Partners UWA UWEC GCF Budget 2017 translocation funded Uganda Strategic Objective 3. Develop and evaluate one new two-year partnership between an AZA SAFE program zoo and an in-range community-based conservation/education initiative by 10 August 2020. Rationale: Community-based conservation helps maintain viable populations of wild giraffe and AZA SAFE partners have valuable subject matter expertise in zoo-based conservation education. Action Metrics Timeframe AZA Zoos Field Partners UWA UWEC GCF $50,000 Budget 16

3.1 Provide and support giraffe conservation education and public awareness programs 3.2 Conduct social attitude surveys at/around key giraffe sites 3.3 Increase role of UWEC giraffe for conservation education and awareness i) Enhanced education, awareness and field trips for community leaders and local school children to understand and observe wild giraffe or translocations ii) Celebrate World Giraffe Day in communities and schools in/around giraffe habitats i) Social surveys conducted and results disseminated ii) Local cultural issues identified and addressed, as appropriate i) Diet, husbandry and preventative medicine practices for UWEC giraffe reviewed and modified as appropriate ii) Updated conservation messaging at UWEC giraffe exhibit iii) Giraffe conservation promoted through specialized UWEC events (i.e. World Giraffe Day, Environment Day) Yr 1-3. Celebrate World Giraffe Day on June 21st Yr 1-3. Conduct annual evaluation of engagement in World Giraffe Day activities. Yr 1-3. New population annually Yr 1-3. Ongoing Yr 1-3. Ongoing Cheyenne Mtn Zoo Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Oregon Zoo More partners needed Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Oregon Zoo More partners needed Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Oregon Zoo More partners needed UWA UWEC GCF UWA UWEC GCF UWA UWEC GCF Estimated $50,000 Estimated $10-20,000 Estimated $15,000 Public Engagement Public Engagement Strategic Objective 1. Increase by 25% the number of AZA zoos and aquariums that participate in World Giraffe Day by 10 August 2020. Rationale: Increasing public awareness of giraffe conservation issues in the USA will improve fundraising capacity and help build capacity for sustained conservation efforts. Action Metrics Timeframe AZA Zoos Field Partners Budget 1.1 Celebrate World Giraffe Day annually i) Giraffe conservation efforts by AZA zoos promoted through World Giraffe Day ii) Track number of AZA institutions celebrating World Giraffe Day annually and increase number of participating zoos by 25% by 2020 Yr 1-3. Annually The Living Desert Zoo & Gardens Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Giraffe SAFE partners Wild Nature Institute GCF Estimated $1-5,000 17

Communication Communication Strategic Objective 1. Increase by 25% the number of AZA zoos and aquariums that incorporate giraffe conservation messaging on ground by 10 August 2020. Rationale: Increasing public awareness of giraffe conservation issues in the USA will improve fundraising capacity and help build capacity for sustained conservation efforts. Action Metrics Timeframe AZA Zoos Field 1.1 Connect zoo visitors with giraffe conservation issues year-round i) Messaging for zoo exhibits developed and updated with giraffe conservation information ii) Based on institution, add giraffe conservation messaging to gift shops (i.e, Juma the Giraffe book, conservation booklets) iii) Continue to develop concepts to connect zoo guests to giraffe conservation (ie Snares for Wares) Yr 1-3. Annually: provide list of conservation messaging sample materials to Giraffe SAFE partner programs The Living Desert Zoo & Gardens Giraffe SAFE partners Partners Wild Nature Institute GCF Budget Estimated $1-5,000 Funding Funding Objective 1. Increase by 25% the amount of funds directed to giraffe conservation in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda by 10 August 2020. Rationale: Increase funding support for giraffe conservation in the USA will increase in-country conservation impact. Action Metrics Timeframe AZA Zoos Field 1.1 Attract three new Giraffe SAFE partner zoos by 2020 1.2 Increase annual AZA funding support for giraffe conservation i) At least three additional AZA institutions will sign and submit Program Partner Statements of Institutional Support to participate in Giraffe SAFE i) Track Annual Report on Conservation and Science (ARCS) of AZA contributions to giraffe conservation, with goal of increasing both funding to giraffe conservation and number of zoos supporting giraffe conservation Yr 1-3. Annually Cheyenne Mtn Zoo Cleveland Metroparks Zoo The Living Desert Zoo & Gardens Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Partners Budget n/a AZA tracks spending 18

References Association of Zoos and Aquariums. (2017). Conservation and Research Database, Silver Spring. https://www.aza.org/. Accessed August 10, 2017. IUCN Red List Giraffe Population Estimate, 9194_Giraffe_camelopardis-population.pdf (Downloaded on 12/12/16 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9194/0) Muller, Z., Bercovitch, F., Fennessy, J., Brown, D., Brand, R., Brown, M., Bolger, D., Carter, K., Deacon, F., Doherty, J., Fennessy, S., Hussein, A.A., Lee, D., Marais, A., Strauss, M., Tutchings, A. & Wube, T. 2016. Giraffa camelopardalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.t9194a51140239. Downloaded on 07 December 2016. List of Appendices Appendix 1. Uganda Giraffe Programme Annual Work Plan 2016-17 Appendix 2. Africa-wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 19

Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme July 2016 - June 2017 Goals Specific Measurable Assignable Relevant Time-bound Resources Budget Status Component 1: Ecological monitoring and research 1. To assess and monitor the population trends, threats and health of giraffe population in Uganda Develop key giraffe conservation outputs to support giraffe long-term conservation and management in Murchison Falls NP Each period, two five-day surveys of Murchison Falls NP and follow up analysis using giraffe-dedicated Wild ID software GCF/Dartmouth College in collaboration with UWA and UWEC Critical ongoing seasonal baseline data collection and monitoring July/Aug 2015 Nov/Dec 2015 March/April 2016 Vehicle GCF Researchers GCF/Dartmouth College/UWEC Camera/GPS/lapt op - GCF/Dartmouth College GCF US$30,000 for surveys, flights, stipends, etc. Additional for GCF GPS satellite collaring of 12 giraffe to better understand giraffe movements for conservation management GCF/Dartmouth College in collaboration with UWA GPS satellite collaring of giraffe in the population Early 2017 - ongoing Vehicle GCF & UWA Staff GCF/Dartmouth College/UWA Dart gun, darts, drugs UWA GCF ~US$50,000 for units, staff, vehicle, etc. UWA veterinarian, ranger support Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme_Annual Work Plan 2016-17 1

1. To assess and monitor the population trends, threats and health of giraffe population in Uganda Develop key giraffe conservation outputs to support giraffe long-term conservation and management in Kidepo Valley NP Annual five-day survey of Kidepo Valley NP and follow up analysis GCF/Dartmouth College in collaboration with UWA and UWEC Ongoing field baseline data collection Early-mid 2017 (ongoing) Vehicle GCF & UWA Staff GCF/Dartmouth College/UWA Camera/GPS/ laptop GCF GCF ~US$10,000, staff, vehicle, survey, etc. UWA ranger support Additional DNA tissue sampling to assess inbreeding GCF/UWA Ongoing remote biopsy sampling and genetic analysis Early-mid 2017 (ongoing) Vehicle GCF & UWA Staff GCF/Dartmouth College/UWA Dart gun, darts, drugs UWA GCF ~US$10,000 staff, vehicle, analysis, etc. (In-kind from German laboratory) UWA ranger support GPS satellite collaring of 3-4 giraffe to better understand giraffe movements for conservation management GCF/Dartmouth College in collaboration with UWA GPS satellite collaring of giraffe in the population Early-mid 2017 (ongoing) Vehicle GCF & UWA Staff GCF/Dartmouth College/UWA Dart gun UWA GCF ~US$25,000 for fitting, staff, vehicle, etc. UWA veterinarian, ranger support Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme_Annual Work Plan 2016-17 2

Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme July 2016 - June 2017 Goals Specific Measurable Assignable Relevant Time-bound Resources Budget Status Component 2: Conservation Translocations 1. To assess current and future giraffe conservation translocations to southern Murchison Falls National Park Assess success of giraffe translocated into Lake Mburo and southern Murchison Falls UWA and GCF with Dartmouth College Starting late- 2016, post National Strategy development Vehicle GCF & UWA Staff GCF/Dartmouth GCF US$25,000 for surveys, analysis, staff, vehicle, etc. National Parks College/UWA 2. To assess current and future giraffe conservation translocations to southern Murchison Falls National Park 3. To assess feasibility of future giraffe conservation translocations to Kidepo Valley National Park to augment current population 4. To assess giraffe translocation(s) feasibility to potential new sites in Uganda in order to establish satellite populations Pian Upe and Queen Elizabeth National Parks Develop key giraffe conservation translocation outputs to support their long-term conservation and management Reports and recommendations highlighting the translocation(s) potential of giraffe into Pian Upe and Queen Elizabeth National Parks, and augmenting the giraffe populations in southern Murchison Falls and Kidepo Valley National Parks. Analysed data of GPS satellite collars of giraffe to better monitor posttranslocation success Review first giraffe conservation translocations, ecological needs, planning, etc. to Lake Mburo and South Murchison Falls National Parks Undertake conservation translocation assessments to augment current and potential new areas using IUCN guidelines Potential translocation to Southern Murchison Falls National Park in January/ February 2018 (funds raised from World Giraffe Day 2017) Camera/GPS/laptop GCF Translocation equipment needs and resources UWA/GCF/UWEC GPS Satellite Collars GCF UWA veterinarians, ecologists, ranger support UWEC - GCF US$50,000 for Operation Twiga II translocation to southern side of MFNP UWA - veterinarians, ecologists, ranger support UWEC - Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme_Annual Work Plan 2016-17 3

Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme July 2016 - June 2017 Goals Specific Measurable Assignable Relevant Time-bound Resources Budget Status Component 3: Environmental Education 1. To update dedicated giraffe-specific environmental education programmes and associated materials in Uganda UWEC with content support/ review by GCF/UWA 2016 - ongoing Staff UWEC Material printing UWEC with support from GCF/UWA UWEC UWA GCF 2. To promote environmental learning and critical environmental thinking in primary and secondary school students who are our future decision-makers in Uganda 3. To protect the natural environment through improved understanding among Uganda s youth. Develop an appreciation and understanding of their natural environment in Ugandan students and public A dedicated environmental education programme and set of targeted materials developed, and disseminated/ taught to schools and public at UWEC, National Parks and across Uganda Students and public trained and/or exposed to giraffe environmental education in Uganda Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme_Annual Work Plan 2016-17 4

Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme July 2016 - June 2017 Goals Specific Measurable Assignable Relevant Time-bound Resources Budget Status Component 4: Uganda National Giraffe Strategy 1. To develop a national strategy for Rothschild s giraffe in Uganda in support of UWA giraffe conservation. UWA with support from GCF Initiate late - 2016 Staff UWA with support from GCF, IUCN 2. To provide additional valuable data into the GCF Uganda country-wide status report, National Strategy and IUCN Giraffe Database Develop key giraffe conservation outputs to support giraffe long-term conservation and management in Uganda Initial discussions and planning for the development of the first ever national giraffe conservation strategy in Uganda New data added to the GCF Uganda Country Profile, National Strategy and IUCN Giraffe Database Development of the first ever National Giraffe Strategy in Uganda which will provide clear guidelines for future giraffe conservation and management in the country (Propose to complete by mid-2017) GCF US$10-15,000 technical support, meeting, consultants, printing UWA US$... Staff, meeting, media Uganda Rothschild s Giraffe Programme_Annual Work Plan 2016-17 5

Africa- wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map August 2016

Background The first three conferences dedicated to the wild giraffe, Giraffe Indaba I, II and III, were co- hosted by Giraffe Conservation Foundation (GCF) and the IUCN Giraffe & Okapi Specialist Group (GOSG) in Namibia (2011), Kenya (2013), and South Africa (2015), respectively. The concept of developing an Africa- wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework evolved out of the discussions at Giraffe Indaba I, and subsequent discussions with giraffe conservation partners across the globe. This Strategic Framework was developed as a road map to guide giraffe conservation activities across Africa, and where appropriate, to inform the creation of new country or (sub)species plans and/or an Africa- wide Giraffe Conservation Strategy. This Strategic Framework summarises shared experience and collective thoughts, the perceived gaps in current giraffe conservation and management, both geographically and in terms of current knowledge in giraffe status, distribution, taxonomy, ecology and other aspects of giraffe science and management. Lastly, this Strategic Framework outlines conservation priority areas and suggested activities to address these. These suggested activities could be used as a guiding Road Map for giraffe conservation by the IUCN SSC GOSG, GCF, conservation partners, zoo community, private sector and most importantly, the governments and people of Africa, who live with and collectively manage giraffe in the wild. Vision A Strategic Framework for giraffe conservation and management in Africa guiding (sub)species and national strategies or action plans, and their subsequent implementation. Current Status of Giraffe an Overview Taxonomic Status A number of taxonomic classifications for giraffe have been proposed over the last half a century (Ciofolo & Pendu 2014, Groves & Grubb 2011, Grubb 2005, East 1999, Kingdon 1997, Dagg & Foster 1982, Ansell 1972). However, there remains uncertainty surrounding the geographic and taxonomic limits of the (sub)species described. Furthermore, recent genetic research suggests that several (sub)species may even represent distinct species (Brown et al. 2007; Hassanin et al. 2007). Most recently, comprehensive DNA sampling from all major populations has been undertaken across the current giraffe range and analysis reveals that there are four distinct species of giraffe and five subspecies (Fennessy et al. 2016). It was additionally observed that, Thornicroft s giraffe is genetically indistinguishable from Masai giraffe, Rothschild s giraffe is genetically identical to Nubian giraffe, and Angolan giraffe are similar to South African giraffe (Fennessy et al. 2016; Bock et al. 2014; Fennessy et al. 2013). Masai giraffe Giraffa tippelskirchi (includes former Thornicroft s giraffe). northern giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis with subspecies Kordofan giraffe G. c. antiquorum; Nubian giraffe G. c. camelopardalis (includes former Rothschild s giraffe); and West African giraffe G. c. peralta. reticulated giraffe Giraffa reticulata. southern giraffe Giraffa giraffa with subspecies Angolan giraffe G. g. angolensis; and South African giraffe G. g. giraffe. Africa- wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 1

Conservation Status Currently listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, giraffe (Giraffa spp.) were reportedly widespread across Africa, with a population estimate of more than one million individuals a century ago. In the mid 1980s, giraffe numbers were estimated at approximately 153,000 individuals (East 1999; Fennessy & Brown 2010; GCF 2016). Current estimates on giraffe in the wild indicate ~100,000 individuals, and importantly the IUCN SSC GOSG is currently finalising the first- ever detailed conservation assessment of giraffe numbers, range and threats scheduled to be released in late 2016. Based on the overall decline of giraffe in the last three decades, especially of some (sub)species, it is likely the taxon will warrant listing in a higher category of threat on the IUCN Red List than its current status. Future assessments of the (sub)species will be undertaken in time and the majority will also likely warrant listing in a high category of threat on the IUCN Red List. Although a few (sub)species and populations remain stable or are increasing, in particular southern giraffe with both subspecies Angolan and South African giraffe, others are clearly in a more precarious situation. The population in Niger was estimated at 49 individuals in the mid- 1990s (Ciofolo et al. 2000), and has since increased to more than 400 individuals in 2015 (Niger Ministry of Environment pers. comm.). In 1998, East (1999) estimated that a little more than 500 Nubian (including Rothschild s) giraffe remained, with the populations in (South) Sudan unknown. In the early 1970s, the population in the Murchison Falls Conservation Area (MFCA), consisting of Murchison Falls National Park (MFNP) and the adjacent wildlife reserves of Bugungu and Karuma, in the north- western parts of Uganda, was estimated at 150-200 individuals (Rwetsiba 2006; NEMA 2009; Rwetsiba et al. 2012). Several aerial sample counts of wildlife in the MFCA were conducted in the 1990s and the population had decreased to an estimated 78 giraffe in 1991 (Olivier 1991). The current Nubian giraffe population in MFNP has and continues to increase since civil unrest in this part of Uganda ceased, and MFNP is now home to the largest (and growing) remaining natural population, estimated at over 1,250 individuals (M. Brown unpublished data). Unfortunately, the Kordofan, Masai and reticulated giraffe numbers are not as promising with large declines recorded over the last three decades, and their conservation status requires urgent updating. Ongoing efforts to better estimate the continent's giraffe populations will allow a more accurate assessment of all (sub)species' conservation status, which are currently limited by lack of resources and capacity, as well as a general lack of understanding of the plight of giraffe. IUCN Red List - Species 2016 TBA (late 2016 likely higher threatened category) 2010 Least Concern 1996 Lower Risk/conservation dependent IUCN Red List (sub)species (others not assessed) 2016/17 TBA (likely many (sub)species in higher threatened categories) 2010 Endangered (G. c. rothschildi) 1 2008 Endangered (G. c. peralta) CITES Not listed Source: Fennessy & Brown 2008; Fennessy & Brenneman 2010 1 subsumed in G. c. camelopardalis Africa- wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 2

Current Range Giraffe formerly occurred widely in arid and dry- savanna zones of sub- Saharan Africa wherever there were trees. Today, the geographic extent of giraffe has contracted markedly with the expansion of human populations and the conversion of land use. The West African giraffe formerly ranged from Senegal to Lake Chad, but the only surviving population within this entire area now lives in a small part of south- western Niger. Throughout Central Africa, Kordofan giraffe remain patchily distributed with an estimated 2,000 individuals spread across northern Cameroon, southern Chad, Central African Republic, north- eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and south- western South Sudan. In East and North- East Africa, reticulated giraffe still occur in relatively large but significantly decimated numbers throughout northern Kenya, and in low numbers in southern and south- western Ethiopia, and there are no clear estimates for south- eastern Somalia. Nubian giraffe occur in western Ethiopia and south- eastern South Sudan, whilst northern Uganda is the major stronghold (formerly Rothschild s giraffe), and smaller introduced, reintroductions and augmented populations scattered across national parks and conservancies in Kenya and Uganda. Masai giraffe remain relatively widely distributed throughout southern Kenya and Tanzania, and smaller but stable numbers in eastern Zambia (formerly Thornicroft s giraffe), however, their numbers have halved in recent decades. A small introduced population occurs in Rwanda. Throughout southern Africa, giraffe are relatively plentiful and currently account for greater than 50% of the total wild population of giraffe in Africa. One driving force behind this has been their re- introduction to many parts of the species former range from which they were eliminated or introduced to areas outside of their assumed natural range for conservation, tourism or business purposes. Angolan and South African giraffe are currently common both inside and outside of protected areas in Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa. In Angola, Angolan giraffe were locally extinct but have been re- introduced from Namibia while other natural and extra- limital introductions of South African giraffe have also occurred. Small South African giraffe populations naturally occur in south- western Zambia whilst introductions have occurred onto public and private land throughout southern and central Zambia, as well as Botswana, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. In Mozambique, a few South African giraffe still occur in areas bordering Kruger National Park and (re- )introductions have been undertaken into a small number parks and reserves. Native Range Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Extra- limital introduction Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Regionally Extinct Burkina Faso, Eritrea, Guinea, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria and Senegal. Africa- wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 3

Africa- wide Giraffe Range Map Source: GCF 2016 Guiding Principles Given the complexity of the threats facing Africa s giraffe and the diverse suite of conservation measures required to protect and manage them, it is essential to outline the following Guiding Principles for this Africa- wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework. As a Road Map, the document intends to: Ø Develop and prioritise mechanisms by which all giraffe populations in Africa would be offered the recognition, protection and support needed to ensure their future survival; Ø Recognise the serious and increasing levels of threat currently facing giraffe, including habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, illegal killing for meat and other products, illegal domestic and potential international trade, lack of conservation knowledge and attention, and lack of institutional and enforcement capacity; Ø Implement measures to prevent any further localised extinction of giraffe in any part of their range; Africa- wide Giraffe Conservation Strategic Framework: Road Map_August 2016 4