Future trends on Electronics and Communications EARPA Conferencé October 2014
Summary 01_ Introduction 02_ Electronics 03_ Communications
Challenges of transport MOBILITY New mobility concepts based in automated and connected vehicles New public transport modes of transportation SUSTAINABILITY EC White Paper Reduction of GHG emission by 20% in 2050 Optimal eco-driving can reduce energy consumption in about 10-15% TRAFFIC EFFICIENCY SAFETY Europe loses 1% of GDP in traffic congestion Transport and fuel consumption coupled with GDP growth Provide decoupling with GDP by optimising infrastructure use and goods and people transport EC zero fatalities in road transport by 2050 95% of road accidents caused by human related errors
Role of Electronics and Communications Enablers of functionalities Electronics and communications are an important building block for many vehicle functionalities Electronics: Physical hardware and associated software and firmware Communications: Logical and/or physical link to external sources Connected and/or automated paradigm An example of how forecasted functionalities drive ECS R&D Communications at all levels working together with associated electronics Vehicle level Infrastructure level New challenges that can be addressed through a silo approach or a horizontal approach
R&D Challenges in connected automation PERCEPTION the capability to perceive the traffic environment in a very accurate real-time and integrated manner VEHICLE AUTOMATION intelligent motion planning and control algorithms embedded in a robust and flexible system architecture with natural and safe interaction with other road users HUMAN FACTORS the system behaviour and HMI must take into account the role of the driver in partially and highly automated vehicles as well as vehicle interaction TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Traffic management can then intervene cooperatively at different levels of the driving task navigation or vehicle guidance FUNCTIONAL SAFETY Fault tolerance of the developed systems Hardware and Software VALIDATION Performance levels and methodologies
Summary 01_ Introduction 02_ Electronics 03_ Communications
Functional Safety: ISO 26262 and beyond Hazard analysis and risk assessment Safety goals derivation Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) associated with each safety goal By-wire systems ADAS ISO 26262 Passive systems What happens when safety depends of the interaction with other road users or infrastructure elements? Beyond the scope of ISO26262? Electronic Stability Control Active systems C-ITS Review of functional safety ASIL levels towards vehicle interaction
New simulation needs for development and validation Simulation of Automated Driving systems under real-life scenarios Scenario conditions Sensors performance Algorithm performance Systems performance Communications performance scenario parametrization (e.g. 20 scenarios with 10.000 variations) Test scenario 1 Test scenario 2 Test scenario N Need of realistic, real world correlated scenarios Basic for HiL, SiL at component level Needed for virtual test drive concept For automation this can be very complex Which ones and how many do we need?
Integration of sensor technologies ADAS Vehicles equipped with several sensors Short range detection capabilities Different technologies acting isolated COOPERATIVE ITS Extended sensor range V2V V2X + Connectivity Cooperation with the infrastructure Shared resources for different applications DATA FUSION OF THE VEHICLE SENSORS FULL RANGE SENSORING
New, secure, architectures New architectures New, restrictive requirements For example, sensor integration requires Synchronous data acquisition Low latency High bandwidth Cyber physical systems need advanced electronics architectures Cybersecurity at component level Communications bring also cybersecurity threads Vehicle ECUs need to be secure: Security mechanisms to be included in ECU communications e.g. certificates Automotive firewalls?
Human Machine Interaction Revolution on HMIs in the short term As already seen in the H2020 calls New interaction with consumer elements Smartphones / Navigators New interaction technologies Functionality extended by connectivity Smart/safe interaction with the user New ADAS and C-ITS functionalities and apps. Followed by automation How to keep the driver in the loop? How to engage/disengage? Drowsiness detection HMI with OTHER vehicles?
Validation costs Testing needs to be taken into account from the design stages Use case and scenario definition Simulation and real road tests setups Complexity evolution in parallel Direct impact on testing costs Estimation for HAD: Increased diversity of relevant test scenarios Forecast: 100 MKm = 0,67 AU = 5,6 light minutes* several 100 Million Traditional testing needs to be redefined Updating already existing tools and methodologies Introducing new ones Dr. Arne Bartels Volkswagen TRB presentation * Prof. Winner et al., Damstädter Kolloquium, Mensch un Fahrzeug 2011
Summary 01_ Introduction 02_ Electronics 03_ Communications
Connectivity Vehicle connectivity Already in the market. With low functionality yet: Infotainment / Navigation Fleet management Insurance telematics Market fragmentation Several proprietary solutions Smartphone connectivity: Android, Mirrorlink, Apple Lack of standards and safety issues Difficult for third parties to develop applications Enabler of new transportation concepts Logistics: Better tools for organization and cost control Mobility: New concepts as car sharing
Connectivity Data management New data concepts are included in transportation: Data augmentation Extract/monetize information Big data and cloud computing Market fragmentation Foster open data Enabler of new services: multimodality New challenges: Data quality? Legal issues & policy Privacy and data ownership Cybersecurity ecall New deadline 2017 EC decision to reduce European roaming costs Big news!
Cooperative-ITS Cooperative ITS First phase ETSI & CEN publish Profile 1 of C-ITS standards C2C-CC publishes Day 1 applications Expected to get to market in 2016 Highly dependent of V2I communications Few latency critical applications: Road Hazard Warning Cooperative ITS Next steps Security Need of a certification scheme Hardware must be able to reach minimum performance Interoperability Commercial products must be interoperable (both road and infrastructure) ETSI/CEN Already working in Profile Expected to introduce V2V and unveil safety potential
Cooperative-ITS C-ITS Deployment and legal issues Several national and international initiatives: Compass4D, Cooperative corridor, Scoop@F... The US.DoT announces regulation on V2X communications Impulse to the industry European answer? Need of business models Extension to other areas: logistics, urban mobility? C-ITS and automation Perception layer needs data fusion techniques C-ITS as a building block of automation Extending sensor range Interaction with other road users More R&D needed addressing this issue Legacy vehicles interaction, standards extension
New access technologies and risks LTE and LTE Advanced Mobile technology mature enough to start competing with IEEE 802.11p Latency is low enough for non-safety critical apps. Due to be V2I based Robustness is still under discussion Under control of the operators which can exploit the spectrum. ETSI G5 is cost free but needs deployment Deployment issues LTE Direct M2M communications V2V Uses LTE spectrum Does not need BSS Lower costs due to massive production Still not in the market Heterogeneous communications are foreseen
New access technologies and risks Spectrum allocation New IEE802.11ac and beyond They need more spectrum The C-ITS spectrum has been targeted Specially difficult in the US (80 MHz) It is very important to protect the C-ITS spectrum: Chip designers to start again Not clear how robustness can be affected Other technologies to follow up Digital maps Visible Light Communications GNSS and augmentation GALILEO and GPS2 approaching Minimum accuracy for C-ITS and automation apps
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