1 SECTION Jffrson Bcoms Prsidnt What You Will Larn Main Idas 1. Th lction of 1800 markd th first pacful transition in powr from on political party to anothr. 2. Prsidnt Jffrson s blifs about th fdral govrnmnt wr rflctd in his policis. 3. Marbury v. Madison incrasd th powr of th judicial branch of govrnmnt. Th Big Ida Thomas Jffrson s lction bgan a nw ra in Amrican govrnmnt. Ky Trms and Popl John Adams, p. 266 Thomas Jffrson, p. 266 John Marshall, p. 270 Marbury v. Madison, p. 270 judicial rviw, p. 270 Us th graphic organizr onlin to tak nots on th lction of 1800, Jffrson s blifs and policis, and how th powr of th judicial branch changd during Jffrson s tim in offic. If YOU wr thr... You ar a Maryland votr from a frontir district and you ar tird! For days, you and your frinds hav bn wrangling ovr th prsidntial lction. Who shall it b John Adams or Thomas Jffrson? Your vot dpnds on your prsonal judgmnt. Which candidat would you choos for prsidnt? BUILDING BACKGROUND John Adams had not bn a popular prsidnt, but many still admird his ability and high principls. Both h and Thomas Jffrson had playd major rols in winning indpndnc and shaping th nw govrnmnt. Now, political diffrncs sharply dividd th two mn and thir supportrs. In th lction of 1800, votrs wr also dividd. Th Elction of 1800 In th prsidntial lction of 1800, Fdralists John Adams and Charls C. Pinckny ran against Dmocratic-Rpublicans Thomas Jffrson and Aaron Burr. Each party blivd that th Amrican rpublic s survival dpndd upon th succss of thir candidats. With so much at stak, th lction was hotly contstd. Unlik today, candidats did not travl around giving spchs. Instad, th candidats supportrs mad thir argumnts in lttrs and nwspapr ditorials. Adams s supportrs claimd that Jffrson was a pro-frnch radical. Put Jffrson in offic, thy warnd, and th violnc and chaos of th Frnch Rvolution would surly follow in th Unitd Stats. Plus, Fdralists argud, Jffrson s intrst in scinc and philosophy provd that h wantd to dstroy organizd rligion. Dmocratic-Rpublican nwspaprs rspondd that Adams wantd to crown himslf king. What ls, thy askd, could b th purpos of th Alin and Sdition Acts? Rpublicans also hintd that Adams would us th nwly cratd prmannt army to limit Amricans rights. 266 CHAPTER 8
Th Elction of 1800 John Adams and th Fdralists Rul by walthy class Strong fdral govrnmnt Emphasis on manufacturing Loos intrprtation of th Constitution British allianc Thomas Jffrson and th Dmocratic- Rpublicans Rul by th popl Strong stat govrnmnts Emphasis on agricultur Strict intrprtation of th Constitution Frnch allianc Adams rcivs 65 vots, and Pinckny rcivs 64 vots. Elction Rsults Jffrson and running mat Burr rciv 73 vots ach. Pacful chang of political powr from on party to anothr Th tid rac ld to th Twlfth Amndmnt (1804), which cratd a sparat ballot for prsidnt and vic prsidnt. Whn th lction rsults cam in, Jffrson and Burr had won 73 lctoral vots ach to 65 for Adams and 64 for Pinckny. Th Dmocratic-Rpublicans had won th lction, but th ti btwn Jffrson and Burr causd a problm. Undr th Constitution at that tim, th two candidats with th most vots bcam prsidnt and vic prsidnt. Th dcision wnt to th Hous of Rprsntativs, as calld for in th Constitution. Th Hous, lik th lctoral collg, also dadlockd. Days wnt by as vot aftr vot was calld, ach nding in tis. Exhaustd lawmakrs put thir hads on thir dsks and slpt btwn vots. Som nappd on th floor. Jffrson finally won on th thirty-sixth vot. Th lction markd th first tim that on party had rplacd anothr in powr in th Unitd Stats. Th problms with th voting systm ld Congrss to propos th Twlfth Amndmnt. This amndmnt cratd a sparat ballot for prsidnt and vic prsidnt. READING CHECK Analyzing Information What was significant about Jffrson s victory? THE JEFFERSON ERA 267
Primary Sourc SPEECH Jffrson s Inaugural Addrss On March 4, 1801, Thomas Jffrson gav his first inaugural addrss. In th following xcrpt, Jffrson dscribs his thoughts on th nation s futur. By using phrass lik ths, Jffrson tris to rassur his political opponnts. Hr Jffrson stats his opinion of what is ssntial to good govrnmnt. This phras shows Jffrson s dtrmination to kp govrnmnt small. Lt us, thn, fllow citizns, unit with on hart and on mind... [E]vry diffrnc of opinion is not a diffrnc of principl. W hav calld by diffrnt nams brthrn 1 of th sam principl. W ar all rpublicans; w ar all fdralists. Still on thing mor, fllow citizns, a wis and frugal 2 Govrnmnt, which shall rstrain mn from injuring on anothr, shall lav thm othrwis fr to rgulat thir own pursuits of industry and improvmnt, and shall not tak from th mouth of labor th brad it has arnd. This is th sum of good govrnmnt... 1. brthrn: brothrs 2. frugal: thrifty ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES What words and phrass indicat Jffrson s support for a small national govrnmnt? THE IMPACT TODAY A monumnt to Thomas Jffrson was compltd in 1943 and is on of th most frquntly visitd sits in Washington, D.C. Jffrson s Policis Whn Jffrson took offic, h brought with him a styl and political idas diffrnt from thos of Adams and Washington. Jffrson was lss formal than his prdcssors, and h wantd to limit th powrs of govrnmnt. Jffrson Is Inauguratd Amricans lookd forward with xcitmnt to Jffrson s first spch as prsidnt. Popl from across th nation gathrd in th nw capital, Washington, D.C., to har him. Curious travlrs lookd with prid at th partially compltd Capitol building and at th xcutiv mansion (not yt calld th Whit Hous). Th two buildings dominatd th surrounding homs and forsts. Small businsss dottd th landscap. At on of ths, a modst boardinghous, th prsidnt-lct was putting th finishing touchs on his spch. On th morning of March 4, 1801, h lft th boardinghous and walkd to th Capitol. Th ladr of a rpublic, Jffrson blivd, should not rid in fancy carriags. Jffrson rad his spch in a quit voic. H wantd to mak it clar that h supportd th will of th majority. H also strssd th nd for a limitd govrnmnt and th protction of civil librtis. From ths humbl surroundings in which Jffrson dlivrd his spch, Washington vntually grw into a larg and imprssiv city. Ovr th yars, th Capitol and th xcutiv mansion wr joind by othr stat buildings and monumnts. Jffrson, who had long dramd of a nw national capital that would b indpndnt of th intrsts of any on stat, was plasd to b a part of this procss of building a fdral city. Jffrson in Offic Prsidnt Jffrson facd th task of putting his rpublican idas into practic. On of his first actions was to slct th mmbrs of his cabint. His choics includd Jams Madison as scrtary of stat and Albrt Gallatin as scrtary of th trasury. Jffrson would also bnfit from th Dmocratic-Rpublican Party s nwly won control of both houss of Congrss. At Jffrson s urging, Congrss allowd th hatd Alin and Sdition Acts to xpir. Jffrson 268 CHAPTER 8
lowrd military spnding and rducd th siz of th army. Th navy was cut to svn activ ships. Jffrson and Gallatin hopd that saving this mony would allow th govrnmnt to rpay th national dbt. Jffrson also askd Gallatin to find ways to gt rid of domstic taxs, lik th tax on whisky. Th Dmocratic-Rpublican ld Congrss passd th laws ndd to carry out ths policis. Th ntir national govrnmnt in 1801 consistd only of svral hundrd popl. Jffrson prfrrd to kp it that way. H blivd that th primary functions of th fdral govrnmnt wr to protct th nation from forign thrats, dlivr th mail, and collct customs dutis. Jffrson did rcogniz that som of th Fdralist policis such as th cration of th Bank of th Unitd Stats should b kpt. Although Jffrson had battld Hamilton ovr th Bank, as prsidnt h agrd to lav it in plac. READING CHECK Summarizing What policy changs did Dmocratic-Rpublicans introduc, and which Fdralist policis did Jffrson kp? Marbury v. Madison Although Rpublicans controlld th prsidncy and Congrss, Fdralists dominatd th fdral judiciary. In an ffort to continu thir control ovr th judiciary, Fdralist lgislators passd th Judiciary Act of 1801 shortly bfor thir trms of offic ndd. This act cratd 16 nw fdral judgships that Prsidnt Adams filld with Fdralists bfor laving offic. Th Rpublican prss calld ths popl midnight judgs, arguing that Adams had packd th judiciary with Fdralists th night bfor h lft offic. Som of ths appointmnts wr mad so lat that th documnts that authorizd thm had not bn dlivrd by th tim Adams lft offic. This ld to controvrsy onc Jffrson took offic. William Marbury, namd as a justic of th pac by Prsidnt Adams, did not rciv his documnts bfor Adams lft offic. Whn Jffrson took offic, Marbury dmandd th documnts. On Jffrson s advic, howvr, th nw scrtary of stat, Jams Madison, rfusd to dlivr thm. Jffrson argud that th appointmnt of th midnight judgs was not valid. ACADEMIC VOCABULARY functions uss or purposs Marbury v. Madison (1803) Background of th Cas Shortly bfor Thomas Jffrson took offic, John Adams had appointd William Marbury to b a justic of th pac. Adams had signd Marbury s commission, but it was nvr dlivrd. Marbury sud to forc Madison to giv him th commission. Th Court s Ruling Th Court ruld that th law Marbury basd his claim on was unconstitutional. Th Court s Rasoning Th Judiciary Act of 1789 gav th Suprm Court th authority to har a wid varity of cass, including thos lik Marbury s. But th Suprm Court ruld that Congrss did not hav th powr to mak such a law. Why? Bcaus th Constitution limits th typs of cass th Suprm Court can har. Thus, th law was in conflict with th Constitution and had to b struck down. ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING INFORMATION Why It Mattrs Marbury v. Madison was important for svral rasons. It confirmd th Suprm Court s powr to dclar acts of Congrss unconstitutional. By doing so, it stablishd th Court as th final authority on th Constitution. This hlpd mak th judicial branch of govrnmnt qual to th othr two branchs. Chif Justic John Marshall and latr fdral judgs would us this powr of judicial rviw as a chck on th lgislativ and xcutiv branchs. 1. What do you think it mans to b th final authority on th Constitution? 2. How did Marbury v. Madison affct th Constitution s systm of chcks and balancs? THE JEFFERSON ERA 269
Marbury brought suit, asking th Suprm Court to ordr Madison to dlivr th appointmnt paprs. Marbury claimd that th Judiciary Act of 1789 gav th Suprm Court th powr to do so. John Marshall, a Fdralist appointd by John Adams, was th chif justic of th Unitd Stats. Chif Justic Marshall and Prsidnt Jffrson disagrd about many political issus. Whn Marshall agrd to har Marbury s cas, Jffrson protstd, saying that th Fdralists hav rtird into th judiciary as a stronghold. Marshall wrot th Court s opinion in Marbury v. Madison, a cas that hlpd stablish th Suprm Court s powr to chck th powr of th othr branchs of govrnmnt. Th Constitution, Chif Justic Marshall notd, gav th Suprm Court authority to har only crtain typs of cass. A rqust lik Marbury s was not on of thm. Th law that Marbury s cas dpndd upon was, thrfor, unconstitutional. John Marshall srvd as chif justic of th Unitd Stats for 34 yars. In dnying Marbury s rqust in this way, th Court avoidd a dirct confrontation with Jffrson s administration. But mor importantly, it stablishd th Court s powr of judicial rviw, th powr to dclar an act of Congrss unconstitutional. Marshall and latr fdral judgs would us this powr of judicial rviw to mak th judiciary a much strongr part of th national govrnmnt. READING CHECK Analyzing Information Why was Marbury v. Madison an important ruling? S UMMARY AND PREVIEW A pacful transfr of powr took plac in Washington aftr th lction of 1800. In th nxt sction you will rad about th Louisiana Purchas. Sction 1 Assssmnt ONLINE QUIZ Rviwing Idas, Trms, and Popl 1. a. Idntify What wr th political partis in th lction of 1800, and who wr thir candidats? b. Analyz Why was th lction of 1800 significant? 2. a. Dscrib What idas for govrnmnt did Thomas Jffrson strss in his inaugural addrss? b. Compar and Contrast What similaritis and diffrncs did Jffrson s Rpublican govrnmnt hav with th prvious Fdralist on? c. Elaborat Dfnd Jffrson s prfrnc for kping th national govrnmnt small. 3. a. Idntify Who was John Marshall? b. Draw Conclusions Why is th powr of judicial rviw important? c. Prdict How might th Marbury v. Madison ruling affct futur actions by Congrss? Critical Thinking 4. Catgorizing Rviw your nots on Jffrson s blifs and policis. Thn copy th graphic organizr blow and show how Jffrson brought chang through his policis. Fdralist Policis FOCUS ON WRITING Jffrson as Prsidnt Rpublican Policis 5. Gathring Idas about a Prson s Accomplishmnts Look back through what you hav just rad to s what you hav larnd about Jffrson s dcisions in offic. Mak a list of th traits you think ach dcision shows in Jffrson. 270 CHAPTER 8
B IOGRAPHY Thomas Jffrson How would you inspir popl to sk frdom? Whn did h liv? H was born on April 13, 1743. H did on July 4, 1826, within hours of th dath of Prsidnt John Adams, his rival and frind. Th dat was also th fiftith annivrsary of th Dclaration of Indpndnc. Whr did h liv? H was born in Albmarl County, Virginia, whr h inhritd a larg stat from his fathr. At ag 26 h bgan building his lgant liftim hom, Monticllo, which h dsignd himslf. H spnt much of his lif away from hom, in Philadlphia; Washington, D.C.; and Europ. Yt h always longd to rturn to his pacful hom. What did h do? Jffrson wantd only thr of his accomplishmnts listd on his tomb: author of th Dclaration of Amrican Indpndnc, author of th Virginia Statut for Rligious Frdom, and Fathr of th Univrsity of Virginia. What did h not mntion? Govrnor of Virginia, lawyr, Rvolutionary ladr, writr, philosophr, invntor, architct, plant scintist, book collctor, musician, astronomr, ambassador, scrtary of stat and, of cours, prsidnt of th Unitd Stats. KEY EVENTS 1767 Bgins practicing law in Virginia 1769 1776 Srvs in Virginia Hous of Burgsss 1776 Drafts th first vrsion of th Dclaration of Indpndnc 1789 Appointd scrtary of stat by Gorg Washington 1801 Inauguratd as prsidnt 1803 Authorizs th purchas of Louisiana from Franc 1809 Rtirs to Monticllo Why is h important? Jffrson s powrful words in th Dclaration of Indpndnc hav inspird popl throughout th world to sk frdom, quality, and slf-rul. His most clbratd achivmnt as prsidnt (1801 1809) was th purchas of th Louisiana Trritory from Franc. Th Louisiana Purchas of 1803 narly doubld th siz of th Unitd Stats. Jffrson thn sponsord th Lwis and Clark xpdition to xplor this nw trritory. Evaluating Why has Thomas Jffrson bn a hro to gnrations of Amricans? Thomas Jffrson wrot th Dclaration of Indpndnc and latr srvd as prsidnt of th Unitd Stats. THE JEFFERSON ERA 271
SECTION2 Th Louisiana Purchas What You Will Larn If YOU wr thr... Main Idas You and your family liv on a small farm in Kntucky in about 1800. 1. As Amrican sttlrs movd Raisd on th frontir, you ar a skillful huntr and trappr. On Wst, control of th Mississippi Rivr bcam mor important to th Unitd Stats. day at th trading post, you s a postr calling for voluntrs to join th Corps of Discovry. This xpdition will xplor th vast 2. Th Louisiana Purchas almost doubld th siz of rgion wst of th Mississippi Rivr. You think it would b xciting th Unitd Stats. but dangrous. You might nvr com hom. 3. Expditions ld by Lwis, Clark, and Pik incrasd Would you voluntr to join th Corps of Discovry? Amricans undrstanding of th Wst. Th Big Ida Undr Prsidnt Jffrson s ladrship, th Unitd Stats addd th Louisiana Trritory. Ky Trms and Popl Louisiana Purchas, p. 274 Mriwthr Lwis, p. 275 William Clark, p. 275 Lwis and Clark xpdition, p. 275 Sacagawa, p. 276 Zbulon Pik, p. 276 Us th graphic organizr onlin to tak nots on th vnts lading up to th Louisiana Purchas and th xploration that followd. BUILDING BACKGROUND As th 1800s bgan, th Unitd Stats was xpanding stadily wstward. Mor lands wr opnd, and sttlrs movd in to occupy thm. Amricans wr also curious about th vast lands that lay farthr Wst. Advnturous xplorrs organizd xpditions to find out mor about thos lands. Amrican Sttlrs Mov Wst By th arly 1800s, thousands of Amricans sttld in th ara btwn th Appalachians and th Mississippi Rivr. As th rgion s population grw, Kntucky, Tnnss, and Ohio wr admittd to th Union. Sttlrs in ths stats dpndd upon th Mississippi and Ohio rivrs to mov thir products to astrn markts. Nw Orlans, locatd at th mouth of th Mississippi, was a vry important port. Its busy docks wr filld with sttlrs farm products and valuabl furs bought from Amrican Indians. Many of ths cargos wr thn snt to Europ. At th sam tim, manufacturd goods passd through th port on thir way uprivr. As Amrican dpndnc on th rivr grw, Jffrson bgan to worry that a forign powr might shut down accss to Nw Orlans. Thr is on th glob on singl spot, th possssor of which is our natural and habitual nmy. It is Nw Orlans, through which th produc of thrighths of our trritory must pass to markt. Thomas Jffrson, quotd in Annals of Amrica, Volum 4, 1797 1820 272 CHAPTER 8
O hio R d SPANISH TERRITORY Riv r Riv r Spain controlld both Nw Orlans and Louisiana. This rgion strtchd wst from th mighty Mississippi Rivr to th grat Rocky Mountains. Although Spain ownd Louisiana, Spanish officials found it impossibl to kp Amricans out of th trritory. You can t put doors on opn country, th forign ministr said in dspair. Yars of ffort faild to improv Spain s position. Undr a scrt traty, Spain agrd to trad Louisiana to Franc, passing th problm on to somon ls. On Spanish officr xprssd his rlif. I can hardly wait to lav thm [th Amricans] bhind m, h said. READING CHECK Analyzing Information Why was Nw Orlans important to sttlrs in th wstrn rgions of th Unitd Stats? INS TA UN MO 30 N N N ITIO PED EX PI E Nw Orlans SPANISH FLORIDA W S 75 W K HRW Middl School Amrican History Louisiana Nw Orlans waspurchas foundd by ah06s_c07lg022a th Frnch in 1718. Ovr tim, 2ndhom proof: it bcam to 11/3/04 many Approvd: 11/11/04 languags and culturs. ATLANTIC OCEAN MISSISSIPPI TERRITORY SP IK nd TN E' D i vi d tal n ra HI AC s E'S E o Ri G sa 35 N AL r St.L St. Charls St. Louis 40 N PP k 400 Kilomtrs C o n ti n PACIFIC PACIFIC OCEAN OCEAN OH INDIANA TERRITORY Ar 200 400 Mils S 0 an N AI PL Santa F Pik's Expdition, 1806 1807 200 i KY Lwis and Clark's Expdition, 1804 1806 0 Er A CA CAS Disputd by Unitd Stats and Britain k AN r La r Riv Piks Pak 14,110 ft. (4,301 m) MICHIGAN TERRITORY v r L a k ri o ta On ron Hu ivr irv r XP Riv RK 'S E Rivr ur ir pi ip ado l or Co r Riv att LA Mi ss iss ON ITI ED Pl Lak C Louisiana Purchas (Purchasd in 1803) AT G R E U.S. stats and trritoris in 1804 LOUISIANA PURCHASE ou is s M OREGON COUNTRY (Claimd by Britain, Russia, Spain, and th Unitd Stats) S nak Riv Fort Mandan RN C LARK'S RETU n BRITISH TERRITORY Suprior k La AND DE l u m bia TURN I S ' S RE Ri LE W Bittrroot Mtns. LEWIS Co r Lak Michiga n Ri v RA NG E Fort Clatsop aw Riv r r c Th Louisiana Purchas and Wstrn Expditions Gulf of Mxico 25 N GEOGRAPHY SKILLS95 W INTERPRETING 90 W MAPS 85 W 80 W 1. Location What major port city was locatd at th southrn tip of th Louisiana Trritory? 2. Human-Environmnt Intraction Why might Lwis and Clark hav followd th Missouri Rivr? Louisiana In 1802, just bfor handing ovr Louisiana to Franc, Spain closd Nw Orlans to Amrican shipping. Angry farmrs worrid about what this would do to th conomy. Prsidnt Jffrson askd th U.S. ambassador to Franc, Robrt R. Livingston, to try to buy Nw Orlans. Jffrson snt Jams Monro to hlp Livingston. Napoléon and Louisiana Franc was ld by Napoléon (nuh-poh-l-uhn) Bonapart, a powrful rulr who had conqurd most of Europ. H wishd to rbuild Franc s mpir in North Amrica. Napoléon s stratgy was to us th Frnch colony of Haiti, in th Caribban, as a supply THE JEFFERSON ERA 273
bas. From thr h could snd troops to Louisiana. Howvr, nslavd Africans had rvoltd and frd thmslvs from Frnch rul. Napoléon snt troops to try to rgain control of th island, but thy wr dfatd in 1802. This dfat ndd his hops of rbuilding a North Amrican mpir. Jffrson Buys Louisiana Th Amrican ambassador got a surprising offr during his ngotiations with Frnch forign ministr Charls Tallyrand. Whn th Amricans trid to buy Nw Orlans, Tallyrand offrd to sll all of Louisiana. With his hops for a North Amrican mpir dashd, Napoléon had turnd his attntion back to Europ. Franc was at war with Grat Britain, and Napoléon ndd mony for military supplis. H also hopd that a largr Unitd Stats would challng British powr. Livingston and Monro knw a bargain whn thy saw on. Thy quickly accptd th Frnch offr to sll Louisiana for $15 million. Th nws plasd Jffrson. But as a strict constructionist, h was troubld. Th Constitution did not mntion th purchas of forign lands. H also did not lik spnding larg amounts of public mony. Nvrthlss, Jffrson agrd to th purchas in th blif that doing so was bst for th country. On Octobr 20, 1803, th Snat approvd th Louisiana Purchas agrmnt, which roughly doubld th siz of th Unitd Stats. With th $15 million in th Frnch trasury, Napoléon boastd, I hav givn England a rival who, soonr or latr, will humbl hr prid. READING CHECK Making Infrncs Why was th Louisiana Purchas important to th futur of th Unitd Stats? Th Journy Wst Th tim lin and photographs you s hr show som of th ky vnts and placs of th Lwis and Clark xpdition. Rad th journal ntris to gt an ida of what th xplorrs facd. VIDEO Wintr with th Mandan A larg klboat and two smallr boats wr ndd to gt th supply-havy xpdition moving wst. Small boats hlpd th travlrs mov supplis across th Grat Plains. May 14, 1804 August 3, 1804 Octobr 1804 April 1805 Th xpdition bgins nar St. Louis. Th first official council btwn rprsntativs of th Unitd Stats and Plains Indians is hld. Th xpdition stablishs Fort Mandan to spnd th wintr. Thr, th xplorrs mt a Frnch fur tradr and his wif, Sacagawa. 274 CHAPTER 8
Explorrs Had Wst Amricans knw littl about wstrn Nativ Amricans or th land thy livd on. Prsidnt Jffrson wantd to larn mor about th popl and land of th Wst. H also wantd to s if thr was a rivr rout that could b takn to th Pacific Ocan. Lwis and Clark Expdition In 1803 th prsidnt askd Congrss to fund an xpdition to xplor th Wst. To lad it, h chos formr army captain Mriwthr Lwis. Lwis thn chos his frind Liutnant William Clark to b th co-ladr of th xpdition. To prpar for th journy, Lwis spnt wks studying with xprts about plants, survying, and othr subjcts. This knowldg would allow him to tak carful nots on what h saw. With Clark, Lwis carfully slctd about 50 skilld frontirsmn to join th Corps of Discovry, as thy calld thir group. In May 1804 th Lwis and Clark xpdition bgan its long journy to xplor th Louisiana Purchas. Th Corps of Discovry travld up th Missouri Rivr to th villag of St. Charls. Onc past this villag th mn would rciv no mor lttrs, frsh supplis, or rinforcmnts. Lwis and Clark usd th Missouri Rivr as thir highway through th unknown lands. As thy movd upstram, a lookout on th boats kpt a sharp y out for sandbars and for tr stumps hiddn undrwatr. Whn darknss fll, th wary xplorrs would pull thir boats ashor. Thy cookd, wrot in thir journals, and slpt. Swarms of gnats, flis, and mosquitos oftn intrruptd thir slp. Th xpdition rlid on 24 horss to cross th Rocky Mountains. Th xplorrs paddld down th Columbia Rivr toward th Pacific in fiv canos. August 12, 1805 Sptmbr 1805 Novmbr 7, 1805 Lwis climbs th first ridg to th Continntal Divid. Th xpdition narly starvs. Local popls hlp th xplorrs. Th xpdition rachs a bay of th Pacific Ocan. ANALYSIS SKILL READING TIME LINES On what dat did th xplorrs rach th wstrnmost point of thir journy? THE JEFFERSON ERA 275
Primary Sourc JOURNAL ENTRY Sptmbr 17, 1804, Grat Plains Whil travling across th Grat Plains, Mriwthr Lwis marvld at th richnss of th land. Th shortnss... of grass gav th plain th apparanc throughout its whol xtnt of bautiful bowling-grn in fin ordr... this scnry, alrady rich, plasing, and bautiful was still farthr hightnd by immns hrds of Buffalo, dr Elk and Antlops which w saw in vry dirction fding on th hills and plains. I do not think I xaggrat whn I stimat th numbr of Buffalo which could b compr[hnd]d at on viw to amount to 3000. Mriwthr Lwis, quotd in Original Journals of th Lwis and Clark Expdition, ditd by Rubn Bold Thraits ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES What did Lwis find so imprssiv about th Grat Plains? Inscts wr not th only caus of slplssnss for th Corps of Discovry. As wks passd without sing any Nativ Amricans, th xplorrs wondrd what thir first ncountr would b lik. Contact with Nativ Amricans During th summr of 1804 th Corps of Discovry had pushd mor than 600 mils uprivr without sing any Nativ Amricans. But whn th mn spottd hug buffalo hrds in th distanc, thy gussd that Indian groups would b narby. Many Indian groups dpndd on th buffalo for food, clothing, and tools. Lwis usd intrprtrs to talk to th ladrs of ach of th popls thy mt. H told thm that th Unitd Stats now ownd th land on which th Nativ Amricans livd. Yt th xplorrs rlid on th goodwill of th popl thy mt. Sacagawa (sak-uh-juh-w E E -uh), a Shoshon from th Rocky Mountains, accompanid th group with hr husband, a Frnch fur tradr who livd with th Mandan Indians and srvd as a guid and intrprtr. Sacagawa hlpd th xpdition by naming plants and by gathring dibl fruits and vgtabls for th group. At on point, th group mt with Sacagawa s brothr, who providd horss and a guid to lad th xpdition across th mountains. Aftr crossing th Rocky Mountains, Lwis and Clark followd th Columbia Rivr. Along th way thy mt th powrful Nz Prcé. Lik th Shoshon, th Nz Prcé providd th xpdition with food. At last, in Novmbr 1805, Lwis and Clark rachd th Pacific Ocan. Th xplorrs stayd in th Pacific Northwst during th rough wintr. In March 1806 Lwis and Clark st out on th long trip hom. Lwis and Clark had not found a rivr rout across th Wst to th Pacific Ocan. But thy had larnd much about wstrn lands and paths across th Rockis. Th xplorrs also stablishd contact with many Nativ Amrican groups and collctd much valuabl information about wstrn plants and animals. Pik s Exploration In 1806 a young army officr namd Zbulon Pik was snt on anothr mission to th Wst. H was ordrd to find th starting point of th Rd Rivr. This was important bcaus th Unitd Stats considrd th Rd Rivr to b a part of th Louisiana Trritory s wstrn bordr with Nw Spain. Hading into th Rocky Mountains, in prsnt-day Colorado, Pik trid to rach th summit of th mountain now known as Piks Pak. In 1807 h travld into Spanish-hld lands until Spanish cavalry arrstd him. Thy suspctd Pik of bing a spy. Whn h was finally rlasd, h rturnd to th Unitd Stats and rportd on his trip. Dspit his imprisonmnt, h praisd th opportunitis for doing businss with th Spanish in th Southwst. Pik s 276 CHAPTER 8
LINKING TO TODAY Th Louisiana Purchas Whn th Corps of Discovry hadd wst in 1804, an stimatd 30 million buffalo roamd th plains alongsid 97,000 popl, mostly Nativ Amricans. Sinc that tim th numbrs hav rvrsd. Today narly 40 million popl call th lands of th Louisiana Purchas hom. In contrast, th buffalo, which had bn drivn narly to xtinction by th lat 1800s, has rcovrd to a population of approximatly 15,000 in th wild. ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING INFORMATION Othr than agricultural goods, what typs of valuabl rsourcs ar found in th formr Louisiana Purchas? Louisiana Purchas CA WA OR NV ID Natural Rsourcs oil, natural gas, coal, gmstons, coppr, iron or, lad, zinc, silvr, limston, sulphur, diamonds, hlium Major Agricultural and Livstock Production ric, cattl, chickn, hogs, corn, what, sugarcan, cotton, dairy products, hay AZ UT MT WY CO NM ND SD NE KS TX OK MN IA MO AR LA WI IL MI IN OH WV VA KY NC TN SC MS AL GA FL PA VT NH ME NY MA NJ CTRI DE MD rport offrd many Amricans thir first dscription of th Southwst. READING CHECK Supporting a Point of Viw What would you do if you wr Pik and found yourslf in Spanish trritory? S UMMARY AND PREVIEW Th Louisiana Purchas narly doubld th siz of th Unitd Stats. In th nxt sction you will larn about incrasing tnsions btwn th Unitd Stats and Grat Britain. Sction 2 Assssmnt Rviwing Idas, Trms, and Popl 1. a. Idntify What nw stats wr addd to th Union by th arly 1800s? b. Explain Why wr Nw Orlans and th Mississippi Rivr important to sttlrs in th Wst? 2. a. Rcall What two rasons did Napoléon hav for slling Louisiana to th Unitd Stats? b. Summariz Why was th Louisiana Purchas important to th Unitd Stats? c. Prdict What ar som possibl rsults of xpansion into th Louisiana Purchas? 3. a. Dscrib What aras did th Lwis and Clark xpdition and th Pik xpdition xplor? b. Draw Conclusions Why wr Mriwthr Lwis and William Clark chosn to lad th xploration of th Louisiana Purchas? Critical Thinking ONLINE QUIZ 4. Squncing Rviw your nots on th Louisiana Purchas. Thn copy th graphic organizr blow and us it to rank th thr most important ffcts of th Louisiana Purchas, from most important to last important, and xplain why you chos that ordr. 1. 2. 3. Importanc FOCUS ON WRITING Why 5. Gathring Information about a Prson s Actions Mak a list of Jffrson s actions th ons that would put him on that top-tn list. Add any nw charactr traits you hav discovrd. THE JEFFERSON ERA 277