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Comparison of the AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-08 lab test (referred to as NAFS-08) to the AAMA 502 quality assurance field test and the AAMA 511 forensic evaluation Determination of appropriate water test pressures, test durations and water applications via NAFS-08, AAMA 502-08, 503-08 and 511-08 How to specify project-specific quality assurance field testing The proper use of AAMA 511 for forensic evaluations
NAFS-08 Lab Testing Performed on prototype specimen to validate product performance ratings Introduction 502 Quality Assurance Field Testing Performed on newly installed products to verify installed performance of the product and the installation 511 Forensic Testing Performed on wall assemblies with known water control problems as a means to accurately identify suspect wall construction components and details
NAFS Overview
NAFS Overview Utilizes ASTM E 547 and/or E 331 for test methodology Test is performed under controlled environmental conditions Test sample is installed strictly per the manufacturer s instructions in a precise test buck opening
NAFS Overview Conversion as per NAFS-08 15% for R, LC, CW 20% for AW Water Resistance Test Pressure is capped at 12.00 psf for the U.S. and 15.00 psf for Canada Performance Class Gateway Requirements Minimum Design Pressure, Pa (psf) Minimum Structural test pressure, Pa (psf) R 15.0 22.5 2.90 LC 25.0 37.5 3.75 CW 30.0 45.0 4.50 AW 40.0 60.0 8.00 Minimum Water Resistance Test Pressure, Pa (psf)
NAFS Overview 6.00 PSF (~50 mph) Equivalent hydrostatic water head 1.16
NAFS Overview 7.50 PSF (~55 mph) Equivalent hydrostatic water head 1.44
AAMA 502-08 AAMA 502
AAMA 502-90 Original publication by AAMA AAMA 502-02 Added reference to AAMA accredited laboratory and first introduced the 1/3 WTP reduction for water resistance testing of installed products AAMA 502 AAMA 502-08 Defined newly installed as prior to issuance of the occupancy permit not to exceed 6 months after installation of the fenestration product.
ASTM E 783 Field Measurement of Air Leakage through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors AAMA 502 ASTM E 1105 Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference
Requires testing agency to report and make adjustments for ambient conditions. In some cases, temporary enclosures are required to reduce adverse effects of wind and temperature at the project site. AAMA 502
AAMA 502 ` The default air leakage for quality assurance field testing is 1.5 times the applicable laboratory standard for the product type and performance class
TO OUTSIDE BAROMETRIC PRESSURE ALTERNATE TEST CHAMBER PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE TEST CHAMBER EXHAUST VALVE AAMA 502 PRESSURE GAUGE VALVE CALIBRATED WATER SPRAY RACK W THE CHAMBER SHALL NOT BE PERMITTED TO MAKE ANY CONTACT WITH THE FENESTRATION PRODUCT AIR SYSTEM INNERMOST PLANE FOR WATER PENETRATION (REFERENCE PARAGRAPH 4.3.4)
` AAMA 502 ` Requires testing agency to report and make adjustments for ambient conditions Test is performed on the entire fenestration product opening
The test pressure shall not be less than 91 Pa (1.9 psf) AAMA 502 Tests shall be conducted at a static test pressure equal to 2/3 of the tested and rated laboratory performance per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440
AAMA 502 1. Newly installed fenestration product(s) shall be field tested in accordance with AAMA 502, "Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of Newly Installed Fenestration Products." 2. Test three (unless otherwise specified) of the fenestration product specimens after the products have been completely installed for air leakage resistance and water penetration resistance as specified. 3. Air leakage resistance tests shall be conducted at a uniform static test pressure of Pa ( psf). The maximum allowable rate of air leakage shall not exceed L/s m2 ( cfm/ft2) 4. Water penetration resistance tests shall be conducted at a static test pressure of Pa ( psf). No water penetration shall occur as defined in Section 4.3.4 of AAMA 502
1/3 reduction to the laboratory rating of the WTP is the default Sill Dam test is removed from 502 and moved to the 511 document AAMA 502
Method A Product only testing has been eliminated from the 502-08 and moved to AAMA 511. AAMA 502 If the source of the water cannot be determined, a forensic evaluation using the procedures outlined in AAMA 511 shall be performed
AAMA 503-08 AAMA 503
AAMA 503 AAMA 503 was originally published in 1992 AAMA 503 is a similar document to AAMA 502 for Storefronts, Curtain Walls & Sloped Glazing Systems. Updated in 2003 & 2008 AAMA 503-08 Defined newly installed as prior to issuance of the occupancy permit not to exceed 6 months after issuance of the occupancy permit.
AAMA 503
Storefronts Curtain Wall Sloped Glazing AAMA 503
AAMA 503 Curtain Wall Chamber Arrangement
Storefronts Curtain Wall Sloped Glazing AAMA 503
AAMA 503 Sloped Glazing Systems Chamber Arrangement
Storefronts Curtain Wall Sloped Glazing AAMA 503
Forensic Investigation
ASTM References in AAMA 511 Forensic Investigation ASTM E 2128, Standard Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls This guide describes methods for determining and evaluating water leakage of exterior walls. A wall is considered a system including its exterior and interior finishes, fenestration, and structural components.
Forensic Investigation Involves more than just testing The purpose of diagnostic testing is to recreate water leaks that are known to occur AAMA 511 testing either follows up on AAMA 502 and 503 testing or is used in a water intrusion investigation
Forensic Investigation The ultimate goal of 511 diagnostic testing is to recreate existing leakage behavior that occurs under in-service conditions.
Forensic Investigation Four Preliminary Steps prior to testing Review of project documents Evaluation of design concept Determination of service history Inspection Three Steps During and After Testing Investigative Testing Analysis Report
Forensic Investigation Step #1: Review Project Documents Architectural drawings Structural drawings Shop drawings Installation instructions Contracts Purchase orders Specifications Warranties
Forensic Investigation Step # 2: Evaluation of Design Concept Water management concept Critical details Test reports Flashing Sealants Weep Holes
Forensic Investigation Step # 3: Determination of Service History Review maintenance records Interview knowledgeable personnel Research leak history
Forensic Investigation Step #4: Inspection Interior observations Exterior observations Observe workmanship Observe product deficiency Develop a hypothesis for the source of the water intrusion
Forensic Investigation
Forensic Investigation Determination is based on: Field Standards Laboratory Standards Prior Testing Weather Data Experience
Forensic Investigation Simulate the weather events Obtain wind speed If calculated wind speed is greater then 2/3 of the rated WTP for the product it may be that the product was not the most appropriate for the project. At least one pressure difference test must be done at the 2/3 pressure
Forensic Investigation ASCE 7 accounts for: Exposure Height above grade Basic wind speed (or weather data) Location of specimen within façade
Forensic Investigation
Forensic Investigation The objective of testing is to identify the leak paths
AAMA 511- Example 1 Consistent leaks more than one year Heaviest leakage twice during September 2005 Class II Building height is 33 ft., window (z) is 27 ft. above ground Window is 4 high x 4 wide, wind area (A) of 16 ft 2 AAMA rating C35
AAMA 511 Example #1
Estimating the Test Pressure AAMA 511- Example 1 ASCE/SEI 7 05 analysis is used with the following information: Location of building (Newark, NJ) Building usage designation (Class II) Exposure level (Exposure B) Building design (enclosed structure with a flat roof ) Building height (33 ft.) Window area (16 square ft.) From these features, the water resistance test pressure is, theoretically, 2.4 psf.
AAMA 511- Example 1 Local weather data is analyzed by daily readings for September of 2005, allowing the investigator to observe the weather condition, amount of precipitation and maximum wind speed for each day
AAMA 511 Example #1
AAMA 511- Example 1 The maximum 5 second gust wind speeds are recorded for every day in September in which measurable rainfall occurred Date Rain Fall (in) Max Wind Speed (mph) 5-Sec. Gust 4-Sep-05 0.12 16 12-Sep-05 0.33 11 21-Sep-05 0.67 52
AAMA 511- Example 1 Only two leak events are reported during September 2005 Average wind determined to be 34 mph Date Rain Fall (in) Max Wind Speed (mph) 5-Sec. Gust 4-Sep-05 0.12 16 12-Sep-05 0.33 11 21-Sep-05 0.67 52
AAMA 511- Example 1 Result = 2.1 psf which is the differential pressure used to evaluate the window opening in question Weather data analysis is used to determine field water penetration resistance pressure Table 3 of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440 05 shows tested water penetration resistance pressure The result of the weather data analysis (2.2 psf ) is the differential pressure used to evaluate the window opening in question
AAMA 511- Example 2 Leak Reported during storm on September 21, 2005 Class II, Exposure C Building height is 60 ft., window (z) is 55 ft. above ground Window is 2 high x 2 wide, wind area (A) of 4 ft2 AAMA rating C35
Estimating the Test Pressure AAMA 511- Example 2 ASCE/SEI 7 05 analysis is used with the following information: Location of building (Chicago, Il) Building usage designation (Class II) Exposure level (Exposure C) Building design (enclosed structure with a flat roof ) Building height (60 ft.) Window area (4 square ft.) From these features, the water resistance test pressure is, theoretically, 3.2 psf.
AAMA 511- Example 2 Referring to tabulated local weather data above, the investigator can determine and record the maximum 5 second gust speeds on the date of the reported leak Date Rain Fall (in) Max Wind Speed (mph) 5-Sec. Gust 21-Sep-05 0.67 52
AAMA 511- Example 2 52 mph can now be used in Eq. 6 15 from SEI/ASCE 7 05 to establish a wind pressure of 7.9 psf Since specimen height is above 60 feet above grade, this wind pressure is inserted into Eq. 6 23 to calculate maximum test pressure Result = 8.4 psf, which is greater than the laboratory water penetration resistance test pressure of 5.25 psf as prescribed for a C 35 product rating. Since calculated differential air test pressure exceeds the rated performance value for the product, investigator shall first perform at least 1 test at 2/3 of the product performance rating prior to testing at calculated pressure.
Interior Weep Holes Water shall cover all horizontal surfaces expected to be wet Tape applied over Exterior Weep Test Water Head measured from bottom of exterior wrap AAMA 511 Example #2
Recreating the Leak Need to determine: How to apply water How long to run test Whether or not to include differential pressure How much air pressure How to step or phase pressure
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak How long would you test these substrates?
Recreating the Leak Which application best fulfills the objective?
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak How does differential pressure affect the test specimen?
Recreating the Leak Start with zero differential pressure then step up to higher pressures
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak Start testing at lower elevations and work higher Introduce one new element at a time into each new water test Use isolation to protect features from water spray Do not turn the water off at the first moment a leak appears Try to trace the leak from the exterior to the interior and use destructive wall probes as required to identify this leak path Do not end non-leaking tests until you are confident the specimen is not contributing to leakage
Recreating the Leak No or limited leak history Leak reported as window leak when leak is actually from another source Not enough water pressure Not able to achieve differential pressure Owner does not want to remove interior finishes No or limited access to concealed wall areas Inclement weather Isolation failures
Identifying the Source
Identifying the Source
Identifying the Source
Identifying the Source
Identifying the Source
Analysis and Reporting The forensic investigator has the responsibility to make every attempt to ascertain the exact path of water intrusion Conclusions are formed in this step on the basis of the inspection and testing data collected in the previous steps. If conclusions cannot be fully supported by sound scientific principles then additional investigation is needed
Analysis and Reporting All reports shall be self-contained documents Shall include justification for deviations from the methodology described in the standard The reports shall not include any unsubstantiated opinions or conclusions. If results are not conclusive the forensic investigator shall present options for obtaining conclusive results
Please take a moment to complete the evaluation form. Thank You.