Effective multi-agency collaboration improves spatial monitoring and planning in the Florida Keys Jim Bohnsack Southeast Fisheries Science Center NOAA Fisheries Service Miami, FL 1
The Managed Florida Keys Coral Reef Ecosystem FLORIDA Miami Florida Bay Gulf of Mexico Florida Straits
Tortugas Cruises Partnerships
Stratified Random Design Heterogeneous Spatial Distribution Stratification Variables: Cross-Shelf Habitat type Habitat relief and patchiness Depth Geographical Subregion Spatial Management Zone (e.g, no-take reserves, angling only)
Cross-Shelf Habitat Classification Transition Florida Bay Florida Reef Tract Hawk Channel Nearshore Inshore Patch Midchannel Reef Flat HAWK CHANNEL Offshore Patch Fore Reef Deep Reef
Cross-shelf habitat classification Florida Keys 500 km 2 mapped reef
Linking Reef Fish Spatial Abundance & Benthic Habitats Patchy hard-bottom Patch reefs Pinnacles Low Degree of Patchiness High Low-relief spur & groove Low-relief hard-bottom Rocky outcrops Medium-profile reef High-relief spur & groove Reef terrace Low Vertical Relief High
cosystem-based Monitoring Carysfort FKNMS boundary Molasses Alligator Sombrero Looe Key Sambos Ecological Reserve Sand Key
3000 Black grouper Protected areas 2500 Gray snapper Percent Change 2000 1500 1000 500 Yellowtail snapper St r ip ed parrotfish Stotplight parrotfish Exploited 0-500 Not exploited 1994-1997 1 2 3 4 5 Years protected
3000 2500 Black grouper Gray snapper Fished areas Percent Change 2000 1500 1000 500 Yellowtail snapper St r ip ed parrotfish Stotplight parrotfish 0-500 1994-1997 1 2 3 4 5 Years protected
Yellowtail Snapper, Exploited, Protected and Fished 16 14 12 Mean Density 10 8 6 4 2 0 19961994-1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Fishery Regulations: 1985-12 Minimum length, 1986 max 10/day
Black Grouper, Exploited, Protected and Fished 0.35 0.30 Mean Density 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00-0.05 1996 1994-1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Fishery Regulations minimum length: 1985-18, Feb 1990-20,Dec 1998-24, Jan 1 2001 22 ; 1986-5/fisher/day
Reef Fisheries, Coral Reef Ecosystems & Hurricanes? 2004 2005
Red Grouper, Exploited, Protected and Unprotected 0.20 Mean Density 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00-0.05 19961994-1997 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Fishery Regulations minimum length: 1985-18 ; 1986-5/fisher/day
Mutton Snapper, Exploited, Protected and Fished 0.20 Mean Density 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 1996 1994-1997 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Fishery Regulations: minimum length 1985-12, 1994-16 ; 1986-10/fisher/day
Figure 1.1 - Three-dimensional maps of the Florida Keys coral reef ecosystem showing: (A) South Florida and the coral reef tract (red) from Key Biscayne to the Dry Tortugas; and (B) the bathymetry of the Tortugas region showing Dry Tortugas National Park, Tortugas Bank and Riley s Hump where the purple balls represent primary sampling units from the millenial RVC and reef habitat surveys. 2
Response of Tortugas MPAs to Protection BASELINE 1999-2000 Pre-Implementation: 1999-2000 Fished Fished Area Pre-exploited Phase 25.0% Exploited Phase Fished Fished Area 2008 2008 RVC Survey 18.8% Relative Frequency Tortugas Ecological Reserve 36.2% Tortugas Ecological Reserve 64.0% Dry Dry Tortugas National Park Park Dry Tortugas National Park 8.0% 37.3% Length Fork Length (cm) (cm)
DRY TORTUGAS REGION 2001 TER 1999-2000 Abundance = 0.277 x 10 6 Black Grouper Abundance Relative Frequency 2004 Abundance = 0.622 x 10 6 2006 Abundance = 0.356 x 10 6 2008 Abundance = 0.803 x 10 6 Fork Length (cm)
Optimal Design of Marine Reserves OBJECTIVE FUNCTION + + Min µ q q + µ s S r R reserve SPR over fishing Reef shape all species effort area ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + + + + + + + + + + µ s ps + µ s ps + µ f f + µ f f + µ c c + µ c c + µ a a + µ a a + µ arar + arar Total Reserve area Regional reserve area CONSTRAINTS -- SUBJECT TO: (C1) Reserves non-overlapping (C2) Prespecified number of reserves (C3) Fixed proportion of SPR protected (C4) Maximum number of fishing vessels displaced by reserves (C5) Target area of coral reef area protected (C6) Target total area protected (C7) Distribution of reserves among regions of ecosystem (C8) Each reserve contiguous, compact, and desirably shaped Meester, Mehrotra, Ault and Baker. 2004. Management Science 50: 1031-1043
Designing Marine Reserves for Fishery Management Integrated methodologies: Integer Goal Program for network design; simulations to assess shape and size effects. Meester, Mehrotra, Ault and Baker. 2004. Management Science 50: 1031-1043
Florida Keys Reef Fish Community Baseline 10 Yellowfin 8 Black Gray Hogfish F/Fmsy 6 4 2 Scamp Nassau Overfished Mutton White Cottonwick Lane Graysby Yellowtail Red Dog Schoolmaster Margate Bluestriped Red Hind MSY Target Sustainably Fished 0 Rock Hind Goliath French Tomtate 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 B/Bmsy Grouper Snapper Grunt
Conclusions Multiagency partnerships are important Standardization and effective monitoring strategies are essential for spatial planning Results support marine reserve predictions Mean abundance and size were proportional to level of protection Initial population responses were rapid Extreme physical events influence spatial patterns