STAKEHOLDER COOPERATION AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIVE TRANSPORTATION POLICIES Carole Clavier 1, Katie Hayes 2, Nina Escoute 1 & Carl Marquis-Chouinard 1 1 Department of political science, Université du Québec à Montréal 2 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto ACT Canada Sustainable Mobility Summit, Ottawa,
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FROM THE AT POLICIES STUDY IN MONTREAL AND TORONTO Who was involved at what stage in the development of AT initiatives? What kind of difficulties arose in each initiative? How does the vision of the initiative evolve at the different stages of its development (and according to the involvement of stakeholders)? Methods Documentary data collection 3 Interviews with key actors in the subsystem (Montreal = 18; Toronto = 20)
THE THEORY BEHIND THE RESEARCH QUESTION Sabatier s Advocacy coalition framework: Policy subsystems, policy coalitions and the framing of problems RELATIVELY STABLE PARAMETERS A ributes of the ac ve transporta on area Sociocultural values Cons tu onal rules EXTERNAL EVENTS Changes in socioeconomic condi ons Changes in public opinion Changes in the systemic governing coali ons Policy decisions and impacts from other policy subsystems LONG-TERM COALITION OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE SHORT-TERM POLICY RESOURCES AND CONSTRAINTS ACTIVE TRANSPORTATION POLICY SUBSYSTEM Poli cians Civil servants Journalists INTERACTIONS -Policy beliefs -Resources -Interest Ci zens Ac vists / Members of NGOs Private actors Agenda-se ng Implementa on Contextual informa on 4 Source: Clavier C. & Gagnon, F. (2013) NB: policy subsystem actors come from different policy sectors, including transporta on, urban planning,
RONCESVALLES REVITALIZATION, TORONTO 5 Image source: http://thumbnails.cbc.ca/maven_legacy/thumbnails/944/483/bik es-matteis_852x480_2388545144.jpg
How it all started: The TTC for updates to the streetcar tracks & better accessibility The city for repairs to the water main & sewage system Residents & business owners for a friendlier environment 6 Image source: http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/ mmis/2009/pw/bgrd/background file-20527.pdf
KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN THE RONCESVALLES INITIATIVE TTC City: water Local ward councilor Cyclists interest groups Residents & businessowners associations Local pedestrian advocates 7 Journalists
IMPLEMENTATION DIFFICULTIES Interactions between stakeholders Cyclists / Business owners / TTC / Residents Cyclists vs. Local councilor Other difficulties Delays caused by coordination of services, available funding Local politics Delay in the specifications of new streetcars 8
Changes to the Built Environment: Water-main replacement Streetcar track replacement Road construction Cycle paths Side-walk widening Bump-outs 100 trees planted 9 Photo Google Street view, 2016
SAINT-LAURENT / BELLECHASSE, MONTREAL 10 Photo: N. Escoute, 2015
How it all started: City road transportation for a redesign for security reasons City active transportation for a new bike lane Other city services (water, electricity) for other belowground work 11 Photo: Google Street View, 2012
KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN THE SAINT-LAURENT / BELLECHASSE INITIATIVE City: active transportation City: road transportation Local borough councillors & administration City councillor Cyclists interest groups City: belowground work 12 Canadian Pacific Cycling committee (organised by city) Business-owners association
IMPLEMENTATION DIFFICULTIES Interactions between stakeholders Early use of intersection being redesigned highlights design problems Increase in the number of cyclists using the intersection Conflicts between users (cars, cyclists, pedestrians) at the intersection itself New consultations with cyclists and design fixes introduced after start of public works 13 Other difficulties Delays caused by coordination of services Local politics Complex contracting procedures in the context of Commission Charbonneau
Changes to the Built Environment: Remove one car lane Create a protected twoway bike lane Connecting the new bike lane with existing eastwest bike lane Additional traffic lights Protected sidewalk for pedestrians only Greening the area 14 Photo: Google Street View, 2016
SO WHAT? 15
IMPLEMENTATION STRENGTHS & CHALLENGES Implementation difficulties may come from: Relatively stable parameters of the context of AT initiatives: working processes & coordination of services; local politics; sharing of responsibilities between levels of government; values attached to cars and/or cycling External events: corruption enquiry and its aftermath; business & technological developments Interactions between key stakeholders: different visions of the projects; when they are brought into the process But some of these factors may also work as strengths: 16 Councilors acting as intermediaries between stakeholders
STAKEHOLDER COOPERATION AND THE FRAMING OF AT INITIATIVES RONCESVALLES SAINT-LAURENT / BELLECHASSE Competing stakeholder interests Early stakeholder involvement Late stakeholder involvement The initiative framed as pedestrian, customer & transit-user friendly The initiative framed as traffic security Frames / Intermediaries / Context 17 The design reflects compromises between stakeholders The design fixed to accommodate an extension to the frame of the initiative (fluidity of cyclist traffic) The design
BUILDING ON SABATIER S ACF: INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN POLICY SUBSYSTEMS URBAN PLANNING ROAD TRANSPORTATION ACTIVE TRANSPORTATION 18 HEALTH PUBLIC TRANSIT
REFERENCES Clavier C. & O Neill M. (forthcoming 2016), «The role of policy coalitions in understanding community participation in Healthy Cities projects», dans de Leeuw E. & Simos J. (eds), Healthy Cities : The Theory, Policy and Practice of Value-based Urban Planning, Springer. Sabatier, P. A., & Weible, C. M. (2007). The Advocacy Coalition Framework: Innovations and Clarifications. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.), Theories of the Policy Process. 2nd Edition (pp. 189-220). Boulder, Co: Westview Press. 19
Merci! Clavier C. & Gagnon F. Comparing healthy public policies: active transportation policies in Montreal and Toronto. Heart and stroke foundation CIHR population health intervention research competition 2014-16 (17) Co-investigators: G. Divay (ENAP), B. Poland & B. Savan (UofT) Knowledge users: S. Paquin (Montreal Public Health), N. Vaillancourt (city of Montreal), R. Macfarlane & S. Gower (Toronto Public Health). For information about the project: clavier.carole@uqam.ca 20 Banner picture: http://fabricebonnet.fr