UNEP BEIJING 2008 OLYMPIC GAMES AN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME

UNEP BEIJING 2008 OLYMPIC GAMES AN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME

CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS 6 ABOUTTHE REPORT 8 ABOUT UNEP 10 UNEP'S SPORT AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME 10 ENVIRONMENT AND THE OLYMPIC GAMES 11 FOREWORD 12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 14 PART ONE: GREENING THE OLYMPICS 23 CHAPTER 1: THE BIDDING PHASE, THE BEIJING 2008 ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENTS AND 24 THE GREEN OLYMPICS'CONCEPT 24 1.1 THE BID 24 1.2 THE BID COMMITMENTS 26 TABLE 1.1: ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS FOR BEIJING BID COMMITMENTS 27 1.3 THE GREEN OLYMPICS CONCEPT 29 FIGURE 1,1: THE FOUR ANIMAL MASCOTS OF THE BEIJING GAMES 30 FIGURE 1.2: THE GREEN OLYMPICS LOGO 30 CHAPTER 2: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND INVOLVED PARTIES 31 2.1 THE BEIJING 2008 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE GAMES OF THE XXIX OLYMPIAD (BOCOG) 31 2.2 BOCOG'S ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 32 2.3 BEIJING 2008 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION HEADQUARTERS OFFICE 35 2.4 BEIJING MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 36 2.5 STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ADMINISTRATION (SEPA). 36 TABLE 2.1: MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL TASKS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SELECTED GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 37 CHAPTER 3: THE CITY OF BEIJING AND THE OLYMPIC SYSTEM 38 3.1 THE CITY OF BEIJING 38 3.2 THE COMPETITION VENUES AND THEIR POST-OLYMPIC USE 39

CHAPTER 4: GREENING THE GAMES 40 4.1 THE GREEN OLYMPIC CONCEPT 40 4.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 40 4.3 ENVIRONMENT AND THE OLYMPIC VENUES 42 TABLE 4.1: VENUES AND THEIR POST-OLYMPIC USES 44 TABLE 4.2: VENUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 50 4.4 THE OLYMPIC VENUES: ENERGY 54 FIGURE 4.1: ILLUSTRATION OF BEAM-PIPE ILLUMINATION TECHNOLOGY 54 4.5 THE OLYMPIC VENUES: TRANSPORT 57 FIGURE 4.2: PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK 58 FIGURE 4.3: PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION CHART 58 TABLE 4.3: VEHICLES BY TYPE AND CAPACITY 59 4.6 THE OLYMPIC VENUES: WATER 60 4.7 THE OLYMPIC VENUES: WASTE AND CLEANING 61 4.8 THE OLYMPIC VENUES: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AT BUILDING SITES 63 TABLE 4.4: INVESTMENT IN SWEEPING AND WASHING VEHICLES 2003-2006 64 TABLE 4.5: TOTAL MUNICIPAL AREA MECHANICALLY SWEPT AND CLEANED 64 4.8.1: THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE 65 4.8.2: THE SHUNYI ROWING AND CANOEING VENUE 48 FIGURE 4.4: WATER TREATMENT CONCEPT AT THE SHUNYI ROWING AND CANOEING VENUE 67 4.9 THE OLYMPIC VENUES: ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY MATERIALS 68 4.10 THE OLYMPIC VENUES: OZONE LAYER PROTECTION 70 TABLE 4.6: ODS PHASE-OUT TARGETS 70 TABLE 4.7: CHINA OZONE COUNTRY PROGRAMME 71 TABLE 4.8:0DS PHASE-OUT IN BEIJING 72 4.11 THE OLYMPIC VENUES: GREEN COVERAGE 73 TABLE 4.9: LAND USE IN THE OLYMPIC FOREST PARK 75 4.12 TORCH RELAY 75 4.13 PROCUREMENT. 77 4.14 ACCOMMODATION 77 4.15 CATERING 78

4.16 MARKETING 79 4.17 EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION 80 PARTTWO: GREENING BEIJING 84 CHAPTER 5: AIR QUALITY 86 5.1.1: GREENING BEIJING 86 5.1 NATIONAL AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 87 TABLE 5.1: STANDARD II NATIONAL AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 88 FIGURE 5.1: NUMBERS OF DAYS WITH AIR QUALITY EQUAL OR ABOVE NATIONAL STANDARD, 1998-2006 88 5.2 ANNUAL CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN THE CITY OF BEIJING 89 FIGURE 5.2: ANNUAL MEAN OF SO 2 CONCENTRATION IN BEIJING, 2000-2006 89 FIGURE 5.3: ANNUAL MEAN FOR NO 2 CONCENTRATION IN BEIJING, 2000-2006 89 FIGURE 5.4: ANNUAL MEAN FOR CO CONCENTRATION IN BEIJING, 2000-2006 90 FIGURE 5.5: ANNUAL MEAN FOR PM 10 CONCENTRATION IN BEIJING, 2000-2006 90 FIGURE 5.6: LEVEL OF POLLUTANTS, BEIJING, JAN. TO DEC. 2006 91 FIGURE 5.7: LEVEL OF CO CONCENTRATION, BEIJING, JAN. TO DEC. 2006 92 5.2.1: WHO AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 92 5.3 AIR QUALITY IN BEIJING IN THE MONTH OF AUGUST 2006 93 FIGURE 5.8: NO 2 CONCENTRATION IN AUGUST, 2006 COMPARED TO WHO GUIDELINES 93 FIGURE 5.9: SO 2 CONCENTRATION IN AUGUST 2006, COMPARED WITH WHO GUIDELINES 94 FIGURE 5.10: DAILY PM10 CONCENTRATION AUGUST, 2006 COMPARED WITH WHO GUIDELINES 94 CHAPTER 6: TRANSPORT 95 TABLE6.1: NUMBER OFVEHICLES IN BEIJING BYTYPE 95 6.1 VEHICLE EMISSIONS 96 TABLE 6.2: VEHICLES IN BEIJING, 2001-2006 96 TABLE 6.3: DATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF EMISSION STANDARDS IN CHINA AND EUROPE 97 TABLE 6.4: NUMBER OF VEHICLE INSPECTIONS, 2001-2004 97 6.2 ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 99 FIGURE 6.1: NEW ROAD AND BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION, BEIJING 99 6.3 PUBLIC TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE 100 FIGURE 6.2: BUS RAPID TRANSIT LINES, BEIJING 101

FIGURE 6.3: EXPECTED URBAN RAIL TRANSPORTATION NETWORK IN 2008 101 TABLE 6.5: RAIL LINES CURRENTLY IN OPERATION, BEIJING. 101. 6.4 PUBLIC GROUND TRANSPORTATION 102 FIGURE 6.4: BEIJING BUS FLEET BY FUEL TYPE 102 FIGURE 6.5: TAXIS COMPLYING WITH EURO III VEHICLE EMISSIONS STANDARDS, 2007 103 6.5 FUEL CELL BUSES 105 TABLE 6.6: FCB PROJECT DATA UP TO APRIL 2007 105 CHAPTER 7: ENERGY AND INDUSTRY 106 7.1 ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR 106 TABLE 7.1: PRIMARY/SECONDARY/TERTIARY INDUSTRY RATIO IN BEIJING 107 7.2 NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION 109 FIGURE 7.1: NATURAL GAS PURCHASED BY THE BEIJING GAS GROUP, 1998-2006 ' 110 FIGURE 7.2: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS SERVED BY NATURAL GAS, 1998-2006 110 TABLE 7.1: NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FORECAST, BEIJING, 2006-2020 111 7.3 COAL-FIRED BOILERS 112 7.4 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 113 7.5 INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES 114 CHAPTER 8: WATER 117 8.1 WATER SOURCES 118 8.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY FOR SURFACE WATERS 121 8.2 WATER QUALITY 122. TABLE 8.1: DRINKING WATER QUALITY 123 8.2.1: NO.9 WATERWORKS DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT 123 8.3 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 125 TABLE 8.2: SEWAGE TREATMENT CAPACITY, BEIJING, 2001-2005 126 FIGURE 8,2: RATE OF WASTEWATER REUSE IN URBAN AREAS 127 8,3.1: DINGHE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT 128 CHAPTER 9: SOLID WASTE 130 9.1 URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT 130

TABLE 9.1: URBAN WASTE FACILITIES IN BEIJING TABLE 9.2: URBAN DOMESTIC GARBAGE PROCESSING IN EIGHT CENTRAL DISTRICTS TABLE 9.3: RECYCLING STATIONS IN BEIJING 9.1.1:THE BEISHENSHU LANDFILL 9.2 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT 9.2.1 BEIJING GOLDEN STATE WASTE DISPOSAL CO. LTD. 131 132 133 134 134 136 CHAPTER 10: GREEN COVERAGE AND PROTECTED AREAS IN BEIJING 137 TABLE 10.1: TOTAL AREA COVERED BY THE CITY OF BEIJING 137 10.1 MOUNTAINS 138 FIGURE 10.1: DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST COVERAGE RATE IN THE MOUNTAIN REGION AROUND BEIJING 138 10.2 THE 'FIVE RIVERS AND TEN ROADS' PROJECT (THE PLAIN AREA) 139 TABLE 10.2:'FIVE RIVERS AND TEN ROADS PROJECT' (2001-2007) 140 TABLE 10.3: 'FIVE RIVERS AND TEN ROADS' BREAKDOWN BY PROJECTS 140 10.3 THE URBAN AREA 141 FIGURE 10.2: DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETATION COVERAGE IN BEIJING'S URBAN DISTRICTS 10.4 PROTECTED AREAS 142 TABLE 10.4: PROTECTED AREAS IN BEIJING 2006 143 PART THREE; THE NGO PERSPECTIVE 145 THE NGO PERSPECTIVE 145 CHAPTER 11: THE ENVIRONMENTAL NGO PERSPECTIVE 11.1 GREENPEACE CHINA 11.2 WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE 11.3 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL 146 146 149 151 BIBLIOGRAPHY 159