KSU Southwest Reserh-Extension Center INFLUENCE OF DELAYED PROCESSING AND MASS MEDICATION WITH EITHER CHLORTETRACYCLINE (CTC) OR TILMICOSIN PHOSPHATE (MICOTIL) ON HEALTH AND GROWTH OF HIGHLY STRESSED CALVES y Kelly Kreikemeier, Gerry Stokk, nd Twig Mrston SUMMARY The ojetive of this experiment ws to determine if delyed proessing nd mss medition were effetive in highly stressed, omingled lves. Four hundred thirty two lves (318 to 482 pounds) were purhsed t sle rns in Missouri, Iow, nd Mississipi nd huled to Grden City, KS. The experiment hd five tretments. The positive ontrol inluded mss medition with injetle Miotil nd proessing t dy 1 (the dy of rrivl equls dy 0). The 2 y 2 ftoril rrngement inluded mss medition with hlortetryline (CTC) or no mss medition nd proessing on dy 1 or dy 21. Chlortetryline ws fed t 1 gm/100 ls of ody weight for 5 onseutive dys eginning on dy 1. Delying proessing till dy 21 redued dily gin from 2.4 to 2.2 ls/dy. Feeding CTC improved dily gin from 2.21 to 2.37 ls/dy nd redued sikness rtes from 81% to 60%. Clves injeted with Miotil nd proessed on dy 1 hd similr growth performne nd sikness rtes ompred to ttle fed CTC nd proessed on dy 1. The vlue of mss medition ws $10.83 per hed. Bsed on the results of this study, highly stressed lves should e proessed shortly fter rrivl t the feedyrd, nd mss medition with Miotil or CTC ppers to e ost effetive. rrivl hs eome n inresingly importnt mngement prtie in highly stressed lves. Norml proessing upon rrivl t the feedyrd inludes implnting, treting for internl nd externl prsites, nd vinting with killed lostridil nd modified live virl vine. In our previous experiene with highly stressed nd omingled lves, pek moridity ours t dy 5 to 7. Beuse period of few to severl dys is required for ntiody titers to develop following vintion, nd sikness usully ours t dy 5 to 7, the effetiveness of vinting on rrivl is questionle. In ft, ould the dded stress of vintion in highly stresssed lves tully ontriute to inresed moridity? Previous reserh with mss medition hs shown tht it is highly effetive; however, the min onern is ost effetiveness. Previous reserh with delying proessing until 7 or 14 dys fter rrivl hs shown it to e no etter thn proessing on rrivl. Beuse this is the time of highest moridity rtes, perhps proessing should e delyed till dy 21, when the ttle re over the shipping stress nd relimted to the new environment. The ojetive of this study ws to evlute if delying proessing until 21 dys fter rrivl, omined with mss medition, would e n effetive lterntive to the reeiving mngement for omingled highly stressed lves. INTRODUCTION PROCEDURES Lightweight lves purhsed from the southestern prt of the United Sttes re mostly in smll groups. These lves re omingled t sle rns nd order uyer filities, proess tht my tke 2 or 3 dys. Then they re loded on truk nd trnsported for out 24 hours to feedlots in the High Plins re. In these ttle, moridity rtes of 30% to 80% nd mortlity rtes of 3% to 10% hve een reported. Beuse of this, mss medition upon 23 The experiment utilzed 432 lves tht rrived t SWREC from Sept. 1 to De. 6, 1995 (Tle 1). The ttle originted from sttes to the est nd south, nd pyweight rnged from 318 to 482 ls. Cttle from the first three lods ppered to e mostly rossreds of Chrlois with Angus nd/or Hereford. The lne ppered to e mixes of vrious English nd Continentl rosses. In terms of qulity, ttle were moderte to lrge frmed nd hevily musled. Cttle
Tle 1. A summry of the dte of rrivl, numer, pyweight, nd origin of lves used in this experiment. Arrivl Lod dte # Cttle Pyweight Origin 1 Sept 1 103 459 Vienn, MO 2 Sept 7 105 455 Vienn, MO 3 Ot 5 104 482 Bloomfield, IA 4 De 6 121 318 Jkson, MS in lod 4 ppered to e mostly English with some Continentl rossreds. They were moderte in frme nd modertely hevy musled. All ttle used were mles, nd oth steers nd ulls were inluded. Lods 1 nd 2 ontined out 20% ulls, lod 3 hd 5%, nd lod 4 out 50% ulls. Cstrtion nd dehorning ourred fter the 56-dy reeiving experiment. The experiment hd five tretments. The positive ontrol inluded mss medition with injetle Miotil nd proessing t dy 1 (the dy of rrivl equls dy 0). The 2 y 2 ftoril inluded mss medition with hlortetryline (CTC) nd proessing on dy 1 or dy 21, or no mss medition. Proessing inluded Rlgro implnt, n injetle 8-wy lostridil vine, n injetle fourwy modified live virl vine, nd injetle Ivermetin. The four-wy virl vine ontined ovine rhinotrheitis, virus dirrhe, prinfluenz 3, nd respirtory synytil virus. Miotil ws injeted t the reommended dosge, nd CTC ws fed in pellet form dily t rte of 1 gm of CTC/100 ls ody weight for 5 onseutive dys, eginning on dy 1. Chlortetryline ws inorported into pellet tht ontined 50% whet midds:50% dehydrted lflf. The pellet ws formulted to ontin CTC t 2 gm/ l. Thus, ttle were fed the pellet t 1/2% of ody weight. We mnuftured two pelleted feeds, ontrol nd nother ontining CTC. In this mnner, those ttle tht did not reeive CTC were fed ontrol lflf:whet midds pellet t the sme rte. All ttle were purhsed y one order uyer t sle rns, nd 2 or 3 dys were needed to umulte eh lod. Cttle were purhsed in severl smll groups to ensure tht high degree of omingling ourred. Cttle rrived here t Grden City etween 7:00 AM nd 10:00 AM. They were unloded nd offerred d liitum ess to wter nd long-stem prrie hy. At 1:00 PM, ttle were weighed nd ertgged. Bsed on these tg numers, ttle were llotted rndomly to tretment. The next morning, ttle were weighed gin; proessed (if required, inluding injetle Miotil); nd sorted to their sssigned pen. Eh lod of ttle ws llotted rndomly to 10 pens. A pen of ttle ws the experimentl unit. Therefore, with five tretments nd 10 pens, eh lod of ttle resulted in two experimentl replitions. Lod 1, 2, nd 3 provided 10 or 11 hed per pen, nd lod 4 provided 12 or 13 hed per pen. Clves were llotted nd pled in their pens y noon on dy 1. Then, ll lves were fed either ontrol or CTC-ontining pellets. When the pellets were onsumed, ttle were given d liitum ess to pririe hy. For the first 2 dys, lves were fed only pririe hy nd pellets. From dy 3 to 7, lves were djusted to orn silge diet (Tle 2) y reduing the mount of pririe hy nd inresing the mount of the orn silge. During dy 1 to 5 when pellets were fed, feed refusls left in the unk from the previous dily feed were pushed to the end of the unk, nd pellets were fed on slik unk ottom. Pellets were onsumed in preferene to the silge diet. Tle 2. Ingredient omposition of the orn silge diet. Ingredient Perent of diet Corn silge 78 Sunflower mel 20 Ground limestone.97 Ure.38 Slt.30 Cottonseed mel.21 Minerl oil.12 Tre minerl premix.01 Cttlyst 50 d.01 Diet formulted to ontin 13.5% CP,.70% lium,.35% P, nd.25% Mg. Vitmins A, D, nd E dded so eh l of diet dry mtter ontined 2000 IU vitmin A, 200 IU vit D, nd 20 IU vit E. Added s inder for the minerl supplement. Contined 14.98% Zn, 12.51% Mn, 12.5% Fe, 6.66% S, 3.69% Cu,.19% I, nd.05% Co. d Added so eh ton of diet dry mtter ontined 10 gm of ionophore. All ttle were weighed on dy 21, nd those pens llotted to the delyed proessing tretments were proessed t tht time. Initil nd finl weights were sed on the verge of two onseutive dily weights. The experiment lsted 56 dys. 24
Cttle were pled in pens with onrete flooring nd onrete feneline unks. These pens hd pproximtely 50 squre feet of re nd 20 inhes of liner unk spe per niml. Mnure ws removed from the pens weekly. Clves from lods 1 nd 3 were moved to pens with dirt flooring for the finl 21 dys of the 56-dy experiment. These pens provided out 175 squre feet of re nd 20 inhes of liner unk spe per niml. Sik ttle were pulled sed on visul unthriftiness nd treted if retl temperture ws equl to or greter thn 103 F. Cttle were treted with Miotil, pled k in their pen, nd retreted if required 48 h lter. If third tretment ws required, ttle were injeted with Nxell ording to lel diretions. Following this protool, n niml would reeive mximum of three onseutive tretments per illness. When n niml hd wtery dirrhe (only few osions), it ws treted with Nxell plus sulf oluses. All ded lves were neropsied y veterinrin. For lods 1, 2, nd 3, wether onditions were norml with the exeption of wet snow on out Sept. 21. For the most prt, pens were dry, nd wether extremes of temperture nd rinfll ppered to e rther fvorle for ttle omfort. For lod 4, whih rrived on De. 6, pens remined slightly wet, euse of less evportion. The pen men served s the experimentl unit. Dt were nlyzed s rndomized omplete lok design, with lok eing eh lod of ttle. Response vriles inluded niml performne nd vrious mesure of niml helth. Tretment omprisons inluded ontrst 1 = (CTC dy 1 + CTC dy 21) vs (None dy 1 + None dy 21), ontrst 2 = (Dy 1 none + Dy 1 CTC) vs (Dy 21 none vs dy 21 CTC), ontrst 3 = CTC y Dy intertion, nd, ontrst 4 = (Miotil dy1) vs (CTC dy 1). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To ensure tht the orrest dose of CTC ws fed, oth ontrol nd medited pellets were smpled on 10 osions during the mnufturing proess. These smples were ssyed for onentrtion of CTC (Tle 3). Control pellets ontined either no detetle CTC or levels elow the meningful level of the ssy (less thn 6%). For medited pellets, vlues were not reported for two smples (NA), ut ll other vlues rnged from 90 to 105% of the trget formultion of CTC. Therefore, the orret dose ws fed to the ttle reeiving the CTC tretment. Also, the feeding protool ensured tht the ttle in pen 25 Tle 3. The level of hlortetryline (CTC) ssyed in ontrol nd medited pellets. Smple Control Medited 1 3 90 2 0 NA 3 6 95 4 2 95 5 2 105 6 4 95 7 0 100 8 2 95 9 0 90 10 3 90 Vlues re expressed s perent of trget vlues. NA = not ville. onsumed their orret dose of CTC dily efore ny new feed ws offered. Strting weight for ttle used in this experiment vried from 417 to 424 ls (Tle 4). After 56 dys, the finl weight vried from 539 to 561 ls nd ws ffeted y tretment. Cttle fed CTC were hevier thn ttle tht reeived no mss medition (P =.01), nd ttle proessed on dy 1 were hevier thn ttle proessed on dy 21 (P =.03). Use of CTC or dy of proessing hd no signifint effets on feed intke, ut ttle tht were fed CTC nd proessed on dy 1 onsumed less feed (P =.07) thn ttle injeted with Miotil nd proessed on dy 1. Cttle fed CTC hd greter dily gin thn ttle tht reeived no mss medition (P =.02), nd ttle proessed on dy 1 gined fster thn ttle proessed on dy 21 (P =.01). Effets on feed effiieny lso were signifint. Cttle fed CTC were more effiient thn ttle tht reeived no mss medition (P =.01), nd ttle proessed on dy 1 were more effiient thn ttle proessed on dy 21 (P =.01). For dily gin nd feed effiieny, ttle tht reeived Miotil nd were proessed on dy 1 were similr to ttle tht were fed CTC nd proessed on dy 1(P >.21). One onern of feeding CTC t the level used in this study is tht miroil growth in the rumen might e less ompred to tht for ttle reeiving no CTC. This, in turn, might lessen ruminl fier fermenttion, whih then would lower feed intke nd redue growth performne. Beuse feed intke ws similr etween ttle fed CTC nd ontrol pellets (exluding Miotil), redued ruminl funtion pprently did not our. In ft, the improved feed effiieny with CTC feeding suggests tht the opposite ourred, i.e., tht ruminl funtion/fermenttion ws improved with CTC feeding.
Tle 4. Effet of mss medition nd delyed proessing on growth performne nd niml helth in highly stressed lves. Mss medition nd dy of proessing Miotil None CTC None CTC Item dy 1 dy 1 dy 1 dy 21 dy 21 SE 1 2 3 4 Pen no. 8 8 8 8 8 Cttle no. 86 85 87 88 87.2 Initil weight, ls 424 417 421 421 422 2.1.25.28.51.31 Finl weight, ls 561 545 561 539 547 4.4.01.03.38.98 Feed intke, ls DM/d 13.31 12.85 12.76 12.73 12.82.21.99.89.69.07 Dily gin, ls 2.46 2.30 2.51 2.12 2.24.07.02.01.52.58 Feed/gin 5.48 5.71 5.23 6.18 5.80.14.01.01.73.21 Initil sikness Perent sik 59.4 79.2 61.2 83.9 58.8 6.8.01.87.60.84 Retl temp, F 104.2 104.3 104.5 104.4 104.4.17.67.77.41.23 Sujetive sore d 1.33 1.44 1.60 1.39 1.38.07.33.09.21.01 Tretments, no. 1.21 1.26 1.31 1.31 1.29.09.81.87.70.44 Dy of sikness 13.4 5.3 6.2 6.1 7.5 1.1.34.38.81.01 Repet sikness Perent sik 27.5 30.7 29.8 34.9 26.1 6.8.43.95.51.83 Retl temp, F 103.7 103.9 103.9 104.2 104.1.33.97.52.83.70 Sujetive sore d 1.49 1.49 1.45 1.52 1.45.20.75.93.93.90 Tretments, no. 1.15 1.48 1.29 1.42 1.43.16.52.77.46.55 Dy of sikness 16.9 15.8 17.1 17.2 18.7 1.9.39.34.94.95 Deths, no. 0 1 2 3 2 1.3 1.0.46.46.30 CTC = hlortetryline. Cttle were proessed initilly (dy 1) or 21 dys fter the experiment strted. Contrst 1 = (CTC dy 1 + CTC dy 21) vs (None dy 1 + None dy 21) Contrst 2 = (Dy 1 none + Dy 1 CTC) vs (Dy 21 none vs dy 21 CTC) Contrst 3 = CTC y Dy intertion Contrst 4 = (Miotil dy1) vs (CTC dy 1) d A visul pprisl of the nimls' ondition t the time of first tretment. 1 = mild, 2 = moderte, nd 3 = severe. A high inidene of niml sikness ourred in this study. This ws expeted, given the protool used for purhsing the lves. The dt on ttle illness re presented s initil sikness nd repet sikness. Approximtely 70% of the lves in the experiment eme ill shortly fter rrivl, nd 30% of the lves eme sik gin 10 dys lter. For the initil sikness, feeding CTC resulted in redution in inidene from 81% to 60% (P =.01). The overll sikness rte ws similr for ttle injeted with Miotil nd proessed on dy 1 nd ompred to ttle fed CTC nd proessed on dy 1. Retl temprtures t the first pull ws similr ross tretments nd verged out 104.5 F. A visul 26 pprisl of the nimls on first pull (sujetive sore), showed tht ttle proessed on dy 21 ppered less sik thn ttle proessed on dy 1. (P =.09). Also, ttle tht were injeted with Miotil nd proessed on dy 1 ppered less sik thn ttle fed CTC nd proessed on dy 1 (P =.01). No differenes ourred in the numer of tretments required per sikness, ut ig differenes ourred in the time when the nimls eme sik. In four of five tretments, ttle eme sik t n verge of 5 to 7 dys into the experiment. However, ttle injeted with Miotil nd proessed on dy 1 eme sik t dy 13, wheres ttle fed CTC nd proessed on dy 1 eme sik t dy 6 (P =.01).
Aout 30% of the nimls in the experiment eme ill for seond time. This ourred t out dy 17 into the experiment, nd the dy when sikness ourred ws similr ross tretments. An oservtion worth noting is tht for ttle injeted with Miotil nd proessed on dy 1, initil sikness ourred t dy 13 nd repet sikness ourred t dy 17. In the other four tretment groups, initil sikness ourred t out dy 6 nd repet sikness ourred t dy 17. We hve no good explntion for this differene. Bsed on the dy tht sikness ourred, the injetion of Miotil seemed to e highly effetive in delying the onset of sikness. However, the sme numer of nimls eventully eme sik ompred to ttle tht were fed CTC. Beuse n injetion of Miotil delyed the onset of initil sikness, we might hve expeted less repet sikness in these ttle. However, tht did not our. Overll, mortlity ws just less thn 2% in these lves during the 56-dy experiment, nd no signifint tretment effets ourred. Beuse of the high vlue ssoited with mortlity, we should note tht no mortlity ourred in ttle injeted with Miotil nd proessed on dy 1. Also, numerilly greter mortlity ourred in ttle proessed t dy 21 ompred to ttle proessed on dy 1. Severl more pens of ttle in study of this type would e required for differenes in mortlity to e sttistilly signifint. Neropsies of the ded nimls indited tht ll mortlity ould e ttriuted to pneumoni with Psturell the likely use. The overll improvement from mss medition oserved in this study hs een demonstrted in other studies. However, the eonomi improvement often my py only for the dded ost ssoited with mss medition. In this study, the dded vlue of redued sikness ssoited with mss medition ws worth n dditionl $4.35 per hed (Tle 5). The dded vlue of dditionl weight gin from mss medition ws worth $6.48 per hed. Therefore, in this study, the totl vlue of mss medition ws $10.83 per hed. We did not put vlue on differenes in mortlity euse they were not sttistilly signifint. Bsed on the results of this study (nd two previous studies), delyed proessing of inoming lves tht re omingled nd highly stressed pprently hs no eonomi dvntge. Feeding CTC t the levels used in this study ws highly effetive in improving growth performne nd reduing overll sikness. Cttle injeted with Miotil nd proessed on dy 1 hd similr growth performne nd sikness rtes ompred to ttle fed CTC nd proessed on dy 1. Tle 5. Eonomi dvntge to mss medition. Item No mss medition Mss medition Eonomi dvntge Tretment ost $16.31 $11.96 $4.35 Vlue of weight gin $74.26 $80.74 $6.48 Totl $10.83 Vlues re expressed per niml. A tretment ost of $20.00 per sik niml ws used. Eh vlue rrived t y multiplying the perent sikness times $20.00. Weight gin is vlued t $.60 per pound of weight gin. Vlue rrived t y multiplying totl weight gin (ls) times $.60. 27