The City and the Dynamics of Inequality John Mollenkopf, City University of New York Robert Sampson, Harvard University Wesley G. Skogan, IPR
Introductory Comments 1 brief description of crime research at CUA/CUAPR/IPR 2 some background comments on trends in crime and inequality 3 Introduce our main speakers
Crime and Criminal Justice Research at CUA/CUAPR/IPR Public Impact and Public Involvement Whistle Stop Evaluation (Dubow 1973) Reactions to Crime Project (Lewis, Dubow, Skogan & Hunter 1976) Fear of Rape Project (Gordon & Riger 1976) Citizen Participation and Crime Prevention (Lavrakas & Skogan 1978) Ten-Neighborhood Anti-Crime Self-Help Evaluation (Lavrakas 1982) Five-Neighborhood Block Watch Evaluation (Lewis & Rosenbaum 1982) Disorder, Crime and Community Decline (Skogan 1985) Crime Stoppers Evaluation (Rosenbaum, Lurigio & Lavrakas 1985) Crime Mapping (Neighborhood Information Project) (Gordon & LeBailly 1987) Community Organizations and Neighborhood Crime (Skogan 1988) Crime and the Survival of Small Businesses in Urban Neighborhoods (Skogan 1990)
Policing Police Encounters With The Mentally Ill (Teplin 1982) Procedural Justice and Policing (Tyler 1983) Impact of Television Coverage of Police Brutality (Gordon 1983) Fear Reduction Program Evaluation (Skogan 1983) Evaluation of Chicago s Community Policing Program (Skogan 1993) Police Training for Victim Services (Rosenbaum & Lurigio 1985) Community Organization Involvement in Community Policing (Skogan 1995) Evaluation of Regional Community Policing Training (Skogan 1997) Monitoring Opinion Change in the District of Columbia Skogan ) Impact of Information Technology in Policing (Skogan 2002)
Crime Victims Crime and the Elderly (Cook & Skogan 1976) Local Crime Survey Dissemination (Skogan 1978) Victim Response in Stranger-to-Stranger Violence (1981) Police and Civilian Help for Victims of Crime (Lurigio & Rosenbaum 1985) Victims' Needs and Victim Programs (Lurigio & Skogan 1988) Victimization of the Mentally Ill (Teplin ) Politics and Governance Law Enforcement Study Group (Gordon, McKnight, Fahey et al1970) hiring, misconduct,. shootings, legal representation, access to information Politics of the Criminal Law (Berk 1971) Comparative Study of Urban Public Order (Gurr 1972) Governmental Responses to Crime 1948-1978 (Jacob & Lineberry 1978) AIDS Education, Programs and Guidelines for Probation and the Courts (Lurigio 1978) Criminal Justice Project of Cook County (Heinz 1990)
Impact of Mass Incarceration (circa 2002) felon disenfranchisement (Manza) children of incarcerated fathers (Hagan, Edin) effect on job prospects (Pager) Paths to Offending Monitoring Delinquency Interventions (Gordon 1973) Alcohol and Street Crime (Teplin 1982) Evanston Gang Study (Rosenbaum 1983) Worlds of the Mentally Ill (Lewis 1984) Incarcerated Juveniles Project (Teplin 2002) Neighborhood Effects on Delinquency (Duncan et al 2006) Evaluation of CeaseFire (Skogan 2005) Crime and Welfare Reform (Lewis 2008)
rate per 10,000 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 70 biggest cities 1974 Trends in Homicide 1958-2007 1980 1985 US national trend 0.5 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2002 2004 2006 outside biggest cities 0.0
Trends in Robbery 1958-2007 1981 80 70 biggest cities rate per 10,000 60 40 1971 1984 US national trend 2007 20 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2002 2004 2006 outside biggest cities 0
Changes in Robbery -2007 Indianapolis Tucson Omaha Mesa Colorado Springs Cincinnati Virginia Beach Cleveland Honolulu Minneapolis St. Paul Phoenix Memphis Philadelphia Lexington Columbus Milwaukee Arlington Toledo Nashville Las Vegas Corpus Christi Stockton Oakland Sacramento Anchorage Albuquerque Aurora Louisville San Jose Houston Tulsa Pittsburgh Charlotte Buffalo Oklahoma City St. Louis Austin Bakersfield Raleigh Detroit Jacksonville Dallas Denver St. Petersburg Seattle Washington Anaheim Boston San Antonio San Francisco Riverside Kansas City Atlanta Baltimore Portland Chicago New Orleans Long Beach San Diego Fresno Santa Ana Tampa Wichita Los Angeles Fort Worth El Paso Miami Newark New York Percent of 70 biggest ciles DOWN homicide 81% robbery 90 burglary 96 auto thes 81 Percent aggregate 70 city rate DOWN homicide 48% robbery 55 burglary 48 auto thes 51-70 -50-30 -10 10 30 50
Chicago Trends in Violent Crime by Race Diverse beats Homicide Robbery 60 Black 3000 2500 rate per 100,000 residents 40 20 0 3000 1993 Latino White 1999 1997 1995 Gun Crimes 2007 2005 2003 2001 1500 1000 500 0 2500 2007 2005 2003 2001 1999 1997 1995 1993 White Latino Black Aggravated Assault Black 1000 Latino White Black 2005 2003 2001 1999 1997 1995 1500 1000 500 Latino White 2007 2005 2003 2001 1999 1997 1995 0 1993 2007 0 1993
Distribution of Crime Decline -2007 by Area Race Chicago Gun Crimes Black White LaLno Diverse Total 28222 3254 3869 4256 39601 2007 9082 1550 1192 1335 13159 Drop 91 07 19140 1704 2677 2921 26443 Pct of city total 72% 6% 10% 11% Homicide Pct of city total 68% 2% 13% 17% Robbery Pct of city total 66% 9% 11% 14%