Brief History of Headland Breakwaters Usage in Chesapeake Bay, USA. 25 Years of Rock, Sand and Plants for Shore Protection Beach Tech 2011 C. Scott Hardaway, Jr., Geologist, Virginia Institute of Marine Science James R. Gunn, President, Coastal Design and Construction, Inc.
Chesapeake Bay Breakwater Data Base. Selected Sites.
Early on 1979: Hardaway attends Coastal Engineering course at USC sponsored by Miles Hayes and taught by Richard Silvester. Some other students included Tim Kana, Jeff Williams, Kenny Finklestein and Phil Vitae. So began the research by VIMS on spiral bays/pocket beaches 1980:Hawk Anderson and Jim Gunn were experimenting with perched beaches and spurs The time had come to apply the research Summerille Spur 1983: Early experimentation with Silvester s spiral bay relationships with pocket beaches. The tangential section aligns with the impinging wave climate and the updrift or shadow section follows a logrithmic spiral.
Summerille/Staples, Coastal bay evaluation and predicted bay shoreline using SEB
Summerille/Staples March 8, 1988 April 28 2004
Summerille/Staples March 8, 1988 April 28 2004
Offsets and differential erosion often creates geomorphic opportunities
Mid-1980s Drummond Field-1985: First breakwater project on private property. Existing headland morphology was used to position headland breakwater system Aqua-po- 1987: Public Beach application with existing groin field used to indicate net direction of wave approach.
Drummond -Installed November 1985 Aerial Date: 2005
Drummond Field: March 17, 1990 Existing headllands
Drummond Field under construction: Summer 1985
Drummond Field: First tombolo
Drummond Field: April 7, 2010
Aqua-Po Public Beach: Installed March 1987
Aqua-Po: October 2009
Late 1980s, Maryland Non-Structural Program sites Claiborne- 1988: Headland breakwaters on marsh coast. Required rock sills at creek entrance. Elm s Beach- 1988: Headland breakwaters on open Chesapeake Bay. Survived Hurricane Isabel (2003)very well. Ware and Dietrick et al-1989: Choptank River breakwaters with small fetch warranted reduction in breakwater parameters such as length, gap and distance offshore Carden- 1989: Headland breakwaters used to protect spit on Potomac River in Va.
Claiborne Landing: 2010
Claiborne Landing
Elm s Beach: September 2000 Installed 1988.
Elm s Beach: Post Isabel, October 2003
Elms Beach: October 20, 2009
Dietrick: Installed October 1989 Some Dude Ware: Installed Sept. 1989
Carden: January 2006 Installed December 1989
Carden: September 2004
The 1990s Yorktown: First three breakwaters installed in 1994 and added onto over the next 10 years to total 12. Revitalized the historic waterfront along with addition of floating concrete docks. Asbury 1995:Beach sands acqiured from adjacent banks. Kingsmill - 1996: High banks with impressive viewshed warranted large headland and bay couplets VanDyke-1997: Took 10 property owners 5 years to come together. Utilized sand from the banks for beach fill.
Yorktown Beach: Northeaster Novemeber 2009
Yorktown: 2010
Asbury: Pre-construction
Asbury: March 2007
Shore Protection Asbury, Patuxent River Asbury site before the project (November 1994), after the project (October 1998), and in August 2000.
Asbury: 2008
Kingsmill: 2010
Kingsmill, pre-construction: 1996
Kingsmill: 2002
James River Sites West Bank/Boykin: 2002 Van Dyke: 1997 Mogarts: 2010 Luter: 1998
VanDyke: Post-Isabel
VanDyke: 2007
Luter 2002 2007 2009
Luter: January 2010
Annual Significant Winds Annual Significant Fetch Farshore Fetch Windows Storm Fetch Storm Winds 90 90 Tangential Beach Control Line (R ) O Wave Crest Line Orthogonal R 90 R/R =0.81 O Annual Resultant Wave Vectors H& at Site L B SMB Output (H&T) RCP WAVE Input Storm RCPWAVE Bathymetric Grid Wave Orthogonal Diffraction Point Possible Headland Alignment Spiral Beach Section Possible Extent of Headland BW Spiral Section Tangent B m G B M b Tangent Section Spiral BW L =BW Length B G B=Bay Gap M =Indentation b B =Beach Width m Average Mb:Gb = 1:1.65 Project Upland Static Equilibrium Bay: Hsu et al 1989
Elevation (feet) Elev ation (feet) 30 20 Bm Present beach width base bank to MHW Spartina patens Tombolo Spartina alterniflora Breakwater A 10 Beach Nourishment Berm 0 Bottom 30 20 Bm Present beach width base bank to MHW Spartina patens Mb Maximum bay indentation centerline breakwater to MHW B 10 0 Beach Nourishment Berm Bottom Breakwater components Hardaway and Byrne, 1999
Chesapeake Bay Headland Breakwater Sites Shallow Water Wave Length (L=(gh)½ x T) L = Wave length (meters) h = Water depth (meters) T = Wave period (seconds) From Hardaway and Gunn, 2000 Site 1. Drummond Field Average Fetch (km) Date Installed Land Use Coast Type Wave Annual 6 to SW Sep 1985 Residential Embayed T=2.0 h=1.2 L=6.7 2. Aquia Landing 7 to E Mar 1987 Public Beach Headland T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L=7.6 3. Elm s Beach 30 to NNE Oct 1988 Public Beach Straight T=2.5 sec. h=1.5 L=9.8 4. Christ 3 to NE Jul 1988 Farm Straight T=1.4 sec. h=0.9 L=4.3 5. St. Catherine s Island 7 to NW Mar 1989 Spit Headland T=2.0 sec. h=1.2 L=6.7 6. Ware 3 to E Sep 1989 Residential Embayment T=1.5 sec. h=0.9 L=4.6 7. Dietrick 3 to SE Oct. 1989 Farm Embayment T=1.6 sec. h=0.9 L=4.9 8. Carden 17 to NNE Dec 1989 Spit Headland T=2.0 sec. h=1.2 L=7.0 9. Yorktown 18 to NE Sep 1994 Public Beach Straight T=2.5 sec. h=1.5 L=9.8 10. Asbury 6 to NW Dec 1995 Residential Embayed T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L=7.6 11. Kingsmill 11 to SW Mar 1996 Residential Embayment T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L=7.6 12. Putnam 30 to SW May 1997 Residential Headland T=2.5 sec. h=0.9 L=7.6 13. Van Dyke 12 to N Sep 1997 Residential Headland T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L=7.6 14. Luter 13 to NNE May 1998 Farm Straight T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L=7.6 Climate Storm T=3.0 sec. h=1.8 L=12.8 T=3.0 sec. h=2.1 L=13.7 T=5.0 sec. h=2.1 L =22.9 T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L=7.6 T=2.7 sec. h=1.8 L=11.3 T=2.5 sec. h=1.5 L=9.8 T=2.5 sec. h=1.5 L=9.8 T=4.5 sec. h=1.8 L=18.9 T=4.0 sec. h=2.7 L=20.7 T=3.5 sec. h=2.1 L=15.9 T=3.5 sec. h=2.4 L=17.1 T=4.5 sec. h=1.8 L=18.9 T=3.5 sec. h=2.4 L=17.1 T=3.5 sec. h=2.4 L=15.9
Bidirectional Wind/Wave Setting Site Coast Type Average Fetch (km) Longest Fetch (km) L B (m) G B (m) M b (m) B M (m) L B :G B M b :G B 6. Ware Embayment 3 to E 4 to E 18.3 19.8 13.7 10.7 1:1 1:1.4 4. Christ Straight 3 to NE 4 to SE 21.3 24.4 16.8 7.6 1:1.3 1:1.5 7. Dietrick Embayment 3 to SE 4 to E 19.8 29.0 18.2 9.1 1:1.5 1:1.6 11. Kingsmill Embayment 11 to SW 20 to S 53.3 64.0 51.8 21.3 1:1.2 1:1.2 13. Van Dyke Headland 12 to N 22 to NNW 27.4 39.6 22.9 15.2 1:1.4 1:1.7 8. Carden Headland 17 to NNE 43 to E 33.5 33.5 24.4 12.2 1:1.0 1:1.4 12. Putnam Headland 30 to SW 68 to SE 33.5 42.7 42.7 18.3 1:1.3 1:1.0 3. Elm s Beach Straight 30 to NNE 35 to SE 47.2 53.3 45.7 13.7 1:1.1 1:1.6 AVERAGE: 1:1.2 1:1.4 LB = Breakwater Length GB = Breakwater Gap Mb = Minimum Bay Indentation From Hardaway and Gunn, 2000
Unidirectional Wind/Wave Setting Site Coast Type Average Fetch (km) Longest Fetch (km) L B (m) G B (m) M b (m) B M (m) L B :G B M b :G B 1. Drummond Field Embayed 6 to SW 12 to S 27.4 54.9 22.9 9.1 1:2.0 1:2.4 10. Asbury Embayed 6 to NW 13 to NW 33.5 57.9 36.6 21.3 1:1.8 1:1.7 5. St. Catherine s Island Headland 7 to NW 15 to W 30.5 29.0 21.3 21.3 1:1* 1:1.4* 2. Aquia Landing Headland 7 to E 9 to NE 33.5 48.8 19.8 18.3 1:1.5 1:2.5 14. Luter Straight 13 to NNE 23 to NNW 29.0 48.8 30.5 15.2 1:1.7 1:1.6 9. Yorktown Straight 18 to NE 43 to E 49.0 91.4 51.8 15.2 1:1.8 1:1.8 AVERAGE: 1:1.8 1:1.9 LB = Breakwater Length GB = Breakwater Gap Mb = Minimum Bay Indentation From Hardaway and Gunn, 2000
The New Millenia Pax River NAS- Fuel Pier: 2001: Design elements include protecting jet fuel facility, acquire beach sand from banks and protect archaeology without bank grading. West Bank/Fort Boykin- 2002: Create unique breakwater system with large bays and minimal bank grading. Pax River NAS- Gate 4: 2004: Design for future site of Base Officers Club to soften the hard edge and provide a protective recreational beach.
Pax River, NAS, April 8, 1993
Pax River, NAS: January 11, 2003
Pax River, NAS: March 30,2007
Fuel Pier
West Bank/Fort Boykin
Fort Boykin with West Bank seen in distance
Pax River Gate 4: 1998
Pax River Gate 4: 2007
Gate 4
Lately Davis 2005: located near mouth of Bay on Eastern Shore with high eroding dunes Clarke 2008: Required upland excavation to fit the system in landward of first offshore bar so as to minimize downdrift impact. Provides enhanced tiger beetle habitat. VIMS -2010: Finally, a breakwater project off the institute to create an environmental edge to the hardened east coast and a beach dune system to the eroding west coast.
Davis 2008
Davis: 2010
Davis: 2011
Clarke: 2008, under construction
Clarke: 2009
Clarke :2010
Clarke: 2010
Headland Breakwater Systems in Chesapeake Bay, selected sites chronologically Hardaway and Gunn, 2010 ID Site Name Wave Field Install Date Average Number of Number of Lb Gb Mb Bm Fetch BWs Bays Lb : Gb Mb :Gb (km) (m) (m) (m) (m) Drummond Field 1 U September 1985 6 to SW 6 5 27 55 23 9.1 1:2 1:2.4 2 Aqua-Po U March 1987 7 to E 4 5 34 49 20 18.3 1:1.5 1:2.5 3 Claiborne U April 1988 11 to SE 4 4 26 31 18 4.6 1:1.2 1:1.8 4 Christ Bi July 1988 3 to NE 3 2 21 24 17 7.6 1:1.3 1:1.5 5 Elm s Beach Bi October 1988 30 to NNE 3 2 47 53 46 13.7 1:1.1 1:1.6 6 St.Cats Island U March 1989 7 to NW 3 4 31 29 21 21.3 1:1 1:1.4 7 Ware Bi September 1989 3 to E 3 3 18 20 14 10.7 1:1 1:1.4 8 Dietrick Bi October 1989 3 to SE 4 4 20 29 18 9.1 1:1.5 1:1.6 9 Carden Bi December 1989 17 to NNE 4 4 34 34 24 12.2 1:1 1:1.4 10 Rock Hall Bi June 1990 11 to SW 1 2 18 25 20 24.4 1:1.4 1:1.3 11 Yorktown U August 1994/1997 18 NE 2 to 2 1 to 3 49 91 52 15.2 1:1.8 1:1.9 12 Asbury U December 1995 6 to NW 4 5 34 58 37 21.3 1:1.8 1:1.7 13 Kingsmill Bi March 1996 11 to SW 7 6 53 64 52 21.3 1:1.2 1:12 14 Van Dyke Bi September 1997 12 to N 9 8 27 40 23 15.2 1:1.4 1:1.7 15 Luter U May 1998 7 to NW 13 12 29 49 31 15.2 1:1.7 1:1.6 16 PR FP Bi October 2001 6 to NW 5 4 45 55 35 17 1:1.2 1:1.6 17 West Bank U December 2002 11 to SE 8 7 50 100 40 15 1:2 1:2.5 18 PR G4 Bi November 2004 3 to NE 5 4 50 40 30 14 1:1.3 1:1.3 19 Davis Bi 2005 32 to SW 3 2 55 64 26 18.2 1:1.2 1:2.5 20 Clarke U 2008 24 to SW 3 2 67 50 38 18.2 1:1.3 1:1.3
VIMS East: Post-construction: 2010
VIMS West: 2010
VIMS East: January 2011
Questions? For Mr. Hardaway Yorktown, Virginia: York River and Coleman Bridge in background