1950s 1960s Today
Relationship between Share of Urban Trips by Transit, Bicycle, and Foot and Per Capita Annual CO 2 Emissions from Road and Rail Transport in Australia, Canada, the USA and EU Countries, 2000-08 6.000 USA Annual Tons of CO2 per capita 5.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 0.000 Transport CO 2 Emissions per Capita Canada Australia Ireland Denmark Belgium Norway UK France Walk, Bike, Transit Share of Trips Finland Germany Austria Sweden Spain Netherlands 0 10 20 30 40 50 R² = 0.74 Percent of trips by public transport, bicycle, and foot Sources: (Bassett, Pucher, Buehler, Thompson, & Crouter, 2008; BMVBS, 1991-2008; IEA, 2009)
More sustainable ground passenger transport in Germany ~3 times more CO 2 emissions per capita in USA U.S. households spend more for transport (~$2,700 p.a.) Higher annual per capita government expenditures for roads and public transport in the USA ($625 vs. $460) 2.3 times higher traffic fatalities per capita in USA
Framework: Federal Policies in Germany Taxes and regulation make car use more expensive Flexible funds for walking and cycling Dedicated funding for transit investments Regulations that guide land-use planning and require cooperation among levels of government Strategic leadership in transport and land-use planning Only the framework: most policies that make transport more sustainable are developed on the local level
Case Study Freiburg 220,000 inhabitants, 120,000 jobs, 30,000 students Strong Economic and population growth Gateway to Black Forest Region (620,000 pop.) Germany s Environmental Capital Important Eco-Industry (10,000 jobs, 500m GDP) Green Party mayor Thanks to Bernhard Gutzmer, Uwe Schade, Wulf Daseking (all city of Freiburg), Andreas Hildebrandt (VAG Freiburg)
Stagnating levels of motorization in Freiburg (cars & light trucks per 1,000) Sources: (BMVBS, 1991-2008; City of Freiburg, 2009b; FHWA, 1990-2008)
Declining share of trips by car Sources: (City of Freiburg, 2007; University of Dortmund, 2001)
Share of Trips by Public Transport, Cycling, and Walking in Freiburg and Cities of Comparable Population Size (~200,000) in Europe and North America, 2006/2007 Sources: (City of Freiburg, 2007; Gutzmer, 2006; Socialdata, 2009; StatCan, 2009; U.S. Census Bureau, 2009)
Freiburg: sustainability trends VKT Car use declined by 7% from 1990 to 2005 local roads only: -13% Per-capita CO 2 emissions from transport: -13% to a level that is only 29% of U.S. average Bicycle safety: Freiburg: 1.2; Germany: 1.7, USA: 5.8 fatalities per 10 million km cycled Transit operating budget subsidy per year: Freiburg10%, Germany 25%, USA 65%
Short summary overview of transport and land use planning history 1944: 80% of city destroyed in air raid 1950s/1960s: Rebuilding the city to serve the needs of the car 1970s: Crucial decisions: laying the ground work for sustainable transport 1980s: Improving public transport, walking and cycling 1990s/2000s: Restricting car use and further promoting the green modes
Source: City of Freiburg Muensterplatz 1960s
Source: City of Freiburg Muensterplatz 2000
Expand Transit Complete Bike Network Traffic Calming Bundling Car Traffic Parking Management Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning (Source: adapted from City of Freiburg)
Complementary Goals of most Recent Transport and Land Use Plans Goals of Transport Planning Minimize car travel Move car trips to other modes Make car travel as environmentally friendly as possible Goals of Land-Use Planning: Improve quality of life City of Short Distances Strengthening Freiburg as regional center Preservation of City
Accommodating growth within the city limits (Source: City of Freiburg)
Vauban & Rieselfeld Neighborhoods (Source: Berkeley)
Expand Transit Complete Bike Network Traffic Calming Bundling Car Traffic Parking Management Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning (Source: adapted from City of Freiburg)
Expanding light rail (Source: City of Freiburg)
Public Transport and Land Use (Source: City of Freiburg)
Integration of modes Heavy Rail Train Station Bus Station Light Rail Bike Parking Garage (Source: Google Maps)
Regional coordination of services and ticketing Transferable Environmental Protection since1984 Regional monthly transit ticket since 1991 Regional Transit Authority (75 towns, 187 operators, 3050km of routes) Annual ticket: 450 Euros Ticket for students: 69 Euros for 6 months RegioMobilCard including car sharing etc. Signal priority for light rail (Source: City of Freiburg & Pucher)
Expand Transit Complete Bike Network Traffic Calming Bundling Car Traffic Parking Management Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning (Source: adapted from Stadt Freiburg)
Freiburg bike facts Cycle journeys per weekday rose from 69,500 in 1976 to 140,000 in 1994 and to 211,000 in 2007 1972: only 29km of unconnected bike lanes in city; today 410km network Roughly 400 kilometers of roads are Tempo 30 Zones (75% of all roads; 90 % of population) 89% of households have bicycles
Regional Bike Network (Source: City of Freiburg)
Bike Parking Garage for 1,000 Bikes (Source: Swearingen White)
Bicycle Infrastructure: Lanes, Streets, Paths, Boxes (Source: City of Freiburg & Swearingen White)
Expand Transit Complete Bike Network Traffic Calming Bundling Car Traffic Parking Management Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning (Source: adapted from Stadt Freiburg)
Traffic calming of Neighborhoods BEFORE AFTER (Source: City of Freiburg)
177 Home Zones in Freiburg (Source: City of Freiburg & Pucher)
Pedestrian zone since 1973 (Source: City of Freiburg & Swearingen White)
Expand Transit Complete Bike Network Traffic Calming Bundling Car Traffic Parking Management Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning (Source: adapted from Stadt Freiburg)
Roads for cars in yellow (Source: City of Freiburg)
Parking Management Current Planned Extensions (Source: City of Freiburg)
Lessons for Implementing Sustainable Transport Policies Implement controversial policies in stages Plans should be adaptable over time to changing conditions Policies must be multi-modal and include both incentives Expand Transit and disincentives Complete Bike Network Traffic Calming Bundling Car Traffic Parking Management Fully integrate transport and land-use planning Citizen involvement is an integral part of policy development and implementation Support from higher levels of government is crucial to making local policies work Sustainable transport policies must be long term, with policies sustained over time, for lasting impact Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning
Thank you! Ralph Buehler, Assistant Professor Urban Affairs and Planning Virginia Tech, Alexandria Center ralphbu@vt.edu Phone: 703-701-8104 http://www.nvc.vt.edu/uap/people/rbuehler.html