Advanced Solutions in Urban Mobility Michael Replogle Managing Director for Policy & Founder, ITDP Presentation to 8 th International Logistics & Transportation Conference, Sao Paulo, Brazil, May 6, 2012
Map of usable sidewalks, City Center, Surabaya, Indonesia USABLE SIDEWALK PARTIALLY USABLE SIDEWALK UNUSABLE SIDEWALK OVEARPASS INVISIBLE ZEBRA CROSS VISIBLE ZEBRA CROSS CLEAR ZEBRA CROSS Inventory Sidewalks WORKING LIGHT BROKEN LIGHT
An ecology of roads Grid roads are like wetlands: absorbing, distributing loads fluidly Diverse transportation systems are like diverse ecosystems: more niches mean more efficient resource use, system resilience
An ecology of roads Freeways are like channelized streams: traffic gets stuck in an impermeable ditch until it can find an exit
Expanding motorways reduces walking and transit oriented development Milwaukee Before Motorways Milwaukee After Motorways Doubling of road capacity yields 30%-120% increase in traffic (with 80% typical) Expanding roads to solve congestion: like buying bigger pants to cure obesity Removing road capacity: much traffic disappears
Seoul reallocated motorway space for walking To This From This To This
Reform Street Codes Complete Streets routinely & safely accommodate pedestrians, bicycles, & public transport
Reduce Speed WHO, citing Pasanen
de Brinkgood, Netherlands Odense, Denmark Shared Streets Hans Mondermann Victoria, British Colombia, Canada Source: Curbless Streets/Shared Space in Urban Contexts, Background, Issues & Examples, July 2007
Shared Street in Guangzhou, China
Singapore in the 70 s before road pricing 13 Source: LTA
Singapore today after 30 years of road pricing and public transport investment CBD and motorway toll rates adjusted 4x/year to keep traffic speeds at peak system performance
1975: Singapore Adopts World s First Area License
1998: Singapore Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) In-Vehicle Unit (IU) & Cash Card Gantries Enforcement Cameras Central Computer& Processing System
Increased to over 70 as of December 2008 Singapore ERP Charging Points June 2008
Singapore Toll Rates Set to Achieve Performance Standards Review every 3 months Adjust up/down to ensure traffic moves at target speeds 85% of time or more Expressways Increase 45 kph 65 kph Decrease Increase 20 kph 30 kph Decrease CBD/ Other Roads
Congestion Pricing Impacts Stockholm designed its system to boost environmental performance: Traffic reduced overall by ¼ Queue times down 30-50% Emissions down 14% CO2 Emission Reduction Overall Traffic Reduction Cordon Area Traffic 6am-7pm
Tolling Existing Lanes: Acceptable When It Boosts Performance, Choices Public opinion of cordon charge in Stockholm for - against: Before start of tolling: 31% - 62% After 6 months: 52% - 40% After 9 months: 67% approval Stockholm the congestion tax
Gothenburg, Sweden Congestion Charge Since January 2013
London Charging Zone Monitored by Digital Cameras 1. Car enters zone Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) technology enables information regarding capture and keeper to be identified. 2. Camera captures VRM A294 BEC 3. VRM checked against database Match No match Database of payments Photo of vehicle wiped from database Penalty charge notice issued A294BEC Source: Derek Turner Consulting
London City-Wide Low Emission Zone City-wide effective Feb. 2008 USD $98 m set up cost $20 m/yr. operating cost $96 m/yr. est. revenue Heavy trucks failing Euro-II emission standard pay $400/day 50,000 trucks/week monitored 8% initially subject to fee 21
Germany s Success With Automated HGV Tolls trucks >12 tons pay on 12,000 km roads 50% toll premium for old dirty trucks 1 million toll transactions/day USD$5 billion/year revenue for road, rail, waterway transport improvements Logistics efficiency up, freight VKT down 7% Source: Andrea Kossak, http://www.hhh.umn.edu/img/assets/20164/kossak%20-%20pricing%20in%20germany.pdf
Stop-and-Go-Traffic = Lost Road Capacity 5 am 6 am 9 am 7 am 8 am Traffic Speed and Volume I-66 East, Northern VA, Wednesday March 7, 2007
2 toll managed lanes carry as much peak hour traffic at 3 times the speed - as moved in 4 free, but congested lanes
Vehicles Per Hour Per Lane Miles Per Hour 2 toll managed lanes carry as much peak hour traffic at 3 times the speed - as moved in 4 free, but congested lanes Traffic in Peak Hours on Eastbound SR91 Friday Afternoons 2004 Average Traffic Speed Peak Hours Eastbound SR 91 Friday Afternoons 2004 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Congested General Purpose Lanes Toll Managed Lanes 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Congested General Purpose Lanes Toll Managed Lanes Therefore toll management of existing new lanes could boost their capacity by 50% in times of peak congestion Report to Congress on the Value Pricing Pilot Program Through March 2004, US Federal Highway Administration (2004), available at: http://knowledge.fhwa.dot.gov/cops/hcx.nsf/all+documents/ad276ecc2e3a077885257005006b5614/$file/march%202004%20report%20of%20congress.p df
Lost Peak Period Road Capacity Can Be Regained Through Active Supply & Demand Management
Avoid-Shift-Improve Sustainable Transport Boosts productivity and reliability of transport Boosts equitable and affordable access Supports sustainable economic growth Protects environment & public health, urban livability
For More Information Michael Replogle Managing Director for Policy and Founder Institute for Transportation and Development Policy 1210 18 th Street NW Washington, DC 20036 USA mreplogle@itdp.org 212-629-8001 www.itdp.org 28