OVERVIEW OF FISH PRODUCTION, UTILIZATION, CONSUMPTION AND TRADE

FISHERY INFORMATION, DATA AND STATISTICS UNIT OVERVIEW OF FISH PRODUCTION, UTILIZATION, CONSUMPTION AND TRADE BASED ON 21 DATA by STEFANIA VANNUCCINI Fishery Statistician (Commodities) FAO, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit May 23 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 1 Rome, Italy

2 In 21, total fishery production (excl. aquatic plants) was reported to be 13.2 million tonnes, of which 37.9 million tonnes from aquaculture practices. World capture fisheries production decreased from 95.4 million tonnes in 2 to 92.4 million tonnes in 21. Major fluctuations in capture production in recent years were mainly due to variations in catches of Peruvian anchoveta which are environmentally driven (i.e. El Niño). In fact, global capture production excluding anchoveta has remained fairly stable since 1995. In 21, according to reported statistics, China was the leading producing country with 16.5 million tonnes, representing a decrease of 2.7% compared to 2. China was followed by Peru (8. million tonnes), the USA (4.9 million tonnes), Japan (4.7 million tonnes) and Indonesia (4.2 million tonnes). Aquaculture production, excluding aquatic plants, reached 37.9 million tonnes by weight (US$ 55.7 billion by value) in 21, from 35.5 million tonnes (US$ 52.1 billion) in 2. Aquaculture production reported by China -the largest producer- in 21 showed a 6.% increase by volume and a 8.8% growth by value compared with 2, reaching 26.1 million tonnes (US$ 26.2 billion). For world excluding China, aquaculture production was 11.8 million tonnes (US$ 29.4 billion) in 21, representing an 8.2% growth in volume and a 5.% increase in value compared with 2. Other major producing countries in 21 were: India (2.2 million tonnes), Indonesia (864 tonnes), Japan (82 tonnes) and Thailand (724 tonnes). In addition, world fisheries produced 11.9 million tonnes of seaweeds (wet weight), the bulk of which (89.1%) originating from culture-based practices. World aquaculture production of aquatic plants increased slightly from 1.2 million tonnes (US$ 5.7 billion) in 2 to 1.6 million tonnes (US$ 5.8 billion) in 21. Chinese production of aquatic plants reached 8.2 million tonnes (US$ 4.1 billion), representing 77.3% of the total volume and 7.7% of the total value of world aquaculture production of aquatic plants. It is estimated that in 21, about 31 million tonnes of world fishery production were used for reduction to meal and other non-food purposes, virtually all from capture fisheries. If China is excluded, nearly 65. million tonnes (or 74.2%) of the 87.6 million tonnes of fish produced were used for direct human consumption and 22.6 million for various non-food uses. In 21, world excluding China per caput fish supply was estimated at 13.3 kg and at 25.6 kg for China. Indicatively, world excluding China per capita supply from inland and marine capture fisheries was 1.9 kg and that from aquaculture was 2.4 kg. The respective figures for China are 6.3 kg and 2.6 kg. About 38% (live weight equivalent) of world fish production entered international trade in 21. The 86 Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries (LIFDCs) accounted for 19% of total exports in value terms. Developing countries, as a whole, supplied slightly more than 5%. The net receipts of foreign exchange for fishery commodities by developing countries (i.e. deducting their imports from the total value of their exports) increased from US$ 4. billion in 1981 to US$ 17.7 billion in 21. This amount was greater than the net exports of other agricultural commodities such as rice, cocoa, tobacco, and tea. In 21, more than 8% of the total world import value was concentrated in the developed countries, in particular in Japan, the USA and in several EU countries. Japan was again the major importer accounting for about 23% of total import value, despite the 13% decline from the previous year. The USA was the second main importer, with a share of 17%, and the fourth main exporter. The USA was followed by Spain, France, Italy, Germany and the UK. Total EU imports (including intra-eu trade) represented 34% of world import value.

3 Excluding aquatic plants, in 21 Thailand remained the major exporter, followed closely by China that experienced an 11% increase in its export value compared to 2. It is interesting to note that the relative importance of trade in fishery products is different for these two countries. In 21, Thailand's fishery exports accounted for 35.3% of its agricultural exports (excl. forestry products) and for 6.4% of its total merchandise trade; while for China these shares were of 25.6% and 1.5%, respectively. In net terms, Thailand earned US$ 3 2 million from its trade in fishery products, while China earned US$ 2 212 million in 21. For additional information on this subject see table A6 in the FAO Yearbook: Fishery statistics Commodities. Shrimp continue to be the main fish commodity traded in value terms, accounting for about 19% of the total value of internationally traded fishery products. Other main groups of species exported are groundfish, tuna and salmon, as shown by the graph at page 18. Fish meal represented 3.6% of the value of exports and fish oil less than 1%. Exports of developing countries consisted mainly of tuna, small pelagics, shrimp and prawns, lobsters, cephalopods, fish meal and fish oil. Trade of developing countries is gradually evolving from exports of raw material for the processing industry of developed countries to value-added products. In 21, total exports of fish and fishery products were US$ 55.9 billions in value terms (f.o.b.: free on board), 1.1% more compared to 2. On the contrary, total imports of fish and fishery products were US$ 59.4 billions (c.i.f.: cost, insurance, freight), slightly less (-1%) compared to 2. A part from the use of a different basis of evaluation (export values are generally f.o.b. while import values are usually c.i.f.), this inconsistency is due to other several factors, as the time lapse between the dispatch of goods by the exporting country and their entry into the importing country; difference in statistical methods adopted, for example, in the case of triangular trade 1 or the fact that some countries supply trade data on general trade, while others provide data on special trade 2. Furthermore, the method used by FIDI for estimating trade of non-reporting countries (mirror data) may underestimate intraregional trade. Another main reason relies on the different quality/reliability of the data FIDI receives. National fishery statistics of many countries are problematic, in terms of data quality, due to an incomplete coverage of the various collection components, lack of consistency over time and lack of accuracy. In terms of fish trade, import statistics are often considered to be of better quality since more than 8% of the world s import value is provided by countries with comprehensive and timely statistical systems. The source of all data reported is FAO FIDI. Data on capture, aquaculture and trade are available at: http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/fisoft/fishpl US.asp as downloadable databases, together with a retrieval and analytical software. Questions or comments should be sent to: The Senior Fishery Statistician Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 1 Rome, Italy Fax: +39 65752476 E-mail: FIDI-Inquiries@fao.org 1 Triangular trade exists where a company in State A sells goods to a company in State B, which in turns sells it to a company in State C, although the goods are physically moved only once from A to C. In cases such as this, trade statistics should record a dispatch from A to C and an arrival in C of goods from A. There is, however, considerable risk that A or C will regard State B as its trading partner. 2 The difference between general and special trade lies mainly in the treatment of recording the movement of goods through customs-bounded storage areas (warehouses, free areas, etc.).

4 World capture fisheries production Million tonnes 12 8 China 4 World exc luding China 195 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 92 95 98 21 Note: Data exclude aquatic plants. World aquaculture production million tonnes 4 3 2 China 1 World excluding China 195 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 92 95 98 21 Note: Data exclude aquatic plants

5 World capture fisheries production in marine and inland fishing areas Marine fishing areas Inland fishing areas Million tonnes 9 Million tonnes 8 6 World excluding China 6 World excluding China 4 3 2 China China 195 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 92 95 98 21 195 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 92 95 98 21 Note: Data exclude aquatic plants. World aquaculture production in marine and inland fishing areas Marine fishing areas Inland fishing areas Million tonnes 16 Million tonnes 16 12 12 8 China 8 China 4 4 World excluding China World excluding China 195 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 92 95 98 21 19553 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 92 95 9821 Note: Data exclude aquatic plants.

6 Capture fishery production (excl. aquatic plants) Top 2 producer countries in 21 compared to 2, in tonnes Marine fishing areas Inland fishing areas Country 2 21 % Country 2 21 % China 14 754 95 14 379 457-2.5 China 2 233 23 2 149 932-3.7 Peru 1 626 323 7 95 45-25.2 India 955 62 974 71 +2. USA 4 719 982 4 914 828 +4.1 Bangladesh 67 465 67 -.1 Japan 4 9 8 4 657 798-5. Cambodia 245 6 36 +46.6 Indonesia 3 764 479 3 897 27 +3.5 Indonesia 35 212 36 56 +.4 Chile 4 3 16 3 797 143-11.7 Egypt 253 47 295 422 +16.6 Russian Fed. 3 681 167 3 421 893-7. Tanzania, Un. Rep 28 283 +1.1 India 2 786 676 2 787 89 +. Myanmar 189 78 235 376 +24.1 Norway 2 72 837 2 686 733 -.6 Uganda 219 356 22 726 +.6 Thailand 2 71 73 2 671 339-1.4 Thailand 21 1 29 977 +4.4 Korea Rep. 1 816 34 1 982 31 +9.1 Russian Fed. 292 368 26 43-29.4 Iceland 1 982 346 1 98 555 -.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. 24 53 24 53 +. Philippines 1 741 264 1 89 372 +3.9 Brazil 199 159 2 +.4 Denmark 1 533 96 1 51 362-1.5 Pakistan 176 468 18 1 +2.1 Viet Nam 1 28 59 1 321 123 +3.2 Viet Nam 17 17 +. Mexico 1 28 764 1 36 438 +8.1 Kenya 21 343 156 763-25.5 Malaysia 1 285 696 1 231 287-4.2 Nigeria 132 315 154 175 +16.5 Morocco 895 12 1 82 293 +2.9 Philippines 151 753 135 845-1.5 Spain 1 36 778 1 76 11 +3.8 Mali 19 87 1-9. Canada 969 822 1 14 388 +4.6 Mexico 16 817 92 154-13.7 Sub-total 68 696 84 65 478 76-4.7 Sub-total 7 37 357 7 35 673 +. Share of Sub-total/ World 79.3% 78.3% Share of Sub-total/ World 83.1% 84.% World total 86 651 99 83 663 276-3.4 World total 8 788 721 8 692 758-1.1 World capture fisheries production by selected fishing areas and top 12 species in 21 Fishing areas Top species Pacific, Northwest Pacific, Southeast Atlantic, Northeast Pacific, Western Central Asia - Inland waters Indian Ocean, Eastern Indian Ocean, Western Atlantic, Eastern Central Pacific, Northeast Atlantic, Southwest Others Anchoveta Alaska pollock Chilean jack mackerel Atlantic herring Japanese anchovy Skipjack tuna Blue whiting Chub mackerel Capelin Largehead hairtail Yellowfin tuna European pilchard 5 1 15 2 25 Million tonnes 2 4 6 8 Million tonnes Note: Species listed are those with a production volume of more than 1 million tonnes.

7 Aquaculture fishery production (excl. aquatic plants) Top 2 producer countries in 21 compared to 2, in tonnes Marine fishing areas Inland fishing areas Country 2 21 % Country 2 21 % China 9 411 36 1 1 513 +7.3 China 15 169 365 15 949 588 +5.1 Japan 72 179 744 61 +6. India 1 844 236 2 98 447 +13.8 Chile 39 932 565 45 +44.5 Indonesia 647 89 76 571 +9.1 Norway 491 284 512 11 +4.2 Bangladesh 598 938 627 +4.7 Thailand 46 753 434 597-5.7 Viet Nam 48 222 418 +2.4 Korea Rep. 279 984 282 314 +.8 Philippines 311 686 349 392 +12.1 Spain 278 626 277 29 -.6 USA 325 798 332 458 +2. France 212 558 196 973-7.3 Egypt 297 935 312 879 +5. Italy 164 775 169 919 +3.1 Thailand 271 22 289 631 +6.8 UK 142 287 157 826 +1.9 Taiwan Prov. of China 155 512 21 267 +29.4 Indonesia 14 61 157 75 +12.2 Brazil 138 156 164 +18.7 Canada 114 934 139 668 +21.5 Myanmar 93 948 115 793 +23.3 USA 12 464 128 54 +25.4 Russian Fed. 73 512 89 519 +21.8 Malaysia 1 889 114 419 +13.4 Japan 6 645 57 887-4.5 India 97 968 14 183 +6.3 France 54 212 55 79 +1.6 Viet Nam 12 333 1 5-1.8 Iran (Islamic Rep. of) 36 5 54 943 +5.5 Taiwan Prov. of China 88 344 96 161 +8.8 Colombia 5 396 53 +5.2 Greece 92 5 94 32 +2.2 Cuba 51 33 52 91 +3.1 Philippines 82 175 85 265 +3.8 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 42 66 5 +18.9 New Zealand 85 185 75 387-11.5 Italy 48 75 48 35 -.8 Sub-total 13 541 636 14 536 238 +7.3 Sub-total 2 68 299 22 26 714 +6.5 Share of Sub-total/ World 95.3% 95.5% Share of Sub-total/ World 97.2% 97.3% TOTAL 14 25 663 15 224 462 +7.2 TOTAL 21 281 52 22 626 894 +6.3 World aquaculture production by environment and top species in 21 (incl. aquatic plants) Environment Top species Japanese kelp Mariculture Pacific cupped oyster Grass carp Silver carp Common carp Freshwater culture Japanese carpet shell Bighead carp Crucian carp Yesso scallop Brackishwater culture Laver (Nori) Nile tilapia Atlantic salmon 5 1 15 2 25 3 Million tonnes 1 2 3 4 5 Million tonnes Note: Species listed are those with a production volume of more than 1 million tonnes.

8 World (excluding China) fish utilization and supply 8 Fish utilization (Million tonnes) Population (billions) and Food supply (kg/capita) 16. 6 12. Food 4 8. Non-food uses 2 4. Population (Billions). 195 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 92 95 98 21 Food supply (Kg/capita) Fish utilization and supply in China Fish utilization (Million tonnes) and food supply (kg/capita) Population (billions) 4 2. Food 3 2 1 1.5 1..5 Non-food uses Population (billions). 195 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 92 95 98 21 Food supply (Kg/capita) Note: for statistical purposes, data for China do not include Taiwan Province, Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Region

9 World (excluding China) per caput fish supply kg16 From Capture production From Aquaculture production 12 8 4 195 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 92 95 98 21 Per caput fish supply in China kg 25 From Capture production 2 From Aquaculture production 15 1 5 195 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 8 83 86 89 92 95 98 21

1 Utilization of world fisheries production Million tonnes (live weight) 15 12 9 Non-food purposes Canning Curing Freezing Marketing as fresh produce 6 3 1961 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 21 Share of world fishery production destined for exports Million tonnes (live weight) 15 Production Exports 12 1% 8% 9 6% Domestic markets 6 4% 3 2% Exports 1989 91 93 95 97 99 21 % 1989 91 93 95 97 99 21

11 Top 2 importers and exporters of fishery commodities in 21 compared to 2 (US$ 1 ) Imports Exports 2 21 % 2 21 % Japan 15 513 59 13 453 375-13.3 Thailand 4 367 332 4 39 127-7.5 USA 1 453 251 1 291 344-1.5 China 3 62 838 3 999 274 +11. Spain 3 351 67 3 723 59 +11.1 Norway 3 532 841 3 363 955-4.8 France 2 983 618 3 62 66 +2.6 USA 3 55 261 3 316 56 +8.5 Italy 2 535 269 2 722 414 +7.4 Canada 2 818 433 2 797 933 -.7 Germany 2 262 18 2 354 36 +4.1 Denmark 2 755 676 2 666 476-3.2 UK 2 183 811 2 241 98 +2.7 Chile 1 784 56 1 939 295 +8.7 China 1 795 953 1 787 242 -.5 Spain 1 599 631 1 848 352 +15.5 China, Hong Kong SAR 1 948 824 1 768 439-9.3 Taiwan Province of China 1 756 133 1 82 787 +3.7 Denmark 1 86 365 1 737 396-3.8 Viet Nam 1 481 41 1 781 385 +2.2 Korea Rep. 1 371 83 1 626 96 +18.6 Indonesia 1 584 454 1 534 587-3.1 Canada 1 388 621 1 371 517-1.2 Russian Fed. 1 386 398 1 528 22 +1.2 Netherlands 1 161 18 1 233 831 +6.3 Netherlands 1 343 979 1 423 662 +5.9 Thailand 781 767 1 19 176 +3.4 UK 1 258 585 1 38 469 +4. Belgium 1 27 545 1 2 522-2.4 Iceland 1 229 184 1 27 493 +3.4 Portugal 86 612 936 993 +8.9 India 1 45 196 1 238 363-11.9 Sweden 79 12 733 199 +3.4 Korea Rep. 1 385 948 1 156 132-16.6 Norway 596 817 653 927 +9.6 Peru 1 128 516 1 128 193 +. Taiwan Province of China 546 697 53 168-3. Germany 1 11 877 1 37 657-5.8 Australia 518 42 518 89 +.1 France 1 95 742 1 21 99-6.8 Sub-total 53 796 69 52 769 722-1.9 Sub-total 39 673 994 4 219 317 +1.4 Share of Sub-total/ World 89.6% 88.8% Share of Sub-total/ World 71.8% 72.% World 6 2 125 59 396 87-1. World 55 233 817 55 864 537 +1.1 Imports and exports of fishery commodities by continent and economic grouping 21 compared to 2 (US$ 1 ) Imports Exports 2 21 % 2 21 % WORLD 6 2 125 59 396 87-1. WORLD 55 233 817 55 864 537 +1.1 Africa 947 481 1 8 324 +6.4 Africa 2 75 242 2 72 518 -.1 Asia 23 726 447 21 938 87-7.5 Asia 19 422 238 19 79 585-1.8 America, North/Central 12 291 676 12 119 118-1.4 America, North/Central 7 696 42 7 843 485 +1.9 America, South 636 556 593 553-6.8 America, South 5 55 563 5 53 93 +8.9 Europe 21 797 199 23 98 335 +6. Europe 18 56 959 19 35 81 +2.6 Oceania 62 766 638 67 +2.9 Oceania 1 793 773 1 699 938-5.2 Industrial countries 48 767 858 47 55 689-2.6 Industrial countries 25 23 29 25 52 175 +1.2 Economies in transition 1 174 64 1 469 143 +25.1 Economies in transition 1 97 385 2 245 717 +14. LIFDCs 3 43 258 3 111 265 +2.2 LIFDCs 1 627 662 1 649 89 +.2 Other developing count. 7 34 945 7 31 71 +3.9 Other developing count. 17 45 741 17 448 836 +.2

12 World trade of fishery commodities by economic regions, in value Exports North America developed European Union Western Europe, others Oceania developed Other developed Eastern Europe Former USSR area Northwestern Africa Western Africa Eastern Africa Central Africa Southern Africa Near-East (Africa) Near-East (Asia) Southern Asia East and Southeast Asia China North America developing Central America Caribbean South America Oceania developing 4 8 12 Imports North America developed European Union Western Europe, others Oceania developed Other developed Eastern Europe Former USSR area Northwestern Africa Western Africa Eastern Africa Central Africa Southern Africa Near-East (Africa) Near-East (Asia) Southern Asia East and Southeast Asia China North America developing Central America Caribbean South America Oceania developing 21 1991 1981 5 1 15 2 25 US$ billions

13 World exports of fishery commodities by main markets, in value 1991 21 22% 22% Developing countries 8% 2% 46% 6% 1% 5% EU Japan USA Others 22% 21% World imports of fishery commodities by main markets, in value 1991 21 14% 5% 14% 17% 8% 18% Developing countries EU Japan USA 28% 39% 23% 34% Others

14 World trade of fishery commodities by developed/developing countries, in value US$ billions Exports 3 15 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 21 Imports 5 25 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 21 Developed countries or areas Developing countries or areas

15 World exports of food/non-food fishery commodities by developed/developing countries, in value Non food uses US$ billions 2. 1.6 1.2.8.4. 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 21 For human consumption 3 25 2 15 1 5 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 21 Developed countries or areas Developing countries or areas

16 Net-exports of fish and selected agricultural commodities by developing countries US$ billions 2 15 1981 1991 21 1 5-5 Fish Coffee Bananas Rubber Cocoa Sugar Tea Tobacco Rice Meat

17 Import and exports values of fish products for different regions, indicating the net deficit or surplus US$ billions Asia excluding China Europe 3 3 2 Deficit 2 Deficit 1 1 1976 81 86 91 96 1 1976 81 86 91 96 1 12 Canada and United States 12 Latin America and the Caribbean 9 9 6 Deficit 6 3 3 Surplus 1976 81 86 91 96 1 1976 81 86 91 96 1 Africa China 4 4 3 3 2 Surplus 2 Surplus 1 1 1976 81 86 91 96 1 1976 81 86 91 96 1 Oceania 4 3 2 1 Surplus Export value (f.o.b.) Import value (c.i.f.) 1976 81 86 91 96 1

18 World exports of fishery commodities in 21, in value Fish for ornamental Freshwater fish purposes 1.3%.3% Others Other diadromous Salmon 16.9% 3.% 7.8% Fish oil Flatfish Cods, hakes,.6% 2.1% Fishmeal haddocks 3.6% 1.% Coastal fishes Other crustaceans 1.1% 7.2% Other demersal fishes Tuna 1.3% Shrimp 8.8% Other pelagics 18.8% 6.6% Other molluscs 5.3% Sharks, rays, Cephalopods chimaeras 4.5%.6% NOTE: Freshwater fish: carps, tilapias, nile perch, etc. Other diadromous: salmonoids, trouts, smelts, river eels, sturgeons, shads, etc. Flatfish: flounders, halibuts, soles, turbots, dab, etc. Cods, hakes, haddocks: cods, hakes, haddocks, saithe, pollack, whitings, grenadiers, etc. Coastal fishes: seabreams, seabasses, mullets, groupers, snappers, croakers, drums, etc. Other demersal fishes: congers, orange roughy, hairtails, redfishes, gurnards, anglerfishes, etc. Tuna: skipjack, bluefins, albacore, yellowfin, bigeye, tuna nei Other pelagics: bonitos, swordfish, marlins, mackerels, capelin, herrings, sardines, anchovies, sprat, etc. Cephalopods: squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses Other molluscs: abalones, oysters, mussels, scallops, pectens, clams, cockles, arkshells, etc.