Pipeine Emergency Response First Responder Training By Michae Caan 1
Course Objectives At the competion of this training, individuas wi possess the foowing knowedge, skis, and abiities: 1. Awareness of the different types of pipeines and their purposes 2. Abiity to recognize a pipeine right-of-way 3. Knowedge of the information contained on pipeine markers 4. Awareness of information avaiabe through various mapping systems 5. Abiity to recognize a pipeine eak 6. Awareness of the potentia hazards associated with a pipeine eak 7. Understanding of the actions to take in response to a pipeine eak, incuding the essentia communications that may be necessary 8. Knowedge of the actions operators take to protect and maintain the integrity of pipeines 9. Awareness of the additiona resources that are avaiabe 2
Introduction Pipeines are the safest and most reiabe way to transport energy products Pipeine operators reguary monitor the integrity of their pipeines to ensure safe operations Even with these efforts, an unintended reease is possibe and responding agencies must be prepared to act This guide provides a genera set of interoperabe emergency response procedures and gives responders the basic information needed to safey hande a pipeine incident http://pipeineawareness.org 3
Pipeine Basics There are over 2.7 miion mies of pipeines in the United States Pipeines are faciities though which hazardous iquids or gas move in transportation, and incude: Pipeines Vaves Compressor stations Pumping units Meter stations Storage tanks 4
Pipeine Basics Pipeines in Your Community Gathering Pipeines Transport crude and natura gas from the we-head to processing faciities Transmission Pipeines Transport natura gas and refined products from refineries to marketing or distribution centers through arger diameter higher pressure pipeines Distribution Pipeines Transport natura gas from transmission pipeines to customers through ower pressure smaer diameter pipeines 5
Pipeine Basics Pipeine Right-of-Way (ROW) A pipeines are constructed aong a cear corridor of and caed the right-of-way (ROW) The ROW may contain one or more pipeines, may vary in width, and wi cross through pubic and private property Enabes pipeine personne to gain access for inspection, maintenance, testing or emergencies The ROW shoud be free of permanent structures (encroachments) and arge trees 6
Pipeine Basics Pipeine Marker Signs Aboveground signs and markers identify the approximate ocation of underground pipeines. Markers may ook different, but every sign tes you the same information: Product Transported 24 Hour Emergency Phone Number Pipeine Company Name The Most Important Size Up Information a Responder Can Have! 7
Pipeine Basics Aeria Marker ROW Vent Pipes Approximate Locations Raiway MARKER PIPELINES 8
Pipeine Basics Pipeine Contro Center When you ca the 24-hour emergency phone number on a marker sign, you wi speak with someone at the pipeine operator s contro center. The contro center is the heart of pipeine operations. 24 hours per day / 7 days a week free of charge The quickest way to get operator hep Pipeine Specific Information Product Pressure Resources Additiona Hazards The Pipeine Operator Is The Direct Line To The Soution Of Your Probem 9
Pipeine Basics Nationa Pipeine Mapping System NPMS contains information for a transmission pipeines Hazardous Liquids Pipeines Breakout tanks Natura Gas Pipeines LNG Pants Does NOT incude gathering or oca distribution pipeines Data is dispayed by county Agencies can obtain this information in digita format PIMMA access provides operator contact information https://www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov/ 10
Pipeine Basics High Consequence Areas Pipeine safety reguations use the term High Consequence Areas (HCAs), to identify specific ocations and areas where a reease coud have the most significant consequences Once identified, operators are required to perform additiona inspections and anaysis to ensure the integrity of pipeines Identified Sites are ocations normay occupied by 20 or more peope on a reguar basis and may create an HCA if cose enough to the pipeine 11
Pipeine Basics Identified Site Emergency Panning Appication (ISEPA) Mapping appication for a types of pipeines that incudes additiona information: Product transported in the pipeine Pipeine size in inches (if provided) Recommended initia evacuation distance Pipeine company emergency phone number Company name and non-emergency contact information Link to document with additiona information (if provided) Emergency Responders can register Identified Sites on the map to inform pipeine companies of potentia HCA s for panning purposes Does NOT incude a pipeines Is not open to the pubic and requires a ogin ID and password (this wi be provided to agencies upon request) 12
Pipeine Basics Identified Site Emergency Panning Appication (ISEPA) Pipeines Evacuation areas Identified sites 13
Pipeine Basics Identified Site Emergency Panning Appication (ISEPA) Cick on pipeine for additiona information: Product Pipeine Size Evacuation Distance Emergency Teephone # Company Name Contact Person Documents http://isepa.pipeineawareness.org/ 14
Products and Faciities Common Products: Natura Gas Petroeum Gas LPG, HVL, NGL Petroeum Liquids Crude oi Refined products Anhydrous Ammonia Carbon Dioxide Ethano Hydrogen Gas Sour Crude Oi Sour Gas 15
Natura Gas (DOT ERG 115) Natura gas is the predominant product found in gas distribution pipeines, and is transported via pipeines in its gaseous form It is transported through transmission pipeines to distribution centers (or distribution pipeine systems) The main ingredient in natura gas is methane (94%) At ambient temperatures it remains a ighter than air gas; however, it can be compressed (CNG) under high pressure to make it convenient for use in other appications or iquefied (LNG) under extremey cod temperatures (-260 F) to faciitate transportation Natura gas is odoress, cooress, tasteess and nontoxic in its natura state. When transported via transmission pipeines, natura gas typicay does not have odorant added. An odorant is added when it is deivered to a distribution system 16
Basic Natura Gas Operations 17
Natura Gas (DOT ERG 115) We Head Processing Pant Compression Station Gate Station Customer Service Meter and Shutoff Vave 18
Natura Gas (DOT ERG 115) Indications of a Leak: An odor ike rotten eggs or a burnt match (odorized natura gas ony) A oud roaring sound ike a jet engine A hissing or whisting noise Fire coming out of or on top of the ground Dirt bowing from a hoe in the ground An area of frozen ground in the summer An unusua area of meted snow in the winter An area of dead vegetation Bubbing in poos of water 19
Natura Gas (DOT ERG 115) Hazards of a Reease: Highy fammabe and easiy ignited by heat or sparks Wi dispace oxygen and can cause asphyxiation Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases Vapors may form an exposive mixture with air Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning (non-odorized gas) Is ighter than air and can migrate into encosed spaces 20
Natura Gas (DOT ERG 115) Odorization: In a natura gas distribution pipeines, and often in transmission pipeines ocated in heaviy popuated areas, the natura gas must be odorized Mercaptan products are added for eak recognition (smes ike rotten eggs or a burnt match) Remember, anytime anyone smes the distinct mercaptan odor, they shoud be very cautious Odorant Odorant Injector 21
Petroeum Gas (DOT ERG 115) Petroeum gas is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons, primariy propane, butane, or ethane, which are easiy iquefied under pressure and commony used for residentia and commercia heating or other industria appications Propane and butane are normay stored and transported under pressure as a iquid (LPG) LPG transported in transmission pipeines may be caed Highy Voatie Liquids (HVLs) or Natura Gas Liquids (NGLs) Vaporized propane and butane may be in gas distribution pipeine systems LPG is a tasteess, cooress and odoress gas. LPG in pipeines typicay does not have odorant added. Odorant is added when products are offoaded to a distribution system or transport tanks 22
Petroeum Gas (DOT ERG 115) Indications of a Leak A white vapor coud that may ook ike smoke A hissing or whisting noise An odor ike petroeum iquids or gasoine Dirt bowing from a hoe in the ground A sheen on the surface of water An area of frozen ground in the summer An unusua area of meted snow in the winter An area of dead vegetation Bubbing in poos of water Hazards of a Reease Highy fammabe and easiy ignited by heat or sparks Wi dispace oxygen and can cause asphyxiation Vapors are heavier than air and wi coect in ow areas Contact with skin may cause burns, injury, or frostbite Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases 23
Petroeum Liquids (DOT ERG 128) Petroeum iquids is a broad term covering many products, incuding: crude oi, gasoine, diese fue, aviation gasoine, jet fue, fue oi, kerosene, natura gas iquids, naphtha, xyene and other refined products. Crude oi is unrefined petroeum that is extracted from beneath the earth s surface through wes. Refinement of crude oi produces the refined petroeum products that we use every day, such as motor ois and gasoine. Refined petroeum products are normay transported in transmission pipeines to rai or truck terminas for distribution to consumers. Most of these products have a distinct petroeum odor. 24
Basic Petroeum Liquid Operations 25
Basic Petroeum Liquid Operations 26
Petroeum Liquids (DOT ERG 128) Indications of a Leak The pooing of iquid on the ground An odor ike petroeum iquids or gasoine A sheen on the surface of water An area of dead vegetation Hazards of a Reease Highy fammabe and easiy ignited by heat or sparks Vapors are heavier than air and wi coect in ow areas Contact with skin may cause burns, injury, or frostbite Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases Runoff may cause poution Vapors may form an exposive mixture with air 27
Anhydrous Ammonia (DOT ERG 125) Anhydrous ammonia is the iquefied form of pure ammonia gas. It is a cooress gas or iquid with an extremey pungent odor. It is commony used in the Midwest for agricutura fertiizer or industria refrigerant. Indications of a Leak A white vapor coud that may ook ike smoke A hissing or whisting noise Dirt bowing from a hoe in the ground An irritating and pungent odor Hazards of a Reease Vapors are heavier than air and wi coect in ow areas Contact with skin may cause burns, injury, or frostbite Toxic and may be fata if inhaed Vapors are extremey irritating and corrosive to skin and Eyes Under the right conditions can burn. Fire may produce irritating by products Runoff may cause poution 28
Anhydrous Ammonia (DOT ERG 125) TLV- TWA ACGIH 8 HRS TLV- STEL ACGIH 15 MIN Runny eyes & nose IDLH Immediate eye injury 700 ppm LC50 Rat 1 HR Immediate Death 9500ppm Skin Irritations Burns, bisters LEL 15% 150,000ppm O 2 = 18% 30,000ppm 3 % UEL 28% 280,000ppm O 2 = 15.3% Detectabe Order 35 ppm 140 ppm 300 ppm 10,000 ppm 1 % 25 ppm.0037 ppm 2015 MIKECALLAN.COM 29
Carbon Dioxide (DOT ERG 120) Carbon dioxide is a heavy gas that is normay transported in transmission pipeines as a compressed fuid. It is a naturay occurring cooress, odoress and tasteess gas used in the petroeum industry. Under norma conditions carbon dioxide is stabe, inert and nontoxic. Indications of a Leak A hissing or whisting noise Dirt bowing from a hoe in the ground An area of frozen ground in the summer An unusua area of meted snow in the winter Bubbing in poos of water Hazards of a Reease Wi dispace oxygen and can cause asphyxiation Vapors are heavier than air and wi coect in ow areas Contact with skin may cause burns, injury, or frostbite Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning 30
Ethano (DOT ERG 127) Ethano, aso caed ethy acoho, is a cooress iquid that is widey used as an additive to automotive gasoine. It may be transported in buried transmission pipeines. Indications of a Leak The pooing of iquid on the ground An odor ike petroeum iquids or gasoine An area of dead vegetation Hazards of a Reease Highy fammabe and easiy ignited by heat or sparks Vapors are heavier than air and wi coect in ow areas Contact with skin may cause burns, injury, or frostbite Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases Runoff may cause poution Vapors may form an exposive mixture with air 31
Hydrogen Gas (DOT ERG 115) Hydrogen gas is commony produced from the steam reforming of natura gas. It is frequenty used near its production site, with the two main uses being petrochemica processing and ammonia production. It is a fammabe gas that is cooress, odoress and ighter than air. It is nontoxic, but can act as a simpe asphyxiant in confined spaces. Hydrogen is normay transported between industria faciities as a gas. 32
Hydrogen Gas (DOT ERG 115) Indications of a Leak: A hissing or whisting noise An unusua area of meted snow in the winter An area of dead vegetation Bubbing in poos of water Hazards of a Reease: Highy fammabe and easiy ignited by heat or sparks Wi dispace oxygen and can cause asphyxiation Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases Vapors may form an exposive mixture with air Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning Is ighter than air and can migrate into encosed spaces 33
Sour Crude Oi (DOT ERG 131) Sour Gas (DOT ERG 117) Products containing itte or no sufur are often referred to as sweet, whereas, products containing high concentrations of sufur and hydrogen sufide (H2S) are commony referred to as sour Hydrogen sufide is a cooress, fammabe, corrosive and extremey toxic gas with an offensive rotten egg odor. It is created naturay by the bacteria breakdown of sufur-containing organic materias. In natura gas and crude oi, it is a contaminant that must be removed before products are sent to commercia markets. Hydrogen sufide is heavier than air, it wi coect in ow paces. 34
Sour Crude Oi (DOT ERG 131) Sour Gas (DOT ERG 117) Hydrogen sufide s offensive odor is readiy detectabe at very ow concentrations. However, sme cannot be reied upon to forewarn of dangerous concentrations because it rapidy degrades the sense of sme due to paraysis of the ofactory nerve. A onger exposure to ower concentrations has a simiar desensitizing effect on the sense of sme. Exposure to reativey ow eves of hydrogen sufide can be fata. 35
Hydrogen Sufide H 2 S TLV-TWA Detectabe Odor IDLH Unconscious Quicky Death if not rescued prompty Loses sense of reasoning & baance, dizziness & breathing stops in 2-3 minutes Kis abiity to sme rapidy, burns eyes Kis abiity to & throat sme in 3-15 minutes May burn eyes & throat TLV-STEL 200 ppm.02 % 1000 ppm.1 % 712 ppm 700 ppm 500 ppm.05 % Unconscious Immediatey foowed by death within minutes LC50 (Rat 1hr.) LEL 4% 40,000ppm O 2 = 20.1% UEL 44% 440,000ppm O 2 = 12.1% 15 ppm 100 ppm.01 % 1 ppm.001 % 10 ppm 2015 MIKECALLAN.COM 36
Emergency Preparedness Pipeine emergencies are some of the most dangerous situations an emergency responder can encounter. Advance knowedge of pipeines in your community aong with knowing how to contact and work together with the pipeine operator are key factors to an effective and safe response 37
Emergency Preparedness What you shoud know before an incident: Names of the Companies operating pipeines in your community Emergency and non emergency contact information for a pipeine operators Approximate ocation of the pipeines Products transported in the pipeines Physica indications of a eak Possibe hazards associated with a reease Potentia impact on the community Steps that shoud be taken to protect the pubic Response capabiities of the pipeine operator 38
Emergency Preparedness Emergency Response Capabiities The Emergency Response Capabiities Database & Reporting Too is a free, webbased resource deveoped to enhance emergency preparedness and response panning in communities with pipeine infrastructure. Response capabiities for: Responding Agencies Pipeine Operators Personne training Responding units Cooperative agreements 39
Incident Response Steps Responders must understand the hazards and risks associated with the incident Seek additiona information about the pipeine in question as soon as possibe by caing the 24-hour emergency phone number for the pipeine operator Every incident is different - each wi have specia probems and concerns Refer to information contained in the North American Emergency Response Guidebook (NAERG) or more commony the DOT ERG Continue to gather information and monitor the situation unti the threat is removed 40
Incident Response Steps Use what you know - pipeines reease hazardous materias The ERG provides actions for the first moments of any Haz-Mat emergency The ERG white page guidance: Approach Cautiousy Secure The Scene Identify the Product and Hazards Assess the Situation Ca for Hep Respond Appropriatey Do NOT assume gasses or vapors are harmess due to ack of sme! 41
Step 1 - Approach with Caution from Upwind, Uphi or Upstream Approach with Caution Stay cear of vapors, fumes, smoke and spis Do not wak or drive into a vapor coud or pudde of iquid. Do not park over manhoes or storm drains. Do not approach the scene with vehices or mechanized equipment unti the isoation zones have been estabished. Vehice engines are a potentia ignition source. Use appropriate air-monitoring equipment to estabish the extent of vapor trave. 42
Step 2 - Secure the Scene Estabish Isoation Zones and Set Up Barricades Isoation zones and barricades prevent unauthorized peope and unprotected emergency responders from entering the hazard area and becoming injured. Based on the type of incident, use any or a of the foowing to cacuate and estabish isoation zones: DOT Emergency Response Guidebook Information from the pipeine operator s representative Heat intensity eves Measurements from air-monitoring equipment Use visibe andmarks, barricade tape or cones Define entry and exit routes 43
Step 2 - Secure the Scene Empoy the Incident Command System Empoying the Incident Command System (ICS) is one of the most important actions to take. ICS provides common terminoogy, organizationa structure, duties, and operationa procedures among operator personne and various federa, state and oca agencies that may be invoved in response operations. Identify an Incident Commander (IC) 44
Step 3 Identify the Hazards Identify Locate pipeine marker sign: Product Operator 24-hour emergency phone number Contact pipeine operator Refer to the DOT Emergency Response Guidebook 45
Step 4 - Assess the Situation Assess Is there a fire, spi or eak? Is there a vapor coud? What are the weather conditions? What direction is the wind bowing? What is the terrain ike? Who and what is at risk: peope, property or environment? What actions shoud be taken: Evacuation Sheter in-pace Diking? What human/equipment resources are required? 46
Step 5 Obtain Assistance Obtain Assistance Contact Your Organization and initiate the oca emergency response pan Ca The Pipeine Operator and have: Ca Back numbers, contact name Detaied Location and address Type of Emergency (Fire, Leak, Gas) Time of reease Known injuries Exposures Any specia situations Initiate Emergency Response Contacting pipeine operators as soon as possibe is critica to controing the incident 47
Step 6 - Respond to Protect Peope, Property and the Environment The protection of peope is aways the highest priority. Protective actions are those steps taken to preserve the heath and safety of emergency responders and the pubic during a pipeine incident. Rescue and Evacuate Peope Do not wak or drive into a vapor coud or pudde of iquid. Evacuate or sheter-in-pace as appropriate Administer first aid and medica treatment, as needed. Enter the area ony when wearing appropriate protective gear - such as Structura Fire Fighters Protective Cothing If Natura Gas is escaping in a buiding, refer to Appendix D for additiona precautions. 48
Appendix D - Natura Gas Recommend Minimum Evacuation Distances Appendix D - Natura Gas (Not appicabe for Butane, Propane, or other Hazardous Liquids) Pipeine Size (Inches) Pressure (psig) Tabe 1 Evacuation Distance in Feet 49
Step 6 - Respond to Protect Peope, Property and the Environment Eiminate Ignition Sources Fire Contro Park vehices in a safe ocation Park a emergency vehices at a safe distance beyond the isoation zone (upwind). Do NOT ight a match, start an engine, use a teephone or radio, Do NOT switch ights on or off or use anything that may create a spark. Let primary fire burn Coo surrounding structures Beware hot spot re-ignition Eiminate potentia ignition sources Do NOT inhae fumes, smoke or vapors Do NOT Operate pipeine equipment 50
Step 6 - Respond to Protect Peope, Property and the Environment Vapor Contro Limiting the amount of vapor reeased from a poo of fammabe or corrosive iquids requires the use of proper protective cothing, speciaized equipment, appropriate chemica agents, and skied personne. It is best to contain the hazards and wait for the pipeine operator s representative to hande the pipeine and its product. Do not inhae fumes, smoke or vapors. Eiminate ignition sources! Fammabe gases may escape and be ignited by a source in the area. Do not ignite a vapor coud! Avoid forced ventiation of structures and excavations. Limited fog misting can be of some benefit if knocking down a vapor 51
Step 6 - Respond to Protect Peope, Property and the Environment Leak Contro iquid pipeine eaks and ruptures can create major probems with spi confinement and containment. Ask yoursef where the spi wi be in a few hours? What can be done to confine the spi or divert it away from exposures. Estabish barriers to prevent eaks from spreading to water sources, storm drains or other sensitive areas. Storm sewer or manhoe dam Sma stream containment boom Pipe skimming underfow dam Wire fence or straw fiter dam If a eak is accidentay ignited, firefighting shoud focus exposures - In NO circumstances shoud efforts be made to extinguish the fire unti the source of suppy has been cut off or controed. Never touch vaves on a pipeine! 52
Step 7 - Work Together with the Pipeine Operator 911 Centers and Pipeine Contro Centers Receive initia notifications and coect critica information Dispatch personne and equipment to the scene Disseminate information to other agencies or organizations Estabish a point of contact for ongoing communications 53
Step 7 - Work Together with the Pipeine Operator Pipeine Operator s Representative Serves as the primary contact for communication between the operator s team and emergency responders Estabishes contact with the Incident Commander before and upon arriva Recommends actions to take especiay as they reate to containment and contro of the pipeine product 54
Step 7 - Work Together with the Pipeine Operator Pipeine Operator s Representative Knows how to shut off the suppy of gas or iquid Ony the operator s representative is trained to operate pipeine equipment The Pipeine Representative is the primary contact and is the utimate subject matter expert regarding the product being reeased 55
Step 7 - Work Together with the Pipeine Operator Emergency Responders Maintain site contro and act as Incident Commander (IC) Eiminate ignition sources and suppress vapors Provides standby rescue personne to pipeine operator personne entering the incident area to stop the reease Monitor the atmosphere in the repair and containment areas 56
Step 7 - Work Together with the Pipeine Operator Together Incident Commander and Pipeine Operator s Representative Identify pubic heath hazards and additiona protective actions to be taken Participate in Unified Command Determine when the operator s personne can safey enter the area Determine when the zone of infuence needs additiona diking Coordinate pubic information needs Decide when it is safe for the pubic to reenter the area Share any after action reports and cooperate on improvements 57
Damage Prevention A Shared Responsibiity Pipeine Integrity The pipeine industry uses a wide range of toos and technoogies to maintain safe operations by visuay inspecting aboveground pipes and reated equipment for corrosion and damage On a reguar basis, personne wak, drive and fy over pipeine right-ofways inspecting them for unauthorized activities, eaks, and other conditions that might endanger the pipeine Pipeine operators aso use in-ine inspection toos known as smart pigs to inspect beow grade pipe and equipment by hydrostatic testing, eectro-magnetic testing, and other techniques to identify defects which coud threaten pipeine integrity When inspection efforts identify any integrity-threatening conditions, the operator takes corrective action to maintain safe operations 58
Damage Prevention A Shared Responsibiity Pipeine Integrity Right of Way Inspections 24/7 Monitoring Cathodic Protection Pipeine Coatings ILI toos Smart Pigs 59
Damage Prevention A Shared Responsibiity Pipeine Integrity Interna Inspection Devices (Smart Pigs) are mechanica devices moved through a pipeine to inspect the pipe for defects and corrosion Geometry Pig Pig Launching and Receiving Station Smart Pig 60
Damage Prevention A Shared Responsibiity Excess Fow Vaves (EFV) and Curb Vaves Excess Fow Vaves automaticay restrict the fow of gas in service ines that have been cut or damaged Excess fow vaves may not be instaed in a service ines Curb Vaves protect against uncontroed gas reeases from arger commercia and industria users, gas distribution companies are required to insta curb vaves, manuay operated shutoff vaves near the service main, or EFVs Poicies regarding the operation of curb vaves by emergency response personne shoud be coordinated with the oca gas company so a parties are cear about what might be expected 61
Damage Prevention A Shared Responsibiity Emergencies Affecting Pipeines Many types of emergency situations can affect buried pipeines (train deraiments, foods, earthquakes, forest fires, structure coapses, etc.) Pipeine companies shoud be notified so they can monitor and verify the integrity of nearby pipeines Responders may be abe to notify pipeine operators of the emergency by caing 811 and informing the One-Ca Center of the situation Coordination with pipeine operators during emergencies wi ensure the safety of the response team and aso the surrounding community 62
Damage Prevention A Shared Responsibiity Security and Damage Reporting In our nation s time of heightened security, Homeand security and infrastructure protection is a shared responsibiity. Report any damage or unusua activity aong a pipeine right-of-way to the pipeine operator The operator wi immediatey investigate and repair any damage if you SEE something SEE something REPORT SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY to oca authorities 63
Summary Responding to pipeine emergencies is as detaied as any hazardous materias event Responders must understand the hazard and risks of the products They must be we acquainted with the transmission, distribution and service systems They aso have to have a strong knowedge base to operate safey at these incidents 64
Appendices A. Leak, Hazard and Emergency Response Information B. Genera Product Characteristics C. Recommended Minimum Evacuation Distances For Natura Gas Pipeine Leaks and Ruptures D. Natura Gas Escaping Inside a Buiding E. Storage Faciities Additiona Resources Emergency Response Capabiities Incident Response Checkist 65
Scenarios www.pipeineawareness.org Natura Gas Hazardous Liquids Emergency Panning a a a a a a a a a a a a 66
For Additiona Information: www.pipeineawareness.org 67