The intelligent use of space in mobility management Ajuntament de Barcelona Direcció de Serveis de Mobilitat IMPACTS Shared Space Shared Mobility June 2012
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 1- City public space: limited resource Mobility master plan (PMU 2013-2018) Smart networks: Public bike system (Bicing) New Bus network Diversity of use: Pedestrian zones. Bus lanes Multiuse lanes Technology solutions 2
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPACE IN THE CITY PUBLIC THOROUGHFARE 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 %09/08 STREET Km. 1.306,06 1,317,00 1.319,61 1.281,86 1.328,59 1.317,01-0,9% TOTAL BCN AREA (Km 2 ) 101,00 101,00 101,00 101,00 101,00 101,00 0,0% ROAD TRAFFIC AREA (Km 2 ) 11,00 11,00 11,01 9,52 9,52 9,52 0,0% PEDESTRIAN AREA (Km 2 ) * 12,18 12,01 12,27 14,51 14,51 14,55 0,3% * Pavements (8,25 km 2 ), parks and gardens (5,59 km 2 ) and pedestrian streets (0,71 km 2 ) included. - 17% OF THE SURFACE OF THE CITY BELONGS TO STREETS AND SQUARES. - 65,4% OF THE SURFACE OF THE STREETS BELONGS TO THE PEDESTRIANS. PEDESTRIANS AND ROAD TRAFFIC SURFACES EVOLUTION 16,00 14,00 12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 PAVEMENTS AND ROADWAYS AREA AND STREETS LENGHT. 2005-2009 ROADWAYS m 2 PAVEMENTS m 2 STREETS linear m STREETS number 2005 11.017.549 5.982.437 1.317.008 3.856 2006 11.017.549 5.982.437 1.319.613 3.918 2007 9.516.484 8.245.856 1.281.860 3.951 2008 9.516.484 8.245.856 1.328.589 3.957 2009 9.516.484 8.245.856 1.327.225 3.960 4,00 2,00 0,00 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Superficie PEDESTRIAN destinada AREA al (km 2 ) vianant (Km2)* Superficie ROAD TRAFFIC destinada AREA al (km 2 ) vehicle (Km2)
VEHICLES FLEET S EVOLUTION 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 %10/09 TOTAL 978.448 100,0% 991.151 100,0% 990.166 100,0% 981.903 100,0% 981.580 100,0% CARS 616.814 63,0% 617.022 62,3% 608.830 61,5% 599.534 61,1% 597.618 60,9% -0,3% MOTORCYCLES 173.190 17,7% 184.888 18,7% 193.902 19,6% 199.407 20,3% 205.705 21,0% 3,2% MOPEDS 93.067 9,5% 93.783 9,5% 93.382 9,4% 90.934 9,3% 88.391 9,0% -2,8% VANS 42.342 4,3% 42.234 4,3% 38.968 3,9% 36.175 3,7% 33.451 3,4% -7,5% TRUCKS 32.108 3,3% 31.257 3,2% 30.131 3,0% 28.520 2,9% 27.006 2,8% -5,3% OTHER VEHICLES 20.927 2,1% 21.967 2,2% 24.953 2,5% 27.333 2,8% 29.409 3,0% 7,6% TYPOLOGY OF VEHICLES 2010 VEHICLES FLEET HASN T PRESENTED AN IMPORTANT VARIATION WITH REGARD TO 2009. THE NUMBER OF CARS, TRUCKS AND VANS HAS PRESENTED A STRONG DECREASE. THE FLEET OF MOTORCYCLES CONTINUES GROWING AT A GOOD PACE, ON THE OTHER HAND THE MOPEDS DECREASE. THE TOTAL OF MOTORCYCLES AND MOPEDS SUPPOSES 30% OF THE FLEET OF PRIVATE VEHICLES.
COMPARATIVE WITH OTHER CITIES AND METROPOLITAN AREAS CITIES/ METROPOLITAN AREAS YEAR INHABITANTS (thousands) CARS (thousands) AREA (km 2 ) CARS/1000 INH INH/CARS BARCELONA 2009 1.621,5 599,5 102,2 369,7 2,7 METROPOLITAN AREA 2009 3.218,1 1.252,9 586,5 389,3 2,6 MADRID 2009 3.273,0 1.381,7 607,1 422,2 2,4 VALÈNCIA 2009 815,4 376,3 136,8 461,5 2,2 AMSTERDAM 2008 747,3 215,6 219,1 288,5 3,5 BELGRAD 2009 1.756,0 473,9 3.222,7 269,9 3,7 BERLIN 2009 3.443,0 1.088,2 890,2 316,1 3,2 BERNA 2009 130,3 50,5 51,6 387,7 2,6 BOLONYA 2009 377,2 196,9 140,9 522,0 1,9 BUDAPEST 2008 1.702,3 596,5 525,2 350,4 2,9 ESTOCOLM 2008 795,2 296,2 215,9 372,5 2,7 FIRENZE 2009 368,9 202,5 102,4 549,0 1,8 FRANKFURT 2009 648,5 300,4 248,3 463,3 2,2 GENOVA 2009 609,7 284,8 239,6 467,1 2,1 HAMBURG 2009 1.774,2 715,4 755,3 403,2 2,5 HÈLSINKI 2009 576,6 224,9 186,8 390,0 2,6 LONDRES 2007 7.557,0 2.592,0 1.578,0 343,0 2,9 LUXEMBURG 2008 88,6 60,0 51,5 677,3 1,5 MILÀ 2009 1.307,5 716,4 182,1 547,9 1,8 MÜNIC 2009 1.364,2 594,6 310,4 435,8 2,3 NÀPOLS 2009 962,9 554,4 117,3 575.7 1,7 OSLO 2008 560,5 212,1 454,1 378,5 2,6 PRAGA 2008 1.225,3 633,7 496,1 517,2 1,9 ROMA 2009 2.743,8 1.923,4 1.285,3 701,0 1,4 TORINO 2008 909,5 562,0 130,2 617,9 1,6 VIENA 2009 1.687,3 657,2 415,0 389,5 2,6 ZURIC 2009 365,1 130,7 91,9 358,0 2,8
COMPARATIVE WITH OTHER CITIES AND METROPOLITAN AREAS
NUMBER OF STAGES OF DAILY DISPLACEMENTS_ 2010 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY: RESULT OF THE INFORMATIONS ANALYSIS OF STAGES, TRAFFIC COUNT SENSORS, TOURIST ACTIVITY, SCHOOL TRANSPORT, TRAFFIC COMPOSITION COUNTS, BICICLES AND PEDESTRIAN COUNTS. THERE ARE NOT BORN IN MIND THE DISPLACEMENTS OF LESS THAN 5 MINUTES. TOTAL 2007 % 2008 % 2009 % 2010 % %10/09 PUBLIC TRANSPORT 3.148.519 39,74% 3.146.085 40,07% 3.072.831 39,76% 3.099.286 39,74% 0,86% PRIVATE TRANSPORT 2.308.337 29,14% 2.227.403 28,37% 2.156.460 27,90% 2.146.537 27,52% -0,46% ON FOOT AND BICYCLE 2.465.062 31,12% 2.477.485 31,56% 2.499.808 32,34% 2.553.571 32,74% 2,15% TOTAL 7.921.918 100% 7.850.973 100% 7.729.099 100% 7.799.394 100% 0,91% THE STAGES OF THE TRIPS IN PRIVATE VEHICLE AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT HAVE INCREASED 0,46 AND 0,86 RESPECTIVELY DURING 2010. THE WAY ON FOOT AND BICYCLE ARE THOSE WHO MORE HAVE INCREASED WITH 2,15%. MODAL DISTRIBUTION
MODAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE STAGES (WORKING DAYS) TOTAL INTERNAL % CONNECTION % TOTAL % MODAL %10/09 PUBLIC TRANSPORT 1.690.815 34,20% 1.408.471 49,33% 3.099.286 39,74% 0,86% PRIVATE TRANSPORT 907.036 18,35% 1.239.501 43,41% 2.146.537 27,52% -0,46% ON FOOT AND BICYCLE 2.346.250 47,46% 207.321 7,26% 2.553.571 32,74% 2,15% TOTAL 4.944.101 100% 2.855.293 100% 7.799.394 100% 0,91% STAGES IN INTERNAL DISPLACEMENTS: 4.944.101 (63,39%)STAGES IN CONNECTION DISPLACEMENTS: 2.855.293 (36,61%) THE PREDOMINANT WAY OF TRANSPORT INSIDE THE CITY IS TO GO ON FOOT, WHEREAS IN THE CONNECTION DISPLACEMENTS IT IS THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT.
STAGES IN INTERNAL DISPLACEMENTS: EVOLUTION INTERNAL 2007 % 2008 % 2009 % 2010 % %10/09 PUBLIC TRANSPORT 1.736.399 35,47% 1.712.106 35,16% 1.677.870 34,73% 1.690.815 34,20% 0,77% PRIVATE TRANSPORT 948.097 19,37% 930.764 19,12% 907.739 18,79% 907.036 18,35% -0,08% ON FOOT AND BICYCLE 2.211.054 45,16% 2.226.268 45,72% 2.246.126 46,48% 2.346.250 47,45% 4,46% TOTAL 4.895.550 100% 4.869.138 100% 4.831.735 100% 4.944.101 100% 2,33% IT REMAINS STABLE + 0,77 % IT REMAINS STABLE - 0,08 % GROWTH + 4,46 %
STAGES MODAL DISTRIBUTION IN INTERNAL DISPLACEMENTS (WORKING DAYS) STAGES IN INTERNAL DISPLACEMENTS EVOLUTION STAGES 2008 2009 2010 %10/09 ON FOOT 2.125.428 43,7% 2.150.933 44,5% 2.247.725 45,5% 4,5% BUS 606.008 12,4% 609.644 12,6% 589.526 11,9% -3,3% SUBWAY 722.452 14,8% 694.277 14,4% 731.767 14,8% 5,4% FGC 94.292 1,9% 92.972 1,9% 93.972 1,9% 0,0% RENFE (SUBURBAN) 20.263 0,4% 19.513 0,4% 18.381 0,4% -5,8% TRAM 38.005 0,8% 39.297 0,8% 39.140 0,8% -0,4% DISCRETIONARY COACH 87.386 1,8% 84.502 1,7% 82.052 1,7% -2,9% TAXI 143.700 3,0% 137.664 2,8% 136.976 2,8% -0,5% CAR DRIVER 363.863 7,5% 348.581 7,2% 346.838 7,0% -0,5% CAR ACCOMPANIED 128.117 2,6% 122.736 2,5% 122.122 2,5% -0,5% MOTORCYCLES DRIVER 282.540 5,8% 284.518 5,9% 286.395 5,8% 0,7% MOTORCYCLES ACCOMP. 16.926 0,3% 17.044 0,4% 17.157 0,3% 0,7% BICYCLE 100.840 2,1% 95.193 2,0% 98.525 2,0% 3,5% VAN / TRUCK 139.319 2,9% 134.861 2,8% 134.524 2,7% -0,3% TOTAL 4.869.139 100% 4.831.735 100% 4.945.100 100% 2,3%
WAY OF TRANSPORT IN INTERNAL DISPLACEMENTS STAGES (WORKING DAYS) INTERNAL DISPLACEMENTS STAGES 4.944.101 NOT MOTORIZED MOTORIZED ON FOOT 2.247.725 (95,8%) BICYCLE 98.525 (4.2%) PUBLIC TRANSPORT PRIVATE TRANSPORT COLLECTIVE INDIVIDUAL VAN / TRUCK 134.524 (14,8%) DISCRETIONARY SUBWAY 731.767(49,7%) REGULAR BUS 134.524 (14,8%) TAXI 136.976 (8,1%) MOTORCYCLE 303.552 (33,5%) CAR 468.960 (51,7%) FGC 92.972 (6,3%) RENFE 18.381(1,2%) BUSTMB 589.526 (40,1%) TRAM 39.140 (2,7%)
TOTAL DATA OF THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC COLLECTIVE TRANSPORT DEMAND INFORMATION VALIDATIONS ( TRIPS IN MILLIONS/YEAR ) 2008 2009 2010 2011 %11/08 %11/10 BUS TMB 194,87 196,00 189,44 188,40-3,32% -0,55% SUBWAY 376,37 361,60 381,22 389,00 3,36% 2,04% FGC 81,05 79,80 79,76 80,50-0,68% 0,93% SUBURBAN RENFE 114,39 110,10 103,69 106,20-7,16% 2,42% OTHERS BUSES 144,60 142,60 144,40 147,20 1,80% 1,94% TRAM 23,17 23,90 23,81 24,20 4,45% 1,64% TOTAL 934,45 914,00 922,32 935,50 0,11% 1,43% DURING 2011 RMB PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM TRANSPORTED 935,50 MILLION PASSENGERS, 13,18 MILLIONS MORE THAN IN 2010.
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 2- Mobility master plan (PMU 2013-2018) 13
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 2- Mobility master plan (PMU 2013-2018) 14
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 2- Mobility master plan (PMU 2013-2018) 15
URBAN TRAFFIC FLOWS 1965-2005 HEAVY INCREASE... 1965 1986 2005
URBAN TRAFFIC FLOWS 1993-2005... LOWER INCREASE 1993 2000 2005
START SITUATION (2006) MOBILITY TENDENCY AND FUTURE PROGNOSIS BASE SCENARIO MODE OF TRANSPORT INTERNAL % INT/EXT % TOTAL % PRIVATE CAR 1.026.667 23,1% 1.335.601 52,2% 2.362.268 33,8% PUBLIC TRANSPORT 1.314.000 29,6% 1.172.200 45,8% 2.486.200 35,6% FOOT AND BICYCLE 2.094.208 47,2% 49.000 1,9% 2.143.208 30,7% 4.434.875 2.556.801 6.991.676 ON FOOT 1.9 % PUBLIC 29.6 % ON FOOT 47.2 % PUBLIC 45.8 % PRIVATE 52.2 % PRIVATE 23.1 % INTERNAL TRIPS: 4.434.875 INT-EXT TRIPS: 2.556.801
FUTURE TENDENCY (2018) MOBILITY TENDENCY AND FUTURE PROGNOSIS MODE OF TRANSPORT INTERNAL % INT/EXT % TOTAL % PRIVATE CAR 1.298.871 21,3% 1.647.457 47,1% 2.946.328 30,7% PUBLIC TRANSPORT 1.585.970 26,0% 1.774.553 50,7% 3.360.523 35,0% FOOT AND BICYCLE 3.207.137 52,6% 75.040 2,1% 3.282.177 34,2% 6.091.978 3.497.050 9.589.028 2.946.000 PRIVATE CAR TRIPS MEAN 20,8 MILION OF veh-km/day, OF WHICH 24,5% WILL BE DONE WITHIN CONGESTION LEVELS HIGHER THAN 90% ( 13% IN 2004) IT S NOT SUSTAINABLE IN MOBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK!!!
MOBILITY TENDENCY AND FUTURE PROGNOSIS FINAL MOBILITY MODEL MODE OF TRANSPORT INTERNAL % INT/EXT % TOTAL % PRIVATE CAR 1.129.720 18,0% 1.459.317 42,0% 2.589.038 27,0% PUBLIC TRANSPORT 1.706.514 28,0% 1.937.317 56,0% 3.643.831 38,0% FOOT AND BICYCLE 3.276.435 54,0% 79.725 2,0% 3.356.160 35,0% TOTAL 6.112.669 100,0% 3.497.050 100,0% 9.589.028 100,0% THE veh x km/day WOULD BE 6% LESS THAN NOWADAYS. INTERNAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRIPS SHOULD INCREASE 30% (392.514)! INTERNAL-EXTERNAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRIPS SHOULD INCREASE 65% (765.117) - Revision of the Infrastructure Director Masterplan (ATM) - Revision of the Outskirts Train Masterplan (Adif, RENFE, FGC)
ACTION PROPOSALS OUTSTANDING ACTIONS 1.- TO INCREASE THE PRIVATE VEHICLE OCCUPATION RATE - INTRODUCE BUS / VAO LANE ON THE CITY ACCESSES: B-23, C-58, C-32,... - FOUND REVERSE DISCRIMINATION MEASURES: LOWER TOLL ROADS, EXEMPTION IN FRONT OF POSSIBLE RESTRICTIONS (EPISODES OF ELEVATE CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS,...) 2.- TO INCREASE THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT MARKET SHARE OF THE INTERN MOBILITY - PDI - PROPOSALS FOR THE PDI REVISION 3.- TO INCREASE THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT MARKET SHARE OF THE CONNECTION MOBILITY - PDI - PROPOSALS FOR THE PDI REVISION - OUTSKIRTS RAILWAY MASTERPLAN
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 3- Smart Networks: Public bike system (Bicing) 22
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 3- Smart Networks: Public bike system (Bicing) Main figures: 23
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 3- Smart Networks: Public bike system (Bicing) Problem: Redistribution in some old districts (narrow streets). Solution: Hub & Spoke scheme. Results: Increase of service offer, with same resources. Problem: Disequilibrium of system. Solution: Management of demand: I-BICING. Information and communication with users. Results: Users show great acceptation. Smart use of the bike share system. 24
THE BICYCLE DAILY DISPLACEMENTS BY BICICLE 2008 % 2009 % 2010 % 2011 % %11/10 BICYCLE 108.924 1,39% 102.824 1,33% 106.520 1,37% 118.151 1,51% 10,92% CYCLE PATH 2008 2009 2010 2011 %11/08 %11/10 CYCLE PATH (Km) 140,2 146,8 159,0 181,5 29,5% 14,2% BICYCLE PARKING 2008 2009 2010 2011 %11/08 %11/10 PARKINGS IN SURFACE Thoroughfare 16.450 20.402 21.387 21.673 31,8% 1,3% UNDERGROUND PARKINGS BSM 955 924 922 SABA 124 128 83 83-33,1% 0,0%
THE BICYCLE THE 42,1% OF THE BICYCLES RIDES ALONG THE CYCLE PATHS.
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 4- Smart Networks: New Bus Network New urban model Legible Effective New Bus Network Eficient 27
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 4- Smart Networks: New Bus Network 28
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 4- Smart Networks: New Bus Network New Bus Network 29
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 4- Smart Networks: New Bus Network Main characteristics The bus network becomes more legible. New model of bus network New model of city. Measures for increasing commercial speed in main routes. Increasing of frequency. Maintain the number of vehicles. 95% of trips, with maximum 1 line transfer. Maintain proximity services (neighbourhood lines, etc.). 30
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 5- Diversity of use: Pedestrian zones Automatic bollards Controlled points: different uses during the day Pedestrian zones (commercial, tourism, old city, etc.). Distribution of merchandise. CONTROL POINTS / BOLLARDS 2008 2009 2010 2011 %11/08 %11/10 CONTROLLED ZONES 21 21 22 21 0,0% -4,5% CONTROL POINTS Incomes 67 67 74 73 9,0% -1,4% Exits 30 30 38 38 26,7% 0,0% 31
THE PEDESTRIANS DAILY DISPLACEMENTS ON FOOT 2008 % 2009 % 2010 % 2011 % %11/10 ON FOOT 2.368.561 35,47% 2.396.983 31,01% 2.447.050 31,37% 2.493.938 (*) 31,86% 1,92% * 93,8% are internal displacements. PEDESTRIANS ZONES Area (Ha) 2008 2009 2010 2011 %11/08 %11/10 CIUTAT VELLA 21,67 22,38 23,31 23,44 8,2% 0,6% EIXAMPLE 6,28 6,28 6,28 6,47 3,0% 3,0% SANTS - MONTJUÏC 3,58 3,74 3,82 3,83 7,0% 0,3% LES CORTS 1,96 2,16 2,16 2,16 10,2% 0,0% SARRIÀ - ST GERVASI 3,27 3,72 3,72 3,78 15,6% 1,6% GRÀCIA 5,13 5,18 5,27 5,34 4,1% 1,3% HORTA - GUINARDÓ 2,76 3,12 3,19 3,99 44,6% 25,1% NOU BARRIS 6,19 6,55 6,55 6,75 9,0% 3,1% SANT ANDREU 7,97 7,98 8,07 8,07 1,3% 0,0% SANT MARTÍ 10,49 10,63 10,63 10,63 1,3% 0,0% TOTAL 69,30 71,74 73,00 74,46 7,4% 2,0%
PARKING LOTS FOR HANDICAPPED PERSONS IN ROADWAY 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 %10/09 %10/07 CIUTAT VELLA 110 123 135 138 223 158-29,1% 17,0% EIXAMPLE 299 335 359 378 682 466-31,7% 29,8% SANTS - MONTJUÏC 249 283 336 368 591 451-23,7% 34,2% LES CORTS 111 103 116 153 288 197-31,6% 69,8% SARRIÀ - SANT GERVASI 129 148 167 216 372 258-30,6% 54,5% GRÀCIA 120 138 158 156 251 186-25,9% 17,7% HORTA - GUINARDÓ 308 347 394 417 573 487-15,0% 23,6% NOU BARRIS 295 300 324 371 486 475-2,3% 46,6% SANT ANDREU 236 262 343 382 495 454-8,3% 32,4% SANT MARTÍ 444 473 521 552 777 646-16,9% 24,0% TOTAL 2301 2512 2853 3131 4738 3778-20,3% 32,4% PMR CARDS 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 %10/09 %10/07 ISSUED CARDS 1136 1939 1618 1871 1809 2972 64,3% 83,7% OUT OF ROADWAY 2008 2009 2010 BSM 224 206 206 SABA 104 120 120 THE NEW STOCK LIST HAS DETECTED 3.778 PARKING LOTS IN ROADWAY FOR PMR, FOR A TOTAL OF 2.972 ISSUED CARDS.
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 6- Diversity of use: Bus lanes Advantage for public transport Bus (urban and metropolitan) Taxi Shared with High-Occupancy Vehicle (VAO) 34
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 7- Diversity of use: Multiuse-bus lanes Streets with high traffic demand Commercial zones Merchandise distribution Limited space Bus lane 35
IMPACTS June 2012 Shared Space Shared Mobility 8- Technology solutions Electric vehicles: battery charge in public points Accessibility: adaptation of subway stations Elevators Trains 36
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEDIUM DAILY INTENSITY OF VEHICLES 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 %11/08 %11/10 ACCESSES 1.218.934 1.166.382 1.120.823 1.112.512 1.088.546-6,7% -2,2% ROUTES SEA-MOUNTAIN 538.871 530.451 514.571 512.792 494.485-6,8% -3,6% ROUTES BESOS-LLOBREGAT 345.526 339.178 332.228 333.334 332.250-2,0% -0,3% TOTAL MAIN ROUTES 884.397 869.629 846.799 846.126 826.735-4,9% -2,3% RONDA DE DALT 167.559 166.111 165.319 167.468 163.513-1,6% -2,4% RONDA LITORAL 108.968 108.456 106.481 106.698 102.988-5,0% -3,5% TOTAL RONDES 276.527 274.567 271.800 274.166 266.501-2,9% -2,8% SPEED 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 %11/08 %11/10 EXTERNAL CONNECTIVITY ROADS 22,9 22,9 25,8 24,8 24,0 4,8% -3,2% ROUTES SEA-MOUNTAIN 16,6 17,3 18,5 17,8 16,4-5,2% -7,9% ROUTES BESÒS-LLOBREGAT 23,6 24,2 26,9 23,8 22,5-7,0% -5,5% CITY SPEED AVERAGE 20,8 21,3 23,5 21,8 20,6-3,3% -5,5% RING ROADS 53,3 56,3 59,3 57,0 54,7-2,8% -4,0%