Antiduretic Hormone, Growth. Hormone & Anabolic Steroids

Transcription

1 Goudarz Sadeghi, DVM, PhD, DSc Associate Professor of Pharmacology University of Tehran Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Pharmacology Endocrine System Antiduretic Hormone, Growth Hormone & Anabolic Steroids

2 ADH 1 Introduction Full name: Anti-diuretic hormone Other name: Vasopressin Secretion: by the neurohypophysial system Receptors: V1: VSM: vasoconstriction Hepatocytes: glycogenolysis Platelets: aggregation V2: Renal collecting ducts: permeability to water concentrated urine the release of von Willebrand factor

3 ADH 2 Release & Effects

4 ADH 3 Desmopressin - 1 Chemical name: DDAVP (l-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin) Pharmacodynamics: A long-acting synthetic analogue of ADH that works primarily at V2 receptors. Main application: treatment of diabetes insipidus

5 ADH 4 Desmopressin - 2 Administration: Parenterally Intranasally Into the conjunctival sac The minimum dose required by these latter routes is 5-10 times the parenteral dose. The administration of 1-4 drops once or twice a day controls polyuria in most animals with diabetes insipidus.

6 ADH 5 Desmopressin - 3 DDAVP is used to treat canine patients with von Willebrand disease. shortens the bleeding time in these dogs. The parenteral route is indicated, because hemostatic effects require 5-10 times the dose needed to control polyuria.

7 ADH 6 Desmopressin - 4 Side effects of therapy: Rare Conjunctival irritation excessive doses of DDAVP excretion of a free water load fluid retention hyponatremia if severe overhydration develops cerebral edema

8 Growth hormone (GH) is normally synthesized and secreted by the pituitary gland under the influence of GHRH produced by the hypothalamus. GH 1 General

9 GH 2 Bovine GH - 1 Application: in cattle to enhance growth or milk production. Characteristics: a prolonged- release injectable formulation of a recombinant bovine GH. Administration: SC every 14 days

10 GH 3 Bovine GH - 2 Adverse effects: Mild hyperthermia Clinical and subclinical mastitis Reduced feed intake Swelling at the injection site Mild anemia Decreased fertility Increased gestational problems Early birth, twinning, retained placenta

11 Anabolic Steroids 1 General The ASs are synthetic androgenic compounds that have been developed to have: anabolic effects virilizing effects Veterinary applications: 1) to treat nonregenerative anemias 2) to enhance growth and performance 3) to stimulate appetite

12 Anabolic Steroids 2 Compounds

13 Anabolic Steroids 3 Effects Useful in anemia: erythropoietin production heme synthesis red cell proliferation If adequate protein and calories nitrogen retention lean body mass body weight They are controlled drugs.

14 Anabolic Steroids 4 Applications - 1 In small animals: Stanozolol Nandrolone decanoate In the horse: Stanozolol Boldenone undecylenate

15 Anabolic Steroids 5 Applications - 2 Stanozolol: Oral or parenteral The anabolic effects persist for up to 1 week. Nandrolone: Parenteral, weekly Somewhat more effective in stimulating erythropoiesis Boldenone: IM, every 8 weeks to horses

16 Anabolic Steroids 6 Side Effects Hepatotoxicity (particularly in cats) Sodium, calcium, phosphate, potassium, and water retention Prostatic disease Spermatogenesis Estrus Contraindication: in pregnant or breeding animals

17 Bile Acids 1 General Synthesized exclusively in the liver from cholesterol. The only bile acid used pharmacologically in small animals is ursodeoxycholic acid.

18 Bile Acids 2 Ursodeoxycholic Acid - 1 Applications: to treat cholesterol gallstones as a hepatoprotective agent Lowers plasma and bile cholesterol by: cholesterol secretion into bile intestinal re-absorption of cholesterol hepatic synthesis of cholesterol

19 Bile Acids 3 Ursodeoxycholic Acid- 2 Potential benefits in treating hepatic disease: bicarbonate-rich bile flow (chloresis). Chronic administration replacement of the normal relatively hydrophobic pool of bile acids with the relatively hydrophilic ursodeoxycholate. Hydrophobic bile acids are cytotoxic agents at high concentrations! Protection of mitocnondrial membrane integrity. Immune-modulating effects (interactions with the corticosteroid receptor?)

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