x trna * (C ) x , o 596 trna, 3 x, 8000 x [1]., 32 6 SCIENCE IN CHINA ( Series C ) A U a) U&C G U&C A b)

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1 (C ) 32 6 CIENCE IN CHINA ( eries C ) x tna * n š Œ Ž Œ ** (Œ t ƒ, ; ƒ, ; Ž p p, ; pºt ƒ, ) x , o 596 tna, 3 š x tna tna. 4 x tna, 592 tna 45 ƒ, Guthrie Š x»., o 27, o trnt-cgu, u o x. 592 tna,, o. x u tna x z x. x ƒ x, o 33 tna, o, tna z. ¼ tna» tna x, 8000 x [1]., x [2~4],, x. tna ƒ x x NA, ¾x Â u, mna x xz u, ¾ mna x, x. 61 ƒ x, z 61 ƒ x tna. Crick» [5] Watson-Crick, ƒ x tna ¼. Guthrie Š [6]», x ( 1): x, z x, 3 U C x 3 A G x x, ƒ d ; z x, ƒ d ; 1 Guthrie Š x{ t x» 3 1 A U a) G C U&C G U&C A b) t x U&C G a), U, ; b)a I( ) * g ( : G ) 248 ¹ À z **, hao@itp.ac.cn Š¾

2 506 ƒ (C ) 32 d, 3 U C x 1 G x» ; d, 3 U C x 1 A x» ;, t x d, 3 U C x 1 G x», d 1 A x» ; º d d, 3 A x 1 U x», 3 G x 1 C x». j x, GuthrieŠ, { t, 46 ƒ tna Ã z xt. x{ t, Ž Š, tna z x»( 2) [7] ( ƒ{ t, 1~3 ƒ»x tna, 7, 2 u 1. u,. x x tna, x». 2 3 { t x tna x z a) AA w p A B C w p AA w p A B C w p AA w p A B C w p AA w p A B C w p F UUU AAA UCU AGA UAU AUA UGU 0 0 ACA Y C UUC GAA UCC GGA UAC GUA UGC GCA UUA UAA UCA UGA UAA UUA * UGA 0 0 UCA * UUG CAA UCG CGA UAG CUA W UGG CCA L CUU AAG CCU AGG CAU AUG CGU 9 18 ACG H CUC GAG CCC GGG CAC GUG CGC 0 1 GCG P CUA UAG CCA UGG CAA UUG CGA 6 10 UCG Q CUG CAG CCG CGG CAG CUG CGG 4 3 CCG AUU AAU ACU AGU AAU AUU AGU 0 0 ACU N I AUC GAU ACC GGU AAC GUU AGC 13 9 GCU T AUA UAU ACA UGU AAA UUU AGA 9 7 UCU K M AUG CAU ACG CGU AAG CUU AGG 8 3 CCU V GUU AAC GCU AGC GAU AUC GGU 1 0 ACC D GUC GAC GCC GGC GAC GUC GGC GCC A G GUA UAC GCA UGC GAA UUC GGA UCC E GUG CAC GCG CGC GAG CUC GGG 5 3 CCC a) AA A B C, * Õp a) AA,A, B Ž, C ; * z x º t o tna [7] ( tna, u x x x. ƒ tna x tna x tna x x t, tna» z x

3 6 n šš: x tna 507,». š x tna,» UGA. ƒ x tna. x u n x, ƒ u. x x u nx. ¼ x tna x x. ƒ. ƒx. x tna. 1 x ( x u ƒ. x [8] u GenBank ( u 3. u tnascan-e [9,10], x tna. Œ x tna x, ½ u BLATN [11] CBI( x (nr) Œ. u ClustalW [12]. 2 ¹º 2.1 tna x u tnascan-e 881 x tna. BLATN x, 596 tna, 4 x tna ( 2.5 ), 592 tna 3 : BLATN x tna x tna x tna. BLATN 115 xƒ BLATN x tna ; x tna BLATN 100~115 x ; x tna x BLATN 80~ BLATN x tna, x. 74 x tna 51 x tna, z x ¹ { x tna. x ƒx tna, x tna. TIG ( 596 tna. 2.2 x 592 tna ( 4 x ) 45 ƒ, u Guthrie Š x ( 3). trnt-cgu o x o ¹ x»x ( 2.7 ). 3, 20ƒ u, x x o n x x tna x z x., u Ž. u nx u Codon Usage Database( ¹ x

4 508 ƒ (C ) u tna u z tna x ( 3). GAG (393), GGC (240), AAG (325), GAC (292) GCC (279) x u n CUA (83), CGA (77), GUA (66), UGU (61) UUA (59). U A x z, 3 x z x tna a) F UUU AAA UCU AGA UAU AUA UGU 61 0 ACA Y C UUC GAA UCC GGA UAC GUA UGC GCA UUA 59 7 UAA UCA UGA UAA 6 0 UUA UGA 10 0 UCA UUG CAA UCG CGA UAG 3 0 CUA W UGG CCA L CUU AAG CCU AGG CAU AUG CGU ACG H CUC GAG CCC GGG CAC GUG CGC GCG P CUA 83 8 UAG CCA UGG CAA UUG CGA 77 4 UCG Q CUG CAG CCG CGG CAG CUG CGG CCG AUU AAU ACU AGU AAU AUU AGU 72 0 ACU N I AUC GAU ACC GGU AAC GUU AGC GCU T AUA 89 6 UAU ACA UGU AAA UUU AGA 97 9 UCU K 0 M AUG CAU ACG 113 CGU AAG CUU AGG CCU V GUU AAC GCU AGC GAU 241 D 0 AUC GGU ACC GUC GAC A GCC GGC GAC GUC G GGC GCC GUA 66 4 UAC GCA UGC GAA 205 E 15 UUC GGA UCC GUG CAC GCG CGC GAG CUC GGG CCC a) 2 u C G x. z x, x UGG, x 15, 3 C x u z 3 U x. x 14, 3 G x u z x. x CCU, CCC ACA, ACG., u n z x tna 1 tna x z z x u nx x z ( 1), t x x, ¹ x u nx z x tna zx x ( 4). x x A G x x, G x x A x x. ƒ

5 6 n šš: x tna 509 x z x x tna x n kx tna x t. G A x x. 4 tna x n n z x tna n/ tna 3 U C x A x G x tna u tnascan-e x o 71 x, BLATN x Œ, 27 ¹ ƒx tna xz, x. 27 x, 16. u x¹, ¹. 2.5 š x tna tna 20 ƒ x, jv x, o š Š 2 ƒ ( ƒ pyrrolysine Á UAG [13,14] ), š u UGA x. x ƒ, o š. o 3 š x tna. o x tna,» UAA. 2.6 tna x ¹ 36 tna, 1. x 15 bp. trn-aga x, 38 bp. trny-gua 1, ¾ ux trnm-cau 1, ¾ Â z x trnm-cau. x tna trnt-cgu x u tnascan-e o 6 x trnt-cgu, BLATN, x tna, tna x. trnt-cgu u x. o x ¹ 356 Mbp, ¹ 464 Mbp. tna, 140 tna ( tna x 25%) 6 4 Mbp xm, 8 trnq-uug. x tna z o trnt-cgu x. 2.8 { t tna x { t tna x x xz. x tna x ( 5). tna x x x x Â Šxt tna n kx tna nâ. tna ƒx x 17 ƒ z x ƒ; z x tna, z x t ; ƒ x tna x, x tna x, x tna ;

6 510 ƒ (C ) 32 ƒ tna z 5 7 { t x tna a) / Mbp x x tna z / Mbp. cerevisiae x x tna z. pombe C. elegans A. thaliana D. melanogaster O. sativa H. sapiens (?) 11(?) a) [15,16] x x tna x x, x tna Â ¹ o, trnp-agg, trnp-cgg, trna-agc, trna-cgc, trne-ctc trnk-ttt. 2.9 tna x u, tna x. x tna tna x. ox tna x, x 8 trnq-ttg, x 71, xä. x 5 1 x trnq-ttg. u tnascan-e 1 4 trnq-ttg, x tna x x tna. o 27 u trn-aga, trny-gta trny-gta x, x, x. x o x. z, x, x tna x t x x tna u tnascan-e x o 33 tna. ClustalW, o tna z. ƒ 7000 x, x tna t. x, x tna x, x tna z. u tnascan-e, BLATN Œ ¹, tna x. x tna u x., u o x, x tna x., tna x{». ƒ x z ¹ x. t, x.

7 6 n šš: x tna 511 1, n,, Š. x o. ƒ ( ), 2002, 54: 3~6 2, š, n, Š. (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). ƒ, 2001, 46(23): 1937~ Yu J, Hu N, Wang J, et al. A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). cience, 2002, 296: 79~92 4 Goff A, icke D, Lan T H, et al. A draft sequence of the rice genome (OryzasativaL.ssp japonica). cience, 2002, 296: 92~100 5 Crick F. Codon-anticodon pairings: the wobble hypothesis. Journal of Molecular Biology, 1966, 19: Guthrie C, Abelson J. Organization and expression of tna genes in accharomyces cerevisiae. In:trathernJ,etal.eds.The Molecular Biology of the Yeast accharomyces: Metabolism and Gene Expression. New York: Cold pring Harbor Laboratory, International Human Genome equencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 2002, 409: 860~921 8 Hiratsuka J, himada H, Whittier, et al. The complete sequence of the rice (Oryza sativa) chloroplast genome: intermolecular recombination between distinct tna genes accounts for a major plastid DNA inversion during the evolution of the cereals. Molecular General Genetics, 1989, 217 (2-3): Eddy. Non-coding NA genes and the modern NA world. Nature eviews Genetics, 2001, 2: 919~ Lowe T M, Eddy. tnascan-e: A program for improved detection of transfer NA genes in genomic sequence. Nucleic Acids esearch, 1997, 25: 955~ Altschul F, Madden T L. chaffer A A, et al. Gapped BLAT and PI-BLAT: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids esearch, 1997, 25: 3389~ Thompson J D, Higgins D G, Gibson T J. CLUTALW: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids esearch, 1994, 22: 4673~ rinivasan G, James C M, Krzycki J A. Pyrrolysine encoded by UAG in archaea: Charging of a UAG-decoding specialized tna. cience, 2002, 296: 1459~ Hao B, Gong W M, Ferguson T K, et al. A new UAG-encoded residue in the structure of a methanogen methyltransferase. cience, 2002, 296: 1462~ Adams M D, Celniker E, Holt A, et al. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. cience, 2000, 287: 2185~ Goffeau A, Barrell B G, Bussey H, et al. Life with 6000 genes. cience, 1996, 274: 546~567

3D DNA Origami cuboids as monodisperse patchy nanoparticles for switchable hierarchical self-assembly

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