Mountains on the Globe and Mountain Climates of North America
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1 Mountains on the Globe and Mountain Climates of North America Atmos 3200/Geog 3280 Mountain Weather and Climate Sebastian Hoch / C. David Whiteman Whiteman photo
2 Some well-known mountains Mt. Everest / Sagarmatha /Chomolungma. Photo Credits: Luca Galuzzi
3 Eiger 3967 m: source: Wikimedia Commons The Matterhorn (4478 m). Photo: Tony Simpkins
4 Some well-known mountains Kilimanjaro: Bo Flemstrong Mt. Kenya: Rudolf Willing Cerro Torre: Frank Sauer Alpamayo, Nikman, Summitpost
5 Denali, (McKinley), National Park Service Charles Hallet: Grand Teton
6 Mountain definition Roderick Peattie in Mountain Geography (1936) suggests: Mountains are 1. impressive, 2. enter into the imagination of people living in their shadow, and 3. have individuality. Elevation > 300 m MSL Elevated and dissected landscape Objective definition could include: Elevation (insufficient criterion, e.g., Great Plains ) Local relief (Grand Canyon?, incised into plateau) Steepness of slope The amount of land in slopes
7 Mountain definition, cont Troll (1973) High mountain areas: Upper timberline Snow line during Pleistocene (2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago produced distinctive features) Lower limit of periglacial processes (moraines, solifluction, etc.) Common usage in North America > 600 m of local relief - mountain < 600 m of local relief - hill Height above surrounding terrain (which is hard to define)
8 Mountain definition, cont What about islands? Extending from sea floor? (Mauna Kea (4,207 m) rises 10,203 m above the ocean floor! Ojos del Salado: Greatest rise on earth -- 13,420 m above the base of the Atacama Trench What about volume? Sea level height vs summit distance from Earth s center? Topographic Prominence (Summit with 500 m or 300 m prominence)
9
10 Distribution of mountains on the globe
11 Distribution of mountains on the globe Roger Barry Barry (1992)
12 The global area of mountains and high plateaus Elevation range Mountains (10 6 km 2 ) Plateaus (10 6 km 2 ) Mountains/ Land Surface (%) >3000 m m m m Total Louis (1975) Total land surface is about 149 million km 2. Oceanic islands covering 2 million km 2 are not included in the listed areas. Plateaus & mountains are both included in the table s 1st line.
13 The Himalayas
14 Highest 10 mountains in the world Mountain Range Location Height (m) Mt. Everest Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 8,848 K2 Karakoram Pakistan/China 8,611 Kanchenjunga Himalayas India/Nepal 8,586 Lhotse I Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 8,516 Makalu I Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 8,485 Cho Oyu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 8,188 Dhaulagiri Himalayas Nepal 8,167 Manaslu I Himalayas Nepal 8,163 Nanga Parbat Himalayas Pakistan 8,126 Annapurna Himalayas Nepal 8,091 1st ascent
15 Highest Peaks By Continent Everest Nepal 29,029 ft / 8848 m Aconcagua Argentina 22,841 ft / 6962 m Denali (McKinley) Alaska 20,320 ft / 6194 m Kilimanjaro Tanzania 19,340 ft / 5895 m Elbrus Georgia 18,481 ft / 5633 m Puncak Jaya Indonesia 16,502 ft / 5030 m Vinson Massif Antarctica 16,066 ft / 4897 m
16 Billiard ball analogy If the earth were greatly reduced in size while maintaining its shape, it would be smoother than a billiard ball. (Earth radius = 6371 km; Everest = 8848 m [8.848 km]) Nonetheless, mountains have a large effect on weather. Why is this, if they are so insignificant in size? Answer: the atmosphere, like the mountains, is also shallow (scale height 8.5 km) so mountains are a significant fraction of the depth of the atmosphere. But, this answer underestimates mountain effect for two reasons: Stability gives the atmosphere a resistance to vertical displacements The lower atmosphere is rich in water vapor so that slight adiabatic ascent brings the air to saturation. Example: flow around a 500-m mountain (<< 8.5 km) could include 1) broad horizontal excursions, 2) downslope windstorm on lee side, and 3) torrential orographic rain on windward side. Smith (1979)
17 The Alps Whiteman (2000)
18 Denali 20,320 ft / 6194 m Mt. Whitney 14,505 ft / 4421 m Mountains of North America 5959 m / 19,551 ft Mt. Elbert 14,440 ft / 4401 m Mt. Rainer 14,411 ft / 4392 m Mt. Mitchell 6,684 ft / 2037 m 3954 m,12,972 ft 6,288.2 ft / m Mt. Washington 6,288 ft / 1916 m Whiteman (2000) 5636 m / 18,491 ft
19 Mountains of the western & eastern US Whiteman (2000)
20 Utah mountain ranges (Homework) Bear River Raft River Mtns Wellsville Oquirrh Wasatch Tavaputs Plateau Wasatch Plateau Uinta Mtns Monte Cristo Stansbury Mtns Cedar Mtns Deep Creek San Rafael Swell La Sal Tushar Sevier Henry Pine Valley Aquarius/Boulder Markagunt Abajo Pahvant
21 Mountains - Simler Quote lofty mountains are most worthy of deep study. For everywhere you turn, they present to every sense a multitude of objects to excite and delight the mind. They offer problems to our intellect; they amaze our souls. They remind us of the infinite variety of creation, and offer an unequaled field for the observation of the processes of nature. Josias Simler, 1574: De alpibus commentarius
22 Mountain quotes "Enjoy the mountains; they have beauty and wisdom for us if we approach them with humility, respect, and knowledge. -Charles Houston My father considered a walk among the mountains as the equivalent of churchgoing. -Aldous Huxley Mountains complement desert as desert complements city, as wilderness complements and completes civilization. -Edward Abbey
23 Sources Mountain Climate: Barry, R. G., 1992: Mountain Weather and Climate, 2nd Edition. Routledge, New York, 402pp. Price, L. W., 1981: Mountains and Man: A Study of Process and Environment. University of California Press, Berkeley, 506pp. Whiteman, C. D., 2000: Mountain Meteorology. Oxford University Press, New York, 355pp. References: Firstbrook, Peter, 1999: Lost on Everest: The Search for Mallory & Irvine. Contemporary Books, Inc. Louis, H., 1975: Neugefasstes Höhendiagramm der Erde. [Newly developed elevation diagram for the earth]. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., (Math.-Naturwiss. Klasse), Peattie, R., 1936: Mountain Geography. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 239pp.Troll, 1973: Arct. Alp. Res., 5,
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