KITSAULT MINE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT APPENDICES. APPENDIX 6.7-G Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) Model for Dolly Varden. VE51988 Appendices

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1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT APPENDICES APPENDIX 6.7-G Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) Model for Dolly Varden VE51988 Appendices

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3 1.0 INTRODUCTION This document has been prepared to provide a habitat suitability model for dolly varden (Salvelinus malma) in support of the Environmental Assessment currently being undertaken for the Kitsault Molybdenum Project. The body of this memo outlines the methodology that was used during the course of development of the habitat suitability model and provides a list of references used in the model development. The habitat suitability model developed is included in Appendix A. 2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Literature Review A number of references were reviewed as part of developing the Habitat Suitability Index model for Dolly Varden. Sources of information included both primary and grey literature. Search engines employed included internet general vehicles (e.g., Google Scholar) and database search vehicles available through the University of Alberta (e.g., Web of Science) for peer-reviewed literature or journal searches. Keyword searches were also completed through online catalogues for the NEOS library consortium (which includes the Alberta Government Library and a number of collections from Alberta educational institutions such as the University of Alberta) and the Fisheries and Oceans Canada libraries. Using Google advanced search functions, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (adfg.state.ak.us) and the British Columbia Ministry of Environment (env.gov.bc.ca) web domains were also specifically searched for literature related to Dolly Varden habitat use. Emphasis was placed on more recent literature and effort was made to chase literature or authors using advanced search functions and / or citation maps that were identified as key sources. 2.2 HSI Model Development Model Structure and Assumptions Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models are designed to quantify, or rank, measured biological, chemical and physical characteristics of aquatic habitats to determine the suitability of the measured habitat for a selected indicator species. In general, habitat suitability models are built on variables that can be quantified on a continuous scale and plotted against the continuous scale of suitability ranging from 0 (does not meet species habitat requirements) to 1 (meets species habitat requirements fully) (de Kerckhove et al. 2008). The composite habitat suitability or S 0, (a rank of 0 to 1) is determined by assigning suitability values (S x values) for a number of parameters relating to species habitat requirements (e.g., spawning substrate or instream vegetation requirements, water quality, etc.). Habitat suitability (S 0 and S x ) ranks are described in Table 1. Literature relating fish density or frequency to habitat variables or literature which quantified percent utilisation of habitat is generally easier to translate into habitat suitability models as it allows for more refinement of habitat suitability models for habitat parameters that may not be considered optimum but still provide some function (e.g., habitat suitability ratings of 0.75 to 0.25). This literature, however, tends to be highly specific to the waterbody or drainage from which the data is collected and was also more scarce. Page 1

4 The HSI model developed herein for Dolly Varden is considered a Category I suitability index after de Kerckhove et al. (2008); the suitability of habitat variables is based on published life history studies and professional judgement. Literature relating density / frequency of fish to specific habitat parameters was modified by more general habitat preference data to assign suitability ratings to reduce the potential for drainage specific biases to be introduced. Table 1: Summary of Habitat Suitability Ranks and Descriptions Assigned Rank Habitat Suitability Rating Description 1.00 Excellent Available habitat is highly suitable. No limitations to suitability are identified the life stage under consideration Above Available habitat has slight limitations for life stage under consideration. 0.5 Available habitat is capable of supporting life stage under consideration, but may not be most desirable habitat Below Moderate to severe limitations in habitat suitability are present for the life stage under consideration Unsuitable Habitat suitability is negligible or nonexistent. The model assumes that habitat requirements of the Dolly Varden present within the Project watercourse are analogous to habitat requirements of Dolly Varden populations form other drainage systems. Two additional assumptions underlie the habitat suitability index developed herein (after de Kerckhove et al. 2008): all individual habitat suitability indices are considered to be equally important; and there are no interactions between environmental variables Inclusion of Bull Trout and Arctic Char Habitat Use Data There has been considerable confusion in identity of chars within northwestern Canada and Alaska (Evans 2002) and many populations previously identified as Arctic Char are now considered to be Dolly Varden or bull trout (Savelinus confluentus) (based on genetic analysis (Evans 2002; e.g., Fish Creek Arctic char [McCart 1980, Sawatsky et al. 2007, ADFG 2008]). There is also considerable plasticity between Arctic char bull trout and dolly varden (McPhail 2007). Bull trout and Dolly Varden are known to hybridise wherever they come into contact in British Columbia (McPhail 2007). When bull trout and Dolly Varden occur together, they exhibit habitat segregations and Dolly Varden are generally strict small stream residents, tending to utilise habitats within smaller order tributaries whereas bull trout tend to utilise deeper main-stem habitats (McPahil 2007). In systems where only one species occurs, both species broaden their trohpic niches to include resources that would be used by the other species in sympatry (McPhail 2007). Page 2

5 Literature on Arctic char habitat use was included in the development of the model where populations were identified as Dolly Varden in later literature. In addition, Arctic char and bull trout data was used to develop the habitat model in cases where insufficient data was available for Dolly Varden. 3.0 HABITAT SUITABILITY MODEL The habitat suitability model developed herein is based primarily on life history and habitat use literature from char populations in British Columbia and Alaska. Information specific to Dolly Varden from Russia and Japan was reviewed and incorporated into the model where it could address gaps in information identified within the North American literature. Where conflicting habitat use information was identified within the literature, preference was given to data from British Columbia populations. The habitat suitability model developed for Dolly Varden is provided in Tables A1 through A4, Attachment A. Result of the literature review conducted during the process of developing the habitat suitability model is summarised in Table B1. Page 3

6 REFERENCES Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) Arctic Char Life History and Habitat Requirements. In Alaska Habitat Management Guide. Available online at: [Accessed 12 February 2011] Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) Anadromous Fish Distribution. Available online at: [Accessed 14 February 2011] Armstrong, R.H., and J.E. Morrow The Doly Varden Charr, Salvelinus malma. In Charrs. E.K. Balon (ed.). Kluwer Boston Inc., Hingham, MA. 928p. Bonneau, J.L., and D.L. Scarnecchia Seasonal and Diel Changes in Habitat Use by Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) in a Mountain Stream. Canadian Jounral of Zoology 76: Bryant, M.D., M.D. Lukey, J.P. MacDonnell, R.A. Gubernick and R.S. Aho Seasonal Movement of Dolly Varden and Cutthroat Trout with Respect to Stream Discharge in a Second-Order Stream in Southeast Alaska. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 29: Bryant, M.D., N.D. Zymonas, and B.E. Wright Salmonids on the Fringe: Abundance, Species Composition, and Habitat Use of Salmonids in High-Gradient Headwater Streams, Southeast Alaska. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133: Bugert, R.M., T.C. Bjornn, and W.R. Meehan Summer Habitat Use by Young Salmonids and Their Responses to Cover and Predators in a Small Southeast Alaska Stream. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120: Craig, P.C., and V. Poulin Life History and Movements of Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and Juvenile Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) in a Small Tundra Sstream Tributary to the Kavik River, Alaska. In Life Histories of Anadromous and Freshwater Fish of the Western Arctic. P.J. McCart ed.. ArcticGas Biological Report Series, Volume 20. de Kerckhove, D.T., K.E. Smokorowski, and R.G. Randall A Primer of Fish Habitat Models. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2817: iv + 65p. Dolloff, C.A., and G.H. Reeves Microhabitat Partitioning Among Stream-Dwelling Juvenile Coho Salmon, Oncohynchus kisutch, and Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma. Canadian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 47: Glova, G., and P. McCart Life History of Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) in the Firth River, Yukon Territory. In Life Histories of Anadromous and Freshwater Fish of the Western Arctic. P.J. McCart ed. ArcticGas Biological Report Series, Volume 20. Griffith, R.P The Spawning and Rearing Habitat of Dolly Varden Char and Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in Allopatry and in Sympatry with Selected Salmonids. Page 4

7 Prepared for Fish Habitat Improvement Section, British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Hagan, J Reproductive isolation between Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) and Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in Sympatry: the Role of Ecological Factors. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Hagan, J., and E.B. Taylor Resource Partitioning as a Factor Limiting Gene Flow in Hybridizing Populations of Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma) and Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58: Heifetz, M.L. Murphy, and K.V. Koski Effects of Logging on Winter Habitat of Juvenile Salmonids in Alaskan Streams. North America Journal of Fisheries Management 6: Huusko, A., L. Greenberg, M. Stickler, T. Linnansaari, M. Nykanen, T. Vehanen, S. Koljonen, P. Louhi, and K. Alfredsen Life in the Ice Lane: the Winter Ecology of Stream Salmonid. River Research and Applications 23: Jakober, M.J., T.E. McMahon, and R.E. Thurow Diel Habitat Partitioning by Bull Charr and Cutthroat Trout During Fall and Winter in Rocky Mountain Streams. Environmental Biology 59:79-89 Kitano, S., and K. Shimazaki Spawning Habitat and Nest Depth of Female Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma of Different Body Size. Fisheries Science 61(5): Leggett, J.W Reproductive Ecology and Behavior of Dolly Varden Charr in British Columbia. In Charrs. E.K. Balon (ed.). Kluwer Boston Inc., Hingham, MA. 928p. McCart, P.J A Review of the Systematics and Ecology of Arctic Char, Salvelinus alpinus, in the Western Arctic. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 935: vii +89p. McPhail J.D The Freshwater Fishes of British Columbia. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, AB. Vii+620p. McPhail, J.D., and E.B. Taylor Skagit Char Project (Project 94-1). Final Report to Skagit Environmental Endowment Commission, North Vancouver, BC. 39p. McPhail, J.D., and J.S. Baxter A Review of Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) Lifehistory and Habitat Use in Relation to Compensation and Improvement Opportunities. Fisheries Report No Fisheries Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC. 40p. Murray, R.B., and M.N. Gaboury Fish Habitat Assessment and Char Utilization for the Upper Skagit River Watershed, BC. Prepared for the Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Ministry of Environment, Surrey, B.C. 42p. + app Resources Inventory Committee Reconnaissance (1:20,000) Fish and Fish Habitat inventory: Standards and Procedures. Prepared by the BC Fisheries Information Services Branch. Page 5

8 Sawatzky, C.D., D. Michalak, J.D. Reist, T.J. Carmichael, N.E. Mandrak, and L.G. Heuring Distribution of Freshwater and Anadromous Fishes from the Mainland Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2793: xiv+239p. Smith, H.A., and P.A. Slaney Age, Growth, Survival and Habitat of Anadromous Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) in the Keogh River, British Columbia. Fisheries Management Report No. 76 Stewart, D.B., T.J. Carmichael, C.D. Sawatzky, N.J. Mochancz, and J.D. Reist Fish Life History and Habitat Use in the Northwest Territories: Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2801: vi+46p. Page 6

9 ATTACHMENT A Habitat Suitability Index for Dolly Varden (Salvalinus malma)

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11 Table A1: Dolly Varden Spawning / Egg Incubation Habitat Suitability Model Physical Habitat Excellent Above Spawning / Egg Incubation Below HSI value Dominant substrate type gravel gravel-cobble fine-gravel cobbleboulder Substrate size (mm) Depth range (cm) Temperature (ºC) Water velocity (m/s) Stream morphology Additional considerations Unsuitable rock, bedrock <5, > <4, > >1.3 pool-tails or riffle crests contiguous to holding pools Reference / Notes 1 ADFG 1985 (DV+AC); Griffith 1979 (DV); Leggett 1980 (DV); Kitano and Shimazaki 1995 (DV) ADFG 1985 (DV+AC); Armstrong and Morrow 1980 (DV); Griffith 1979 (DV); Hagan and Taylor 2001 (DV); Kitano and Shimazaki 1995 (DV) ADFG 1985 (DV+AC); Craig and Poulen 1974 (DV); Griffith 1979 (DV); McPhail 2007 (DV); McPhail and Baxter 1996 (BT) ADFG 1985(DV+AC); Griffith 1979(DV); Kitano and Shimazaki 1995(DV) riffle-run pool-riffle runs, pools - McCart 1980 (DV) Areas of groundwater discharge are considered key habitat spawning ADFG 1985 (DV+AC); Stewart et al References are provided in Section 4.0 in accompanying memo. Brackets denote species habitat use information from which HSI was derived from: DV = Dolly Varden; BT = bull trout; AC = Arctic char Page 1

12 Table A2: Dolly Varden Juvenile Rearing Habitat Suitability Model Physical Habitat Excellent Above Juvenile Rearing Below HSI value Dominant substrate type gravelcobble boulder - fines, debris / organic Unsuitable rock, bedrock Reference / Notes Dollof and Reeves 1990 (DV); Griffith 1979 (DV) Substrate size (mm) mm >256 mm - <2 mm, NA >4000 mm Dollof and Reeves 1990 (DV); Griffith 1979 (DV) Instream cover type large and small woody debris undercut bank Depth range (cm) , 21 to 39 overhead vegetation + undercut bank overhead vegetation, aquatic vegetation, boulder cobble Dollof and Reeves 1990 (DV); Griffith 1979 DV) <5, Bugert et al (DV); Dollof and Reeves 1990 (DV) Gradient (%) >18 Bryant et al (DV) Water velocity (m/s) >0.40 Bugert et al (DV), Griffith 1979 (DV) Discharge (m 3 /s) 0.01 to to to >0.80 Bryant et al (DV); Dollof and Reeves 1990 (DV) Stream morphology riffles, riffle / glide, side channels run-riffle pool run-pool - Griffith 1979 (DV); McCart 1980 (DV); Smith and Slaney 1980 (DV) 1 Brackets denote species habitat use information from which HSI was derived from: DV = Dolly Varden; BT = bull trout; AC = Arctic char Page 2

13 Table A3: Dolly Varden Adult Foraging Habitat Suitability Model Physical Habitat Excellent Above Adult Foraging Below HSI value Dominant substrate type Cover type cobbleboulder depth, undercut banks, boulders Unsuitable gravel - rock fines, debris, organic large woody debris, cobble Depth range (m) , overhead vegetation aquatic vegetation small woody debris Reference / Notes Stewart et al (BT) ADFG 1985 (DV+AC); Stewart et al (BT) > <0.1 Hagan and Taylor 2001 (DV), Stewart et al (BT) Temperature (ºC) <4, >20 McPhail 2007 (DV); McPhail and Baxter 1996 (BT); Stewart et al (BT) Velocity range (m/s) , >146 Stewart et al (BT) Stream morphology mainchannel pools and riffles run side channel pools/riffle s flat chutes, falls Hagen 2000 (DV); Murray and Gadboury 2005 (DV+BT) 1 Brackets denote species habitat use information from which HSI was derived from: DV = Dolly Varden; BT = bull trout; AC = Arctic char Page 3

14 Table A4: Dolly Varden Over-Wintering Habitat Suitability Model Physical Habitat Excellent Above Over Wintering Below HSI value Dominant substrate type Cover cobbleboulder depth, cobble, boulder Unsuitable gravel - rock fines, debris, organic woody debris, root wads Depth range (m) , >0.60 Stream morphology deep pools; open areas with groundwater upwelling - deep run / glides - undercut banks Reference / Notes Based on rearing substrate use [Stewart et al (BT)] and use of submerged cover in form of boulders as reported by Heifetz et al (DV) - Heifetz et al (DV) - <0.05 Derived from data observations of fish in fall or systems where ice cover was not present in winter. Bonneau and Scarnecchia 1998 (BT); Huusko et al (Salmo spp.); Jakober et al (BT) riffles - Heifetz et al (DV); Jakober et al (BT) 1 Brackets denote species habitat use information from which HSI was derived from: DV = Dolly Varden; BT = bull trout; AC = Arctic char Page 4

15 ATTACHMENT B Summary of Reviewed Literature

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17 Spawning/Egg Incubation Juvenile Rearing Adult Feeding Overwintering Velocities/Discharge Temperature DV+AC: 0.3 to 1.2 m/s (ADFG 1985) DV: Hood Bay Creek Alaska surface (?) velocity ranged from 0.3 to 1.3 m/s (Griffith 1979) DV: Aquarium study focal point velocities above redds ranged from 0.09 to 0.17 m/s, with overall surface velocities ranging from 0.04 to 0.63 m/s (Griffith 1979) DV: Washington State focal point velocities above redds ranged from 0.34 to 0.66 m/s, averaging 0.52 m/s (Griffith 1979) DV: Weir Creek Alaska discharge decreased from 17 m3/s to 1 m3/s during spawning period (Craig and Poulen 1974) DV: Findlay River Tributary (BC) mean current velocities: 20.7 cm/s (Hagan and Taylor 2001) BT: spawn at low velocities (0.03 to 0.8 m/s) (McPhail and Baxter 1996) DV+AC: Spawning between 0.5 C to 13 C in general (Alaska) (ADFG 1985) DV+AC: SE Alaska spawning occurs between 5.5 C to 6.5 C in (ADFG 1985) DV+AC: Wulik and Kivalina Rivers Alaska temperature on spawning redds was 6.5 C to 11 C in (ADFG 1985) DV+AC: Significant egg mortality at temp >7.8 C (ADFG 1985) DV: Hood Bay Creek water temps during spawning were 5.7 to 6.7 C (Griffith 1979) DV: Meadow Creek and John Creek BC: mean spawning temp 5.0 C (Griffith 1979) DV: Twin Creek Idaho: mean spawning temperature was 5.0 C (Griffith 1979) DV: Weir Creek Alaska max daily temperatures during spawning increased from 3.9 C to 16.7 C (Craig and Poulen 1974) DV: Upper Peace River system: spawning peaks at 6 C (McPhail 2007) DV: Skagit drainage system: spawning begins at 8 C (McPhail 2007) DV: Keog River: spawning occurs when temp drop below 10 C (Smith and Slaney 1980) BT: 9 C considered threshold temp below which spawning activity begins. (McPhail and Baxter 1996) BT: Line Creek (Kootenay System) spawning ceased below 5 C (McPhail and Baxter 1996) DV+AC: Prefer <0.3m/s adjacent to swift water (ADFG 1985) DV: low velocities/reduced flow (Griffith 1979) DV: Mackenzie Creek BC mean surface area velocities from <0.10 m/s to 0.30 m/s (Griffith 1979) DV: Hill and Mackenzie Creeks BC mean area surface velocities of 0.11 to 0.13 m/s (Griffith 1979) DV: Silverhope Creek BC surface velocities 0.15 to 0.50 m/s (estimated) (Griffith 1979) DV: Bugert et al 1991 see figure 2 DV: Staney Creek, Prince of Wales, Alaska: ~22.5% frequency of Age 0+ to Age 2+ DV in 0.0 cm/s; ~ % frequency in >0.0 to <9.0 cm/s; <10% frequency in 9 cm/s) (Dollof and Reeves 1990) DV: associated with slow (<0.10m/s) runs and pools (McPhail 2007) BT: mean m/s; overall range m/s (note microhabitat values may be lower) (Stewart et al. 2007) DV+AC: Juveniles burry into substrate at 2 C (ADFG 1985) BT: mean m/s; overall range m/s (note microhabitat values may be lower) (Stewart et al. 2007) Salmo: Typical mean water column velocities are <40 m/s for juvenile Salmo spp. (Huusko et al. 2007) DV: associated with cool water (<20 C) and normally <15 C (McPhail 2007) BT: uncommon in temperatures >15 C (McPhail and Baxter 1996) BT: numerically dominate rainbow trout at temperatures <13 C and vice versa (Stewart et al. 2007) BT: ranges strongly correlated with maximum daily water temperatures <14 to 16 C. NWT populations observed summer temperatures of 1.5 ; C (Stewart et al. 2007) DV+AC: Reduce feeding and seek overwintering areas when temps fall below 5 C (ADFG 1985) DV: Localized areas of warm water (created by groundwater influx) attract fish during cold water periods (Huusko et al. 2007) Page 1

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19 Spawning/Egg Incubation Juvenile Rearing Adult Feeding Overwintering Morphology DV: Skagit River system (BC): redds located at downstream end of pools where water is starting to break into a riffle (McPhail and Taylor 1995) DV+AC: Prefer pools, quiet side channels, sloughs and tributaries in Terror River (Kodiak Island) (ADFG 1985) DV+AC: Prefer shallow pools along the route of TAPS (ADFG 1985) DV: Prefer pools, sloughs, side-channels, but also considerable use of riffles (fast and slow) (Griffith 1979) DV: Toboggan Creek maximum densities of fry/juveniles observed in riffle/pool and peripheral habitats (Griffith 1979) DV: Mackenzie Creek BC highest densities of DV fry were in peripheries of riffle/glide - glide/riffle habitats (Griffith 1979) DV: Hill and Mackenzie Creek fish primarily located in riffle / glide glide/riffle habitats (Griffith 1979) DV: Toboggan Creek BC fast fry and juveniles caught in run/riffle, deep run, and run/riffle/pool habitats, with highest captures in run habitats (Griffith 1979) DV: Silverhope Creek BC max DV fry densities located in quiet peripheral areas of glide/riffle habitat; Age 1+ fish caught in faster/deeper habitat water in glide/riffle (Griffith 1979) DV: Keogh River BC highest densities of parr highest in riffles, decreasing to runs, flat runs, flats, and flat pools and pool flats (Smith and Slaney 1980) DV: McCart 1980 reports observations of spawning arctic char in Fish Creek YT and Sagavanirktok River Alaska in riffles and in gravel areas at tail end of pools. Recent published distribution maps indicate these populations are Dolly Varden (Sawatsky et al. 2007, ADFG 2008). DV: associated with shallow (<0.50 m) and slow (<0.10m/s) runs and pools. Also use side channels (McPhail 2007) DV: Sukuna drainage BC (age unspecified) caught in largest, deepest rifles (Griffith 1979) DV: Thutade Lake tributaries (BC): day use mainchannel pools (10%), main-channel riffles (~15%), side-channel pools (~40%) and side-channel riffles (~20%). Night use main-channel pools (~22%), main channel riffles (~20%), side channel pools (~50%) and side channel riffles (~10%) (Hagen 2000) DV: Skagit River drainage (BC): occupy same habitats as juveniles: pools, undercut banks and large woody debris but occur in deeper water (McPhail and Taylor 1995) DV+BT: Skagit River, BC., holding primarily observed in pools [22/24 observations of holding in Pool; 1/24 in riffle; 1/24 in glide] (Murray and Gadboury 2005) BT: in central portion of range, adults are associated with deep pools and instream cover (McPhail and Baxter 1996) BT: Mackenzie River BT typically captured in deep pools (Stewart et al. 2007) DV: deep pools (in headwater tributaries) or mouths of tributaries (Armstrong and Morrow 1980) DV: Wintering Dolly Varden found in pools with cover, but not in pools, riffle, or glides without cover (Heitfetz 1986) BT: overwinter in deep pools or in areas of groundwater upwelling (McPhail and Baxter 1996) BT: greater use of pools in winter (Bonneau and Scarnecchia 1998) BT: Daly Creek, Rocky Mountains: pools with boulder, pools with large woody debris, and glide [BT densities >2.5 fish/100m 2 ] > pocket water [~1 fish/100m 2 ]>riffle [<1 fish/100m 2 ] (Jakober et al. 2000) BT: Meadow Creek, Rocky Mountains: pools with woody debris[fish density >3 fish/100m 2 ] > beaver pond [~2.2 fish/100m 2 ] >pools lacking woody debris and boulders and glide [~1.8 fish/100m 2 ]> riffle [<1 fish/100m 2 ] (Jakober et al. 2000) Page 2

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21 Spawning/Egg Incubation Juvenile Rearing Adult Feeding Overwintering Depth Substrate Observed to spawn in depths from 0.15 to 4.5m (ADFG 1985) DV: Hood Bay Creek Alaska average depth of spawning site varied from 0.2 to 0.7 m, with spawning occurring at depths > 0.3 m. Maximum depth of channel was 1.0 m (Griffith 1979) DV: Aquarium study spawning occurred in depths from 0.73 to 0.84 m (Griffith 1979) DV: Washington State spawning has occurred between 0.21 to 0.43 m, with a mean of 0.32m (Griffith 1979) DV: Findlay River Tributary (BC) mean spawning depth was 9.3 cm (Hagan and Taylor 2001) DV: >0.20 m (Armstrong and Morrow 1980) DV+AC: Kivalina river drainages NW Alaska predominantly medium-coarse gravel with some fine, sand and boulders (ADFG 1985) DV+AC: Anaktuvuk River Alaska mixed substrates ranging from sand to gravel up to 8 cm in diameter (ADFG 1985) DV: Aquarium study of substrate samples from redd sites: 65% was mm; 6.43% was mm; 2.33% was > 127mm (Griffith 1979) DV: Hood Bay Creek redds observed in substrates 6-50 mm (~60%); 13-25mm (20%); 35-50mm (30%); <6 mm (majority 2-6mm) (30-40%) (Griffith 1979) DV: Meadow Creek spawning only occurred on areas with gravel mm (Griffith 1979) DV: Gravel mm considered important (Griffith 1979) based on above DV: coarse gravel essential to spawning (Leggett 1980) DV: Hill and Mackenzie Creeks BC maximum depths were 0.5 to 0.73 m (Griffith 1979) DV: Toboggan Creek BC mean depth of runs (were highest captures of juveniles from) varied from 0.4m to 1.2 m (1.5 m max) (Griffith 1979) DV: Silverhope Creek BC Age 1+ caught in <0.25 m to 0.5 m, age 2+ occupied depths of 1.0 m or more (Griffith 1979) DV: Mackenzie Creek: maximum stream depths 0.12 to 0.30 m (Griffith 1979) DV: Bonnie Creek, Prince of Whales Island, Alaska: percent utilizations as follows: 40% at cm; ~30% at cm; ~22% at cm; <10% at 0-9 cm; < 5% at 40-49; nil at >50 cm (Bugert et al. 1991) DV: associated with shallow (<0.50 m) pool and run habitats (McPhail 2007) BT: mean: to 0.468; overall range 0.07 to 1.3 (Stewart et al. 2007) DV+AC: Streams along the route of TAPS juveniles prefer medium to coarse rock substrates (ADFG 1985) DV: Mackenzie Creek BC 0-10% boulders, 5-60% cobbles, 35-65% gravel, and 3-13% sand/silt (Griffith 1979) DV: Hill and Mackenzie Creeks BC cobble (30-60%), gravel (35-50%), sand/fines (3-20%), few boulders (0-25%) (Griffith 1979) DV: Toboggan Creek BC run habitat (highest captured o juvenile DV) varied from primarily sand/silt to predominantly gravel (70%) with cobble (5%) (Griffith 1979) DV: Silverhope Creek BC cobble (~50%) and boulder (25%) with some gravel (~15%) (Griffith 1979) DV: Staney Creek, Prince of Wales, Alaska: Figure 6 reports percent utilisation of substrate types of Age 0+ to Age 2+ DV (Dollof and Reeves 1990) DV: Findlay River Tributary (BC): adult (>140 mm FL) range from ~30 cm to ~ 90 cm (Figure 2) (Hagan and Taylor 2001) BT: mean: to 1.49; overall range 0.03 to 2.82 (Stewart et al. 2007) BT: Mackenzie River drainage (NWT) typically associated with cobble to boulder-type substrates; also use gravel and rubble (Stewart et al. 2007) Salmo: Typical mean depths are cm for juvenile Salmo spp. (Huusko et al. 2007) BT: most observed between ~0.10 to 0.50 m deep; observed range of 0.05 to 0.60 m (Bonneau and Scarnecchia 1998) Page 3

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23 Spawning/Egg Incubation Juvenile Rearing Adult Feeding Overwintering Cover DV+AC: YOY use rocks, logs, root balls, undercut stream banks, high water flows, quiet side channels (ADFG 1985) DV+AC: Instream vegetation, bank vegetation, shade, in-stream tundra slumps, rock cover most important for juveniles along TAPS route (ADFG 1985) DV: Mackenzie Creek, BC: high densities of fry associated with undercut bank (Griffith 1979) DV: Hill and Mackenzie Creek, BC: highest densities of fry assoc with undercut banks in pool/riffle habitat (Griffith 1979) DV: Toboggan Creek, BC: highest densities of fry assoc with undercut banks (Griffith 1979) DV: Staney Creek, Prince of Wales, Alaska: Figure 5 reports percent utilisation of cover of Age 0+ to Age 2+ DV (Dollof and Reeves 1990) DV+AC: Deeper water, undercut banks, boulders (ADFG 1985) BT: Mackenzie River drainage (NWT) typically associated with large cover (undercut banks, deep pools, boulders) (Stewart et al. 2007) DV+AC: Ice as cover even when open water available (ADFG 1985) DV: Prefer deep pools with upturned tree roots, accumulation of logs, cobble substrate ). Undercut banks not important for pool utilization for overwintering (Heiftz et al. 1986) Salmo: Juvenile and adult Salmo spp. typically use deep, low velocity microhabitats (Huusko et al 2007) BT: use home stones (boulder) as cover until ice forms; once ice forms use of submerged cover declines (Stewart et al. 2007) BT: cobble/boulder (>60% frequency)>woody debris (10% frequency)>rootwad / undercut bank (<10% frequency) (Bonneau and Scarnecchia 1998) BT: Daly Creek, Rocky Mountains: Percent use: Boulder>Cobble>no cover>lwd>undercut (availability cobble=boulder>nocover>lwd>undercut bank) (Jakober et al 2000) BT: Meadow Creek, Rocky Mountains: Percent use: Nocover>LWD>undercut bank>cobble>boulder>vegetation (availability: on-cover>undercut>lwd>cobble>boulder>vegetation) (Jakober et al. 2000) Discharge DV: Most DV and cutthroat trout detected as moving upstream a discharges between 0.01 and 0.10 m 3 /s. Few detected as moving upstream at discharges > 0.50 m 3 /s. One DV detected moving upstream at 0.85 m 3 /s. More than 97% of fish moved upstream at discharges <0.566 m 3 /s.most fish moved at discharges below 0.28 m 3 /s. (Bryant et al. 2009) Gradient DV: DV observed within reaches with 15% or greater gradient. Figure 4 includes graph relating density of DV (fish/m2) to gradient (%). (Bryant et al. 2004) BT: Mackenxie River drainage (NWT) typically captured in high gradient ( %) mountain streams (Stewart et al. 2007) Other DV+AC: Ankutavik River spawning in association with spring areas (ADFG 1985) DV+AC: Sagavanirktok River and neighbouring drainages all known spawning areas in association with springs or spring fed tributaries (ADFG 1985) DV+AC: Canning River spawning areas located main channels or in spring areas within floodplain (ADFG 1985) DV+AC: Most abundant in vicinity of spring water sources (Sagavanirktok River Alaska) (ADFG 1985) DV+AC: Feed from mid-water and bottom (ADFG 1985) DV: When BT present, DV typically small stream resident. In the absence of BT, DV shift niche to deep-water piscivores typically filled by BT. (McPhail 2007) DV: Firth River in Yukon Territory occurs in association with groundwater sources and aufeis fields (Glova and McCart 1974) DV: NWT: Both anadromous and residential DVCH overwinter in areas where the presence of a thermal spring maintains section of open water throughout the year (Evans et al 2002). BT: move from small tributaries to larger streams in fall (McPhail and Baxter 1996) Page 4

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