SOUTH AFRICAN SPORT ANGLERS AND CASTING CONFEDERATION LONG TERM ANGLER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. Cast for Fun. Cast to Excel.

Transcription

1 SOUTH AFRICAN SPORT ANGLERS AND CASTING CONFEDERATION LONG TERM ANGLER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Cast for Fun Cast to Excel Cast for Life

2 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 1 Table of Contents 3 Acknowledgements 4 Foreword 5 Glossary of Terms 8 Introduction 9 What is Long-Term Angler Development? 10 SASACC Structures for delivery of the LTAD 14 Ten key factors influencing angler development 16 Stages of LTAD 17 Sensitive Periods of Development 18 The 10 Ss 21 Why Does Angling Need LTAD? 22 Angling s Fs of Development 24 The Long-Term Angler Development Programme 25 Cast for Fun, Cast to Excel, Cast for Life 27 Angling Stage-by-Stage 33 Developing the Young Angler 36 Physical, Motor and Mental Training Factors 37 Angling Skill Development 38 An Integrated Angler Development System

3 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 2 Table of Contents 41 Multi-sport, Multi-discipline Cooperation 42 Cast for Life: From Bank to Deep Sea 43 Cast for Life: Coach & Leader Development 44 Planning for Success: Strategic Initiatives 45 The Future: Casting on the Spot 46 Bibliography 49 Appendix A: Physical, Mental/Cognitive and Emotional Development Characteristics 57 Appendix B: The Economic Impact of Sport & Recreational Angling in the Republic of South-Africa 85 Appendix C: SASACC National Schools Sport Project

4 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 3

5 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 4 2 Foreword Long term angler development (LTAD) is a concept that has evolved through recognition that there are gaps in participant development, talent identification, athlete recruitment and athlete retention in the South African sport system. LTAD is a planning tool for optimal performance for all stages of athlete development. It is based on empirical data, practical coaching experiences and scientific principles and is a framework for full sport system alignment, integrating health and education with sport and physical activity. Angling is a sport that has been led by a knowledgeable, competent and experienced group of coaches, administrators and dedicated volunteers who strive towards sustained development of participants throughout all stages of the development Programme. To ensure that the South African Sport Anglers and Casting Confederation (SASACC) continue to be successful, we have developed a LTAD Programme that will help align all aspects of angling across South Africa. The proposed LTAD Programme is a framework that provides anglers at all stages of development the opportunity to be the best that they can be and it will ensure that they are equipped with the fundamental building blocks required to progress. The LTAD Programme will serve as a guideline for participants, coaches, parents, administrators and volunteers at every level of the sport. Whether an angler has his/her sights set on Club championships, Provincial/National, or the World Championships or just wants to have fun in a non-competitive environment, LTAD is about giving every angler the chance to achieve their ambitions and realize their dreams. Full implementation of our LTAD Programme will have positive impact on the high performance outcome of angling in South Africa. This LTAD Programme will reinforce some of our current programs and activities, but will also suggest changes or new projects would be beneficial. In order for SASACC to achieve success at all levels, we must embrace a more systematic approach to participant development. John Pledger President South African Sport Anglers and Casting Confederation

6 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 5 Glossary of Terms Adaptation refers to a response to a stimulus or a series of stimuli that induces functional and/or morphological changes in the organism. Naturally, the level or degree of adaptation is dependent upon the genetically endowment of an individual. However, the general trends or patterns of adaptation are identified by physiological research, and guidelines are clearly delineated of the various adaptation processes, such as adaptation to muscular endurance or maximum strength. Adolescence is a difficult period to define in terms of the time of its onset and termination. During this period, most bodily systems become adult both structurally and functionally. Structurally, adolescence begins with acceleration in the rate of growth in stature, which marks the onset of the adolescent growth spurt. The rate of statural growth reaches a peak, begins a slower or decelerated phase, and finally terminates with the attainment of adult stature. Functionally, adolescence is usually viewed in terms of sexual maturation, which begins with changes in the neuroendocrine system prior to overt physical changes and terminates with the attainment of mature reproductive function. Age: Chronological Age: the number of years and days elapsed since birth Relative Age: refers to differences in age among children born in the same calendar year Developmental Age refers to the degree of physical, mental, cognitive, and emotional maturity. Physical developmental age can be determined by skeletal maturity or bone age after which mental, cognitive, and emotional maturity is incorporated General Training Age refers to the number of years in training, sampling different sports Sport-specific Training Age refers to the number of years since an athlete decided to specialise in one particular sport Ancillary Capacities refer to the knowledge and experience base of an athlete and includes warmup and cool-down procedures, stretching, nutrition, hydration, rest, recovery, restoration, regeneration, metal preparation, and taper and peak. The more knowledgeable athletes are about these training and performance factors, the more they can enhance their training and performance levels. When athletes reach their genetic potential and physiologically cannot improve anymore, performance can be improved by using the ancillary capacities to full advantage.

7 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 6 Glossary of Terms (cont.) Childhood ordinarily spans the end of infancy the first birthday to the start of adolescence and is characterized by relatively steady progress in growth and maturation and rapid progress in neuromuscular or motor development. It is often divided into early childhood, which includes preschool children aged 1 to 5 years, and late childhood, which includes elementary school-age children, aged 6 through to the onset of adolescence. Chronological age refers to the number of years and days elapsed since birth. Growth, development, and maturation operate in a time framework; that is, the child s chronological age. Children of the same chronological age can differ by several years in their level of biological maturation. The integrated nature of growth and maturation is achieved by the interaction of genes, hormones, nutrients, and the physical and psychosocial environments in which the individual lives. This complex interaction regulates the child s growth, neuromuscular maturation, sexual maturation, and general physical metamorphosis during the first 2 decades of life. Sensitive periods refer to the point in the development of a specific capacity when training has an optimal effect. Other factors are readiness and sensitive periods of trainability during growth of young participants, where the stimulus must be timed to achieve optimum adaptation with regard to motor skills, muscular, and/or aerobic power. Development refers to the interrelationship between growth and maturation in relation to the passage of time. The concept of development also includes the social, emotional, intellectual, and motor realms of the child. The terms growth and maturation are often used together and sometimes synonymously. However, each refers to specific biological activities. Growth refers to observable, step-by-step, measurable changes in body size such as height, weight, and percentage of body fat. Maturation refers to qualitative system changes, both structural and functional in nature, in the organism s progress toward maturity; for example, the change of cartilage to bone in the skeleton. Peak height velocity (PHV) is the maximum rate of growth in stature during growth spurt. The age of maximum velocity of growth is called the age at PHV. Physical Literacy: Physical literacy is defined as the mastery of fundamental movement skills and fundamental sport skills. A physically literate person moves with poise, economy and confidence in a wide variety of physically challenging situations, is perceptive in reading all aspects of the physical environment. He/ she anticipate the movement needs or possibilities, and responds appropriately with intelligence and imagination." (Whitehead, 2001)

8 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 7 Glossary of Terms (cont.) Puberty refers to the point at which an individual is sexually mature and able to reproduce. Readiness refers to the child s level of growth, maturity, and development that enables him/her to perform tasks and meet demands through training and competition. Readiness and critical periods of trainability during growth and development of young athletes are also referred to as the correct time for the programming of certain stimuli to achieve optimum adaptation with regard to motor skills, muscular and/or aerobic power. Skeletal age refers to the maturity of the skeleton determined by the degree of ossification of the bone structure. It is a measure of age that takes into consideration how far given bones have progressed toward maturity, not in size, but with respect to shape and position to one another. Trainability refers to the genetic endowment of athletes as they respond individually to specific stimuli and adapt to it accordingly. Malina and Bouchard (1991) defined trainability as the responsiveness of developing individuals at different stages of growth and maturation to the training stimulus.

9 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 8 Introduction Annually anglers spend Billions of Rands on angling. Research concluded that in 2007 angling in South-Africa had a bigger economic impact then rugby and cricket combined. During the same year the 2.5 million anglers had a direct impact (direct expenditure effects) of R15.9 billion on the South- African economy with a total impact of R18.8 billion (See Appendix B). Looking at these figures it is easy to realise that SASACC need to develop world class programmes for participant development in South-Africa. Long Term Angler Development (LTAD) is a programme for anglers to maximize their potential through optimal training, competition, and recovery techniques throughout their athletic careers. In addition, LTAD is about enjoying life-long participation in angling and other physical activity. Training and competition programs are based on an athlete s developmental age rather than chronological age and are designed to optimize development during critical periods of maturation and trainability. LTAD also takes into account the physical, mental, emotional, and cognitive development of all participants. Angling has been identified as a late specialization sport, which means that most competitors will not achieve their maximum potential until their mid-thirties to mid-forties. This means that athlete development is a long term process. A solid foundation of movement skills and fitness is critical for everyone, especially athletes participating in late-specialization sports (including Angling). In order to reach their maximum potential, anglers need to build physical literacy as children - the mastering of fundamental movement skills and fundamental sport skills - by participating in a wide variety of sports and physical activity when they are young. Angling has the added advantage that participants from other more activity based sports can take up angling after they passed their competitive maturity age and still compete on any level they chose. Some of our most successful anglers received their Protea colours in their sixties. LTAD also contributes to health and a life-long enjoyment of angling and other physical activity. LTAD defines a clear, seamless development pathway. It gives coaches, administrators, volunteers and others involved a clear understanding of how they can best support the participants for whom they are responsible. It gives athletes a clear idea of what they need to do and when they need to do it in order to excel at the elite level. There are 7 stages that make up the angling LTAD Programme, the final competitive stage being Cast to Excel, however that is not to say that this is the only stage where competition and success should occur. We are developing a coaching framework that will allow athletes to be successful at every stage. The recent success over the last five years of South African anglers, on the international scene, suggests that we are doing a lot of things right. However, a clearly defined Long Term Angler Development Plan will establish a clear and consistent development pathway for angling, guide the examination of the current system to identify strengths, weaknesses, and inconsistencies; guide coaches to plan training, competing and recovery programs that are consistent with the principles of growth and maturation, thus allowing athletes to achieve optimal performances, and encourage them to stay in the sport for life; and help South African anglers to perform better and more consistently at the elite level from year to year.

10 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 9 What is Long-Term Angler Development? LTAD is a new wave in athlete development, based on the integration of sport science research with experience in working with anglers and coaches to develop a comprehensive set of development principles. LTAD takes the concept of periodization (the integration of competition, training, recovery, nutrition, and other elements of preparation to create a long-term training plan) to the next level, by integrating preparation over an entire career or lifetime, and considering the holistic development of the individual as well as his/her development as an angler. While an angler can enter the sport at any age, a key LTAD premise is that participants will not only be more successful in sport, but healthier throughout their life s if they develop physical literacy at a young age - a wide range of skills that include movement, balance, throwing, hitting, casting and catching, etc. The development of sound physical literacy skills, followed by on-going learning and training introduced during windows of optimal trainability keyed to developmental ages and stages, is necessary for any athlete to reach his or her full potential. Missing a step, or introducing the 5 Ss (stamina, strength, speed, skill and suppleness) too early or late, restricts the athlete s potential and makes reaching the highest levels of performance more difficult. However, by understanding the 10 Key Factors of LTAD, coaches can help anglers of any age participate and achieve their aspirations more effectively. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 10 4

11 SASACC STRUCTURES FOR DELIVERY OF THE LTAD PROGRAM As can be seen from the two diagrams below SASACC has four member federations. In turn each Member Federations has a number of Associations or in the case of SAFBAF a number of fixed committees. Under each association we have up to 14 Provincial Associations and under them is numerous member clubs (599 in total). We envisage the following couches at club level Participation Coach Children: Assistant Coach Coach Participation Coach Teen/ Adults: Assistant Coach Coach At Provincial Level Participation Coach Children: Senior Coach Participation Coach Teen/ Adults: Senior Coach Performance Coach: Assistant Coach Coach Performance Coach HP: Assistant Coach Coach At Association Level: Participation Coach Children: Master Coach Participation Coach Teen/ Adults: Master Coach Performance Coach: Senior Coach Master Coach Performance Coach HP: Senior Coach Master Coach Also at Association Level will be placed a coaching manager who will oversee activities in all coaching domains. At SASACC level there must also be a coaching coordinator who will oversee coaching activities in all facets/disciplines and at all levels. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 11

12

13 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 12

14 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 13

15 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 14 Ten key factors influencing optimal angler development: 1. The FUNdamentals: Basic physical literacy is the foundation for later athletic success. Apart from FUN, all athletes regardless of their sport, are more likely to succeed if early in life they developed a wide range of movement, balance and object control skills. 2. Specialization: Broad-based skills and abilities must be developed first. Premature specialization (prior to age in angling) may contribute to lack of essential skill development, overuse injuries, early burnout and early retirement from sport and physical activity. 3. Developmental Age: Young athletes may be early, average or late maturers in a range of physical, mental, cognitive and emotional qualities. It is essential to base athletic training on developmental age, not on chronological age. All too often, early maturers are identified for special attention and development, while it is the late maturers who may have the greater potential to become top athletes. It is also important to recognize that the early physical maturer may not be mentally or emotionally prepared for the challenges they appear ready to take on. 4. Trainability: Trainability is the responsiveness of individuals to training at different stages of growth and maturation. Windows of optimal trainability for the Ss of Stamina, Strength, Speed, Skill and Suppleness occur at different times - for example, stamina and strength trainability is linked to developmental age, while speed, skill and suppleness (flexibility) are linked to chronological age. 5. Physical, Cognitive, Mental and Emotional Development: A holistic approach to athlete development, considering all of these factors, is required for the best results. In addition to the five Ss of physical development, five additional Ss including Structure/stature (body type and growth), psychology, Sustenance (adequate nutrition, hydration and rest), Schooling (and stress), and Sociocultural factors must be considered. At any stage, over-emphasis on physical training and winning may not equip the athlete for the all challenges of high performance or for life outside sport. Developing the whole athlete, including character, ethics, and so on, should be the objective of every program. 6. Periodization: Periodization is the organization of a training program by manipulating modality, volume, intensity and frequency of training over long-term (multi-year) and annual time frames, using training, competition and recovery periods. LTAD, with its focus on lifelong development, sets context and direction for a sound, periodised training program. 7. System Alignment and Integration: The best results can only be achieved when all organizations and individuals involved in sport are working together in an integrated, coordinated way to support athlete development and success. Coaches, other sport leaders, facilities, organizations and competitions must work together to create an environment that supports athlete development. The LTAD Programme must become the focus of all angling leaders and

16 organizations.

17 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 15 S A S A C C - L o n g - T e r m Angler Development Programme 5 8. Competition Calendar Planning: Optimal sport-specific competition calendars are required for all stages of LTAD. Too much competition, especially at younger ages, can detract from development of skills and fitness. Optimizing the competition calendar to meet athlete development needs, while it may create logistic challenges, is essential to LTAD. 9. Excellence Takes Time: Research has concluded that takes a minimum of 10 years or 10,000 hours of training for a talented athlete to reach elite levels. There are no short-cuts. 10. Continuous Improvement: Sport is continuously evolving. Our plans and our organizations must adapt continuously to innovations, research and changes in the sport environment. New research and practical experience will constantly enrich our understanding and approach to LTAD.

18 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 16 6 Cast for Life Enter at any age Cast to Excel 7 or more years in sport Train to Compete 4 to 10 years in sport Train to Cast 2 to 8 years in sport Learning to Cast 1 to 4 years in sport FUNdamentals Ages 6-9 (M) and 6-8 (F) or 0-4 years in sport years in sport Active Start Stages of LTAD The LTAD Programme divides angler development into a series of stages. Within each stage, appropriate development is essential. Only by following age-appropriate activities and building a foundation in each stage for the next, can anglers optimally prepare to progress toward their goals. The stages of angling s LTAD programme are shown to the left. In angling, many participants begin at later ages, and come to the sport with some foundation of physical literacy and fitness developed in other activities. No matter what their age, they must progress developmentally from Learn to Cast to Cast to Excel stages if they are to become high performance anglers. For those who choose to participate but not pursue high performance, the Active for Life stage is open at any age after basic skills are developed. Due to the nature of the sport it is difficult to promote angling to disabled persons because of the risk factors. If however a coach should have the privilege to give instruction to anglers with a disability, two more stages are added at the beginning: Awareness and First Contact. These emphasize the need to make access to sport known to people with a disability, and then to ensure that the sport environment and first exposure are positive and welcoming. Ages 0-6 (M & F) or 0 years in sport

19 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 17 Sensitive Periods of Development The developmental stages are sensitive for young athletes. Peak Height Velocity (PHV), the maximum rate of growth during the adolescent growth spurt, is the key marker event for windows of optimum trainability for some of the physical Ss of stamina, strength, speed, skill and suppleness. It is essential that the introduction of training of these Ss is based on developmental age, not chronological age. Development occurs at different times for different young athletes. If the windows are missed, the athlete may not develop to full potential. This underlines the importance of youth recruitment, age-appropriate programs, and optimal coaching and competition calendars in angling. Coaches, especially, must have the expertise to identify the athlete s stage and the programs and systems that will allow the athlete to train and compete appropriately to his or her potential. However, even if windows are missed, all systems are always trainable. SENSITIVE PERIOD OF EXCELLERATED ADAPTATION TO TRAINING (Adopted from Cross Country Skiing: Canada 2006)

20 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 18 The 10 Ss The 5 Basic Ss of Training and Performance are Stamina (Endurance), Strength, Speed, Skill, and Suppleness (Flexibility). Stamina (Endurance): The sensitive period of trainability occurs at the onset of PHV. Aerobic capacity training is recommended before athletes reach PHV. Aerobic power should be introduced progressively after growth rate decelerates. Strength: The sensitive period of trainability for girls is immediately after PHV or at the onset of the menarche, while for boys it is 12 to 18 months after PHV. Speed: For boys, the first speed training window occurs between the ages of 7 and 9 years and the second window occurs between the ages of 13 and 16. For girls, the first speed training window occurs between the ages of 6 and 8 years and the second window occurs between the ages of 11 and 13 years. Skill: The window for optimal skill training for boys takes place between the ages of 9 and 12 and between the ages of 8 and 11 for girls, or more precisely at the onset of the growth spurt. Suppleness (Flexibility): The optimal window of trainability for suppleness for both genders occurs between the ages of 6 and10. Special attention should be paid to flexibility during PHV. Holistic athlete development depends on a balanced approach to training, competition and recovery which lays a solid foundation for each successive stage. The optimal development of these skills cannot occur without attention to five additional Ss: Structure/stature (body type and growth), psychology, Sustenance (adequate nutrition and rest), Schooling (or Stress), and Sociocultural factors. Structure/stature: By taking measurements and tracking changes in stature (the height of a human) before, during and after maturation, coaches and parents can track the developmental age of young anglers. Tracking developmental age then allows planning to address the sensitive periods of physical (endurance, strength, speed and flexibility) and skill development. Diagnostics to identify individually relevant sensitive periods of accelerated adaptation to training are essential to design and implement optimal training, competition, and recovery programs. In simple terms, there should be constant measuring and monitoring of the athlete s standing height, sitting height and arm span every three months, during their participation in angling programs, from the FUNdamentals stage through to the completion of their relative growth spurt.

21 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 19 psychology: Ultimately, the planning, implementing, and refining of mental strategies for high-level competition will have a large impact on podium performances. Consequently, the mental training program is critical at all stages of LTAD, as dealing with success and failure will determine whether the athlete continues in the sport and physical activity in general. Sustenance: Sustenance recognizes a broad range of components with the central theme of replenishing the body, including nutrition, hydration, rest, sleep, and regeneration, all of which need to be applied differently to training (life) plans depending on the stage of LTAD. Underlying sustenance is the need for optimal recovery management: the athlete moves to a 24/7 Programme which places a high degree of importance on the individual s activities away from the field of play. To achieve proper sustenance and recovery, the coach and/or parent must monitor recovery through the identification of fatigue. Schooling: When designing training programs for young athletes, the demands of school must be considered. This is not only limited to the demands placed by school sports or physical education classes but includes integrating school academic loads, duties, timing of exams and other stresses. For mature athletes, a similar approach must be taken to work. When possible, training camps and competition tours should complement, not conflict, with the timing of major academic or work events. Overstress (the stress of life events over and above sport training) should be monitored carefully. Interference from other school sports should be minimized, and communication between coaches responsible for delivering the training and competition programs, is essential. Parents should work together with coaches to ensure a coordinated approach.

22 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 20 Sociocultural: Socialization through sport participation can involve broadening of perspective, including ethnicity awareness and national diversity. Within the travel schedule, recovery can include education related to the competition location, including history, geography, architecture, cuisine, literature, music, and visual arts. Proper planning can allow sport to offer much more than simply commuting between hotel room and field of play. Sport socialization also must address sport subculture to ensure positive societal values and norms will be internalized via sport participation. Coaches and parents must guard against group dynamics which create a culture of abuse or bullying. Ethics training should be integrated into training and competition plans at all stages of LTAD. Overall, sociocultural activity does not interfere with competition activities: It is a positive contribution to the development of the person and the athlete. Angling has a real contribution to make towards environmental awareness and teaching nature conservation to new participants. One may ask what it is about angling that leads to aquatic resource conservation/stewardship. And how can SASACC s programme and coaches strengthen this stewardship? Intuitively a strong relationship between angling participation and stewardship activity should exist. The significant life experiences research conducted by Tanner (1980) and Chawla (2000) offers support of this. A fundamental tenet in SASACC s angling programmes is the importance of caring for aquatic resources and the environment, with the logic assumption being that the deeper the connection built with the natural world through angling experiences, the more likely stewardship outcomes will occur. Angling activities places the participant in direct contact with nature, thereby heightening environmental awareness and concern (Geisler 1977). Research conducted by Nabham and Trimble (1994) and others that have examined how children come to recognise and ultimately value their environment also support this process of developing stewardship. Our programmes will create a sense of place building personal histories that link people and places and the things that happened together. SASACC s school programmes aim to holistically develop participants. Through our National Schools Programme we can develop well balanced anglers with a positive attitude of towards stewardship of the environment (See Appendix C: National Schools Programme)

23 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 21 Why Does Angling Need LTAD? Coaches Sport Leaders Training methods and competition programs Competition system interferes with athlete development designed for male athletes are superimposed (skews or reduces training) on female athletes No talent identification Need more female coaches No integration between physical education in schools, Lack of understanding of coaching athletes community programs, and elite competitive programs with a disability Failure to integrate athletes with a disability Coaches largely neglect the sensitive periods Fundamental movement skills and sport skills are not of accelerated adaptation to training taught properly Adult training programs are imposed on The most knowledgeable coaches work at the elite developing athletes level and not at the developmental level where Preparation is geared to the short-term quality coaches are essential outcome winning and not to the May have difficulty funding youth programmes process Programming is not a priority Need to promote lifelong learning and Forced to change mission/mandate in pursuit of development for coaches funding Organizations Developmental athletes over-compete and under-train Adult training and competition programs are imposed on developing athletes Chronological rather than developmental age used in training and competition planning Lack of training facilities Programming for profit vs. development Lack of entry level programs Clubs lack specific role and mandate linked to a coordinated system Parents Parents are not educated about LTAD Parents may not understand the sport system and which organization does what Sports specialize too early in an attempt to win or to attract and retain participants; parents need to understand and resist this tendency FUN is forgotten

24 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme As a consequence of a deficient system, athletes may suffer: Injury Failure to reach optimal performance levels in international competitions Poor movement abilities Lack of proper fitness Poor skill development Bad habits developed from over-competing focussed on winning Undeveloped and unrefined skills due to undertraining Female athlete potential not reached due to male oriented programs Children not having fun as they are forced to bypass the FUN element due to premature participation in adult-based programs No systematic development of the next generation of national and international athletes Athletes pulled in different directions by school, club, and provincial organizations because of the structure of competition programs Remedial programs needed by provincial and national team coaches, to counteract the shortcomings of athlete preparation Fluctuating performance due to lack of talent identification and a clear developmental pathway Athletes fail to reach their genetic potential and optimal performance level Athletes leave sport and want nothing to do with it later Angling s new Long-Term Angler Development Programme addresses these issues. By introducing LTAD principles and building an integrated angler development system around them, we can achieve greater participation and competitive success. Angling s 6 Fs of Development In a long-term angling development system, optimal preparation for success depends on a progressive building of preparation using the following six elements - Fun, Form, Fitness (strength), Fitness (endurance), Focus and Flow. These six elements represent an angling-specific approach to the 10 Ss (see p. 8). Each element builds on the previous and each must be introduced at the appropriate stage of development. Fun: Opportunity for participation in other activities, unstructured play, and experimentation is essential in every stage to maintain interest and to stimulate creativity. Remember, the number one reason for drop-out from sport is it stopped being fun. Form: The applied biomechanics of angling. Good form is the foundation of distance and accurate cast-making, setting of the hook and the process of landing fish depends on correct body position and movement sequencing as well as correct equipment selection and underlying posture and strength. Form is based on the physiological and psychological abilities of balance, flexibility, core strength and stability, strength and power, gross and fine motor skills, coordination, and visual acuity.

25 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 23 Fitness (strength): As the basics of good form are put into place, the angler develops sufficient muscular strength to make a cast or set a hook. Increased strength as the angler continues development allows controlled use of longer and heavier rods, and therefore greater cast distance. Bi-lateral development is important to avoid development of postural imbalance and chronic injury. Strength includes the capacities of neuromuscular patterning and adaptation (Strength 1), and hypertrophy (Strength 2). Fitness (strength-endurance): With basic strength in place, strength-endurance, or the ability to cast with a rod into the wind repeatedly without fatigue, becomes critically important. This is particularly essential in competition. Aerobic endurance and continued development of all-round fitness compliments strength-endurance and are also developed. Focus: The mental game. Focus includes all elements of mental preparation necessary to cope with competitive pressure and maintain accuracy in all conditions. This includes introducing elements of relaxation, self-talk, and focus strategy. Flow: Flow is the integration of all the key elements plus the accumulation of experience and knowledge at Competition level, to achieve high performance levels. While it contains technical elements (e.g. how to cast distances in access of a 180 meters ) and physical/mental components (knowledge of conditions and baits for certain venues) it is also in part the confidence that comes from optimal preparation. Angling s 6 Fs of Development (Mihaly Czikszentmihalyi first published the concept of flow:1985)

26 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme The Long-Term Angler Development Programme To reach his or her potential and goals, a participant needs the right training and preparation, the right competitive opportunities, the right equipment, and the right nutrition, rest and regeneration all at the right times. This Long- Term Angler Development Programme defines guidelines for stage-by-stage development from entry into the sport, through to high performance and/or active participation for life. The LTAD Programme is a summary of key training and performance goals for anglers. This Programme assumes sufficient infrastructure and support is provided; in other words, without adequate coaching, proper competition opportunities, and other key elements, anglers cannot expect to meet all the training and performance goals in the LTAD Programme. To support our coaches and anglers and achieve our goals for angling, we must build an integrated, coordinated system supporting our anglers from playground to podium and to lifelong involvement. Of course, anglers are individuals. The LTAD Programme consists of guidelines, and anglers, coaches, leaders and parents must be flexible in application to ensure that LTAD enhances angling as an experience and a sport for all participants. All anglers need individualized programs and evaluation by a certified coach with an understanding of Long-Term Angler Development. Guidelines should never be used to select or reject anglers. It is our hope and expectation that, as a result of developing and sharing this Programme, leaders and parents will know how to make decisions that benefit the Long-Term development of anglers, coaches will have a common guide for the design of annual plans and programs, and anglers will have the guidance and support they need to excel and to participate for a lifetime.

27 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 25 Cast for Fun Cast to Excel Cast for Life The Long-Term Angler Development Programme It only takes a single moment to become an angler. You may hold a rod for the first time at schools project, accompany a parent or friend on a fishing trip, or watch an angling tournament on television and decide to become a champion. You may be five years old, or fifty. The essential thing is that the first exposure to angling provides challenge, reward and enjoyment - in other words, that it is FUN. Fun is the basis for a lifetime in sport, a process of life-long development which is captured in the Long- Term Angler Development Programme. The LTAD Programme groups the seven LTAD stages into a framework of Cast for Fun, Cast to Excel, and Cast for Life. Cast for Fun represents the entry into the sport, up to and including the Learn to Cast stage. Cast to Excel represents development on a competition path as far as the angler wishes to go. Cast for Life reminds us that the angler can remain active in the sport for a lifetime, through recreational competition, as a coach, official and sport leader. Of course, this framework does not mean that fun is not an essential part of Cast to Excel, or that a Cast for Life angler cannot compete to win within his or her abilities. It is simply intended to represent a lifetime journey through the sport. The central concept of the LTAD Programme is that of continuous learning, continuous improvement, and continuous enjoyment. It is the idea of progressive development from stage to stage, as far as the angler wishes to go. It is the idea that every achievement is built on what came before, whether those skills were developed in angling or in other sports, and that to reach his or her goals there is an ideal path in which every step is supported by a sound system of coaching, sport leadership, good venues, and optimum competition. It is the idea of Kaizen, the Japanese word for continuous improvement - the understanding that where we are today is not a destination but rather a foundation for tomorrow s achievement. The following pages depict the journey through angling, stage by stage, for anglers of all ages. A specific section on Developing the Young Angler follows. For each stage, the key objectives, the balance of Fun, Form, Fitness-strength, Fitness-endurance, Focus and Flow, and the progress markers or benchmarks are listed. Remember that while every angler must progress through every stage to the level to which they aspire, every angler is also an individual. All abilities are always trainable. These objectives and benchmarks are guidelines for development, not a means to select or reject individual participants.

28 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 26 Long-Term Angler Development ANGLING LTAD FRAMEWORK Cast for Fun Cast to Excel Cast for Life LTAD STAGE Active Start FUN damentals Learn to Cast Train to Cast Train to Cast to Cast for Compete Excel Life TRAINING YEARS 0 years 0-4 yrs 1-4 yrs 2-8 yrs 4-10 yrs 7+ yrs Enter any age after growth spurt ANGLING s 6 Fs FUN 100 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 15 % 10 % FUN FORM 40 % 40 % 25 % 20 % 15 % FORM FIT-STR 20 % 25 % 15 % 15 % FIT-STR FIT-END 20 % 20 % 20 % FIT-END FOCUS 10 % 20 % 20 % FOCUS FLOW 10 % 20 % FLOW OTHER SPORTS MANY ACTIVITIES 3+ OTHER 3+ OTHER 2 OTHER 1 OTHER ANGLING ONLY AS DESIRED DISCIPLINE & FACETS NON-SPESIFIC ONE (entry) ONE (specializing) (specialized) AS DESIRED QUALITY EQUIPMENT 0 25% 25% 50% 75% 100% 100% AS DESIRED TRAINING HRS per SESSION/WK NONE < 3 hrs/wk 3 hrs/wk < 8 hrs/wk < 14 hrs/wk hrs/wk AS NEEDED COMP RATIO % NONE 100 T : 0 C 90 T : 10 C 85 T : 15 C 80 T : 20 C 70 T : 30 C AS DESIRED COMP FOCUS NONE FUN ONLY CLUB/LOCAL PROVINCIAL NATIONAL INTERNATIONAL AS DESIRED COACHING NONE PARTICIPANT COACH PARTICIPANT COACH PERFORMANCE COACH PERFORMANCE COACH PERFORMANCE H.P. AS DESIRED

29 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 27 Angling Stage-by-Stage Cast For Fun Active Start (age 0-6; 0 sport years) and FUNdamentals (age 6-9; 0-4 sport years) Objectives: Learn fundamental movements and link them together into play. Build overall motor skills. Emphasis on initiation, sport basics, and safety. (Note: Active Start and FUNdamentals are key motor and skill development stages for children. Adult anglers must also have developed this physical literacy, if not in childhood, then later through a wide variety of sports and activities.) Angling s 6Fs: Fun - 100% (Active Start) to 60% (FUNdamentals) Form - Up to 40% in FUNdamentals Fitness (strength) - 0%- unstructured only; part of other activity. Fitness (endurance) - 0%- unstructured only; part of other activity. Focus - 0%- unstructured only; part of other activity. Flow - 0%- unstructured only; part of other activity. Benchmarks: Facets and disciplines - Single facet only (e.g. either bank or match angling) for sport introduction. Training duration - No structured training (Active Start); up to 45 minutes/session (FUNdamentals) Training volume - (FUNdamentals) 1-2 sessions per week, less than 3 hours in total Competition - No formal competition in these stages. Fun competitions at end of stage. Coaching Participant coach (Children and teen/adult). Notes: Free (unstructured) play is essential in these stages. Help participants in this stage feel competent and comfortable with activity. Should be non-competitive and focus on activity. No participant should be left out; elimination-type competition is not appropriate. In the FUNdamentals stage, introduce angling as one of a number of sport activities. FUNdamentals angling use venues where short distance casting is normally required.

30 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 28 Angling Stage-by-Stage Cast For Fun Learn to Cast (1 to 4 sport years) Objectives: Learn overall sports skills. Emphasis on development of form. Angling s 6Fs: Fun - 30% Form - 40% Fitness (strength) - 20% Fitness (endurance) - 0%- unstructured only; part of other activity. Focus - 0%- unstructured only; part of other activity. Flow - 0%- unstructured only; part of other activity. Benchmarks: Facets and disciplines Introduce other facets like carp, match and feeder concepts to develop a range of skills and interests. Training duration - Up to 90 minutes per session. Training volume - Angling specific training 3-4 sessions per week, plus participation in other sports. Total angling training approximately 3 hours per week. Competition local and club competitions, and up to 1-3 regional competitions per year; 90% training, 10% competition. Treat competitions as practice. Coaching - Participant coach (Children and teen/adult). Notes: A structured training program should be introduced. Participate in 2-3 other sports as well as angling. Introduce angling competition at local/club levels. Participate in several disciplines to build a foundation of angling skills.

31 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 29 6 Angling Stage-by-Stage Cast to Excel Train to Cast (2 to 8 sport years) Objectives: Build an aerobic base, develop speed and strength towards the end of the stage, and further develop and consolidate sport-specific skills. Emphasis on refining form and building fitness. Angling s 6Fs: Fun - 20% Form - 25% Fitness (strength) - 25% Fitness (endurance) - 20% Focus - 10% Flow - 0%- unstructured only; part of other activity. Benchmarks: Facets and disciplines Introduce other facets like carp, match and feeder concepts to develop a range of skills and interests. Training duration - Up to 120 minutes per session. Training volume - Angling specific training 3-5 sessions per week including fitness training. Total approximately 8 hours per week including 2-3 hours of fitness training. Competition - 5 to 6 local, 2 regional or provincial competitions per year. Introduce 1-2 national or international competitions at end of stage. 85% training, 15% competition. Coaching: Participant coach (Children and teen/adult)/performance coach (talented athletes)

32 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 30 Notes: A structured, periodised program is recommended. Avoid using competition for selection. Compete for development and learninginitial development of focus skills. Reduce the number of other sports, but maintain exposure to multiple facets for development and future choice. Refine form. For young anglers, coaches must be aware of the rapid changes to physical, emotional, and cognitive abilities in this period and provide individual training approaches. Performance may decrease due to these changes during puberty and post-puberty so additional support will be needed. As part of SASACC s policy: one day of every national championship is devoted to coaching

33 Angling Stage-by-Stage Cast to Excel Train to Compete (4 to 10 sport years) Objectives: Optimize physical preparation and sport-specific skills. Learn competition and performance skills. Emphasis on refining fitness and focus, angling to win. Angling s 6Fs: Fun - 15% Form - 20% Fitness (strength) - 15% Fitness (endurance) - 20% Focus - 20% Flow - 10% Benchmarks: Facets and disciplines Bank, Match, Feeder or Carp angling (specialize in one) Training duration - Up to 150 minutes per session. Training volume - Angling specific technical, tactical and fitness training 8-12 sessions per week. Total up to 14 hours per week including 4-6 hours fitness training. Competition local, 2 each regional, provincial, national, international per year. Up to 3 international competitions by end of stage. 80% training, 20% competition. Coaching: Performance coach (talented athletes) Notes: Year-round, high intensity training periodization recommended. Training program focuses on building on strengths and remediation of weaknesses. Use functional analysis of flexibility and strength to develop a periodised strength training program as part of training program. Focus on preventing or overcoming imbalances, core strength, specific strength and endurance. Specialization; reduce alternate sports and angling facets and disciplines. Specialize in a single facet (i.e. bank or Match etc.) Increase in number and level of competitions; Programme competitions in training. Exposure to top-level competition. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 31 Cast to Excel Cast to Excel (7+ sport years) Objectives: Optimize physical preparation, competition and performance skills. Emphasis on perfecting focus and flow, angling to achieve. Angling s 6Fs: Fun - 10% Form - 15% Fitness (strength) - 15% Fitness (endurance) - 20% Focus - 20% Flow - 20% Benchmarks: Divisions and disciplines - Fully specialized in one facet. Training duration minutes per session. Training volume - Angling specific technical, tactical and fitness training sessions/week. Total hours per week. Competition local, 2 each regional, provincial, national, 4 international. 70% training, 30% competition. Coaching - Performance coach High Performance. Notes: Specialization in one angling discipline recommended. Year-round, high intensity training recommended. Training program focuses on fine-tuning strengths. Use functional analysis of flexibility and strength to develop a periodised strength training program as part of training program. Focus on preventing or overcoming imbalances, core strength, specific strength and endurance. Integration of physical and mental training, expert skills, and competition experience to achieve flow. Increased number and level of competitions. Use some competitions to model upcoming key competitions. Train to peak for major competitions.

34 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Angling Stage-by-Stage Cast for Life Cast for Life (enter at any time after growth spurt and/or basic skills developed) Objectives: Transition from competitive career to lifelong physical activity and participation in sport. Angling s 6Fs: Fun - 40% Form - 10% Fitness (strength) - 10% Fitness (endurance) - 10% Focus - 10% Flow - 20% Benchmarks: Facets and disciplines - As desired. Training duration - As desired. Training volume - As desired. Competition - As desired. Notes: Training and competition may range from recreational to high intensity depending on the particular goals and abilities of the angler. Age group competitions. Give back to the sport as a volunteer, coach, official or administrator.

35 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Developing the Young Angler A guiding principle of LTAD is age and stage-appropriate development. Key Factor 4, Developmental Age, points out that individuals develop physically, socially, emotionally, and intellectually at different rates, and that the participant coach children must be aware of the individual s development and able to modify training and competition to suit individual needs. Providing the right training during sensitive periods of development lays the foundation for optimal performance at later stages. Coaches of anglers between 9 and years old must be aware of these periods and how to work with them. (Key Factor 5) The following graphs and notes show the windows for the main physical, motor and mental abilities as they develop. Active Start: 0-6 years old and/or 0 sport years Gross Motor Skills Goal setting Strength 2 Provide organized physical activity for at least 30 minutes a day for pre-schoolers. Balance Coordination Agility Speed 2 Abstract Thinking Aerobic Endurance Provide unstructured physical activityactive play- for at least 60 minutes every day for toddlers and pre-schoolers. Toddlers and pre-schoolers should not be sedentary for more than 60 minutes at a time except while sleeping. Memory Visual Acuity Casting Fine Motor Skills Strength 1 Speed 1 Mental Programmes 4- MAX 3- HIGH 2- MED 1 - LOW Enjoy a wide range of basic movement skills such as running, jumping, throwing, twisting, wheeling, kicking, throwing and catching. Angling can be introduced to children with adequate body awareness. FUNdamentals: 6-9 years old and/or 0-4 sport years Agility Gross Motor Skills Goal setting Strength 2 Speed 2 Practice and master fundamental movement skills before sport-specific skills are introduced. Balance Coordination Memory Visual Acuity Speed 1 Abstract Thinking Aerobic Endurance Mental Programmes Emphasize overall development of the ABC s of athleticism: agility, balance, coordination and speed. Participate in a wide range of sports. Develop speed, power and endurance using games. Introduce angling: basics of safety and form. Casting Fine Motor Skills Strength 1

36 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 34 Developing the Young Angler Learn to Cast: 9-12 years old (M), 8-11 years old (F) and/or 1-4 sport years Early- and late-stage graphs are shown. This is a sensitive period for development of motor skills and coordination. Note the high trainability for balance, visual acuity, fine motor skills. Participate in a wide range of sports. Develop speed, power and endurance using games. 4- MAX Goal setting Goal setting Gross Motor 3- HIGH Gross Motor Skills Strength 2 Skills Strength 2 2- MED Agility Speed LOW Agility Speed 2 Balance Abstract Thinking Balance Abstract Thinking Coordination Aerobic Endurance Coordin- ation Aerobic Endurance Memory Visual Acuity LEARN TO CAST - EARLY Speed 1 Mental Programmes Memory LEARN TO ACTIVE CAST - LATE START Visual Acuity Speed 1 Mental Programmes Casting Fine Motor Skills Strength 1 Casting Fine Motor Skills Strength 1 Train to Cast: years old (M), years old (F) and/or 2-8 sport years Early- and late-stage graphs are shown. Prioritize aerobic training (post peak height velocity) to maximize the window of trainability. Emphasize flexibility training given rapid growth of bones, muscles and connective tissue. Introduce goal setting and competition skills, but emphasize physical development Possible decline in performance late in stage due to growth spurt (interference with coordination, etc.) and onset of adolescence. Agility Gross Motor Skills Goal setting TRAIN TO CAST - EARLY Strength 2 Speed 2 4- MAX Goal setting 3- HIGH Gross Motor Skills Strength 2 2- MED TRAIN TO CAST 1 - LOW Agility Speed 2 - LATE Balance Abstract Thinking Balance Abstract Thinking Coordination Aerobic Endurance Coordin- ation Aerobic Endurance Memory Mental Programmes Memory Mental Programmes Visual Acuity Speed 1 Visual Acuity Speed 1 Casting Fine Motor Skills Strength 1 Casting Fine Motor Skills Strength 1

37 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Developing the Young Angler Train to Compete: 16 to 23+/- years old (M), 15 to 21+/- years old (F) and/or 4-10 sport years Balance Agility Gross Motor Skills Goal setting Strength 2 Speed 2 Abstract Thinking Optimize the physical development of the angler. Emphasize development of strength and strength-endurance. Coordination Memory Visual Acuity TRAIN TO COMPETE Speed 1 Aerobic Endurance Mental Programmes Major emphasis on learning competition skills and focus. Exposure to toplevel competition. Possible decline in performance early in stage due to early adolescent life events. Casting Fine Motor Skills Strength 1 4- MAX 3- HIGH 2- MED 1 - LOW Cast to Excel: 19+/- years old (M), 18+/- years old (F) and/or 7+ sport years Gross Motor Skills Goal setting Strength 2 Optimize all physical and mental skills. Balance Agility Speed 2 Abstract Thinking Specialization and refinement are key objectives. Coordination Aerobic Endurance Note high trainability in goal setting and Strength 2 (muscle building). Memory Visual Acuity CAST TO EXCEL Speed 1 Mental Programmes High intensity training with rest as required. Casting Fine Motor Skills Strength 1 Summary These guidelines will prove valuable to coaches of young anglers. By age 17, if windows of optimal trainability were missed, coaches must pay attention to remediation. Alternately, ways to recruit anglers in the critical ages can be pursued.

38 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 36 Balancing Physical, Motor and Mental Training Factors Angling s 6Fs of Fun, Form, Fitness-strength, Fitness-endurance, Focus and Flow rest on a foundation of physical, motor and mental competences. These become increasingly integrated as the angler develops, so it is essential to understand the fundamentals and how to progressively introduce and train them. This diagram shows the components of these factors as well as recommended percentage of training time in each of the LTAD stages. Note: these are guidelines. Extra time for remediation must be added if development was incomplete in preceding stage(s). % Training Time in Physical and Mental Factors Across LTAD Stages FUN Learn to Train to Train to Cast to The 6 Fs...consisting of... damentals Cast Cast Compete Excel FUN Social interaction Variety & Creativity Balanced challenge & skill level 60% 40 % 20 % 15 % 10 % FORM Balance Spot Casting Gross & Fine Visual acuity motor skills Flexibility Coordination Core strength Distance casting Strength 40 % 40 % 25 % 20 % 15 % FITNESS STRENGTH Neuromuscular patterning Hypertrophy (cell growth) Intro 20 % 25 % 15 % 15 % FITNESS STRENGTH- ENDURANCE Energy systemsaerobic & anaerobic power (central and muscular) Intro 20 % 20 % 20 % FOCUS Self talk Focus strategy Key words Relaxation 10 % 20 % 20 % FLOW Experience Tournament skills Strategy Intro 10 % 20 % Skill integration

39 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 37 Angling Skill Development Stage FUNdamentals Learn to Cast Train to Cast Train to Compete Cast to Excel Years in Sport 0 4 years 1 4 years 2 8 years 4 10 years 7+ years Skill Development Acquisition (A) Introduction of Skill (movement patterning) Cognitive Stage Consolidation (C) Stability of skill through practise (correct execution in variable conditions) Associative Stage Refinement (R) Fine tuning of skill (Minor improvements, creative solutions under all conditions Coaching level Part. Coach Part. Coach Part. Coach/Perf. Coach (talent) Perf. Coach (talent) Perf. Coach HP Posture A C C R R Stance A C C R R Grip A C C R R Finger hook on line A C C R R Raising rod A C C R R Form Swing A C C R R Release A C C R R Line control A C C R R Set hook A C C R R Play fish A C C R R Landing fish A C C R R Fish Handling Handling of fish A C C R Bait Traces Preparation A C C R Selection A C C C R Binding A C C R Selection A C C R Hook A C C R Weight A C C R Leader - Selection A C C R Leader - knot A C C R Equipment Selection rod A C C R Selection reel A C R Selection line A C R Setup A C R Handling A C R Maintenance A C R Spares A C R Consumables Spare line A C R Dips A C C R Competition specific Mental preparation Environmental Rules and regulations Bottom type A C C R Water depth A C R R Water visibility A C R R Water temperature A C R R Wind A C R R Weather conditions A C R R Species available A C R R Species targeting A C R R Species behaviour A C C R Knowledge of venue A C C R Automation of form A C R Mental rehearsal A C R Relaxation A C C R Stress handling A C R Goal setting A C R Conservation awareness A C C R Ordinance s A C R R Angling rules A C R R

40 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 38 An Integrated Angling Development System Angling truly is a sport for life. Across South Africa angling is practiced in a wide range of disciplines at various venues ranging from little streams and ponds to the deep sea. Bank and Salt Water angling remains the most popular facets. Currently SASACC has over members and 599 clubs nation-wide. During the past year (2010/11) 256 new anglers were introduced to the sport of which 78 were previously disadvantaged individuals (pdi). During the current year (2011/2012), however we had hugely successful development programs on an on-going basis which we estimate will produce more than 2000 new PDI participants through our schools programmes Growth in participation as well as competitive success remains the key objectives of SASACC. To reach these objectives, we need to work together. Long-term angler development is athletecentred, coach driven and system-supported, so parents, anglers, coaches, clubs, officials and other sport leaders all have their role to play. The best results can only be achieved when all organizations and individuals involved in sport are working together in an integrated, coordinated way to support angler development and success. These points outline how each group can contribute to the sport: Parents: Participate in sport with their children Encourage participation of their children in two to three other complementary sports Provide support and guidance and make involvement in sport fun Be educated about angling and how one can progress through the sport Have basic education on nutrition/recovery Make a long-term commitment to skill/ performance progression Understand the ABC s of athleticism: agility, balance, coordination and speed Understand the concept that increased activity reverses the current trends in childhood and adult obesity and cardiovascular disease Understand the concept that inactive adults tend to produce inactive children and that the reverse is also true Understand that children will lose motivation if they feel that cannot match their parents expectations Be flexible with their expectations; as children pass through different phases of development, parents (and coaches) should modify their expectations as necessary Strive to get an accurate assessment of their children s ability This is about the development of the child; make sure parental expectations of skills, abilities and aspirations are in line with that of the child Explore the child s expectations, goals and aspirations

41 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme An Integrated Angling Development System Anglers: Enjoy the sport Become adept at the key physiological proficiencies: balance, flexibility, posture, core stability, strength and power, cardio endurance and performance skills Understand how pressure and stress affects performance Understand their mental performance strengths and weaknesses Know what mental management skills they need to integrate into their personal performance plan to be able to control their emotions, focus on the task, and cope with adversity under pressure Become self-reliant and demonstrate taking independent initiative in learning and developing their skills and strategies Coaches and Instructors: Have a passion for the sport and for excellence Be educated and have a thorough understanding of the LTAD Understand how and where they fit into the system Know what is required in order to deliver the angler to the next level Continue to upgrade skills and knowledge Have a general understanding of what is available for anglers of all levels Accept that effective mental skills are critical to consistent, quality performances at all levels Integrate the mental skills training process into angler programs Clubs: Understand their role and what is required to deliver the angler to the next level Provide proper coaching, training and competition opportunities Provide proper access to training and competition facilities Provide a support structure i.e. finances, mentoring, resources, instruction, coaching etc. Be aware of and encourage junior programs such as Schools and other entry programs SASACC National Federations, Associations and their Affiliates: Be a source of information, expertise and support - the backbone to provide the necessary information, contacts, personnel and communications in angler development Understand what is required to deliver the angler to the next level Facilitate discussion among the various stakeholders, clubs, anglers, appropriate administrators and associations Find means to reduce costs to stakeholders (anglers, coaches, facilities etc.) Make sure significant programming is in place to support their role Strive to be the best Federation/Association at their level Place increasing emphasis on junior development and adult recreational programs to ensure the long-term growth of the sport Sport for Life LTAD is not simply about excellence. Competitive anglers typically participate in other sports before participating in angling, and one day will retire from competition. While one objective of the LTAD Programme is to define an optimum path to excellence and the system improvements which must be in place to support excellence, it is equally important to define a path to activity for life. Anglers can migrate from competitive angling to long-term non- or semi-competitive angling at any time, and must be encouraged to stay in sport - any sport - as well as to give back by becoming a coach, official or other sports leaders.

42 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 40 An Integrated Angling Development System Performance Priorities - Athlete Performance and Support - Coach Education and Support - Competition - Equipment - Venue Access - Sport Medicine - Sport Science - Talent ID - Scouting - Teams National Provincial Club - Training - Research Long-Term Angler Development Cast to Excel Train to Compete Train to Cast Learn to Cast CAST for Life FUNdamentals Active Start Organized Sport - Community - School System Development - Clubs - Community Initiatives - Communications - Facility Plans - Financial Sustainability - Governance - Tournaments International National Provincial - Event Hosting - Human Resources - Marketing - Organizational - School Sport Academies & Initiatives - Risk Management - Sport Sector - Technology - Volunteers

43 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Multi-sport, Multi-discipline Cooperation The goal of LTAD is a physically active life resulting in a host of health and social benefits. With the right foundation and preparation, participants may also go on to become high performance anglers. Physical literacy developed in the Active Start, FUNdamentals and Learn to Cast stages is a prerequisite for high performance, and this is best developed through participation in a number of sport activities that help develop the 5 Ss: stamina, strength, speed, skill and suppleness. The graph below illustrates how an individual progresses through multiple sport activities as well as disciplines within a specific sport. Hours per year is estimated total hours spent in all forms of physical activity. From enjoying a wide range of unstructured activities in the Active Start stage, the individual enters several organized sport programs in the FUNdamentals stage including angling. Additional angling disciplines are added in the Learn to Cast stage to enhance skill development and promote choice. Although the entry discipline may be preferred in the Train to Cast stage it is ultimately dropped to allow specialization in the Train to Compete stage. Finally, in the Cast for Life stage time is set aside for giving back as a coach or leader. In addition to demonstrating the importance of multi-sport, multi-discipline participation in building angler skills, the Programme raises another concept - that of cooperation with other sport organizations. For an angler to participate in more than one sport, coordination of training and competition loads, rest and recovery, travel and other factors is necessary. This will require improved communication between coaches and other sport leaders. Lifelong Physical Activity and Specialization H O U R S 1000 Multiple Physical Activities Giving back to angling 750 back P E R 500 Y E A R l ACTIVE START FUNdamentals Learn Train Train Cast Cast to to to to for Cast Cast Compete Excel Life Multiple Physical Activities Single Physical Activities Multiple Physical Activities

44 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 42 Cast for Life: From Bank To Deep Sea The Cast for Life stage can include anglers of any age and with any interest. All forms of angling are valued and supported by SASACC. The growth of the sport in South Africa depends on providing programs and opportunities for all these anglers to allow them to explore their interests and aspirations, while contributing to the greater angling community. Participation in multiple disciplines of angling is recommended while the angler is developing and is encouraged for recreation. Only Cast to Excel anglers need to be concerned with specialization. Cast for Life anglers and their clubs can help promote angling by providing inter-club or crossdiscipline events and venues. Angling truly is a sport for life!

45 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 43 Cast for Life: Coach and Leader Development The Cast for Life stage is not just the opportunity to participate in recreational and competitive angling. It is the time to give back by participating as a coach, official or sport leader. Volunteering is essential to the continued growth of angling in South Africa. In particular, coaches are the backbone of the sport system. Vital to the development of anglers at all stages, they are leaders and organizers in community sport (Active Start to Learn to Cast) and technical experts at provincial and national levels (Train to Compete to Cast to Excel). Coaches must have the expertise to identify the stage of maturation of the angler and the programs and systems to allow that angler to train and compete appropriately to his or her potential. We need more good coaches at all stages, and every coach must have a clear understanding of LTAD principles. Getting more and better coaching for South African anglers is priority one for sport leaders. Just as most South African sport organizations are participating in LTAD planning, they are also developing new LTCD programs. The following diagram shows the new angling LTCD in relation to the LTAD Programme: Similarly, the recruitment and development of officials and sport leaders is critical to the future of angling. SASACC plans to increase efforts to recruit, develop and retain Cast for Life-stage anglers to contribute to the building of an integrated angling system in South Africa. When the system provides adequate support, and the angler attains the key competencies in each stage including previous, foundation stages, then the angler is able, within his or her own limitations, to reach the highest level of performance. Everyone - angler, parent, coach, club, association, etc. - has to get it right for the angler to reach his or her full potential. By following the angling LTAD Programme and participating as both angler and builder, we can create a system which allows anglers to reach their potential.

46 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 44 Planning for Success - Strategic Initiatives The LTAD is an inclusive programme for participants of all backgrounds and abilities which affirm the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom of all South-Africans. This programme will help put South African angling on track for long-term success: more anglers enjoying the sport longer, and achieving more competitive success. However, no Programme makes a difference until it is put into action. Action means change. In the development of this Programme and guide, a number of key issues for South African angling were identified. It is strongly recommended that the following steps be taken to help create the sport we need - an integrated angler development system which provides seamless support to all anglers from entry into the sport through to Cast for Life. First priority: Coaching 1. Improve communication and cooperation between SASACC coaches (LTCD & LTTD). Hold annual coach training/development seminars in each province. 2. To ensure there is an administrative and financial programme to support each coaching programme. 3. Increase the number of trained coaches at all levels, and ensures they have a solid understanding of LTAD. 4. Make high-performance angling coaching a profession. Attract expert coaches to help build the sport. Second priority: Leaders 5. Create more leadership training opportunities in cooperation with the provincial associations. 6. Host regular SASACC/National Federations as well as SASACC/Provincial associations conferences and SASACC/NF s Presidents meetings to focus on development issues and identify and recruit new leaders. 7. Emphasize the recruitment and support for fund raising volunteers, e.g. Marketing at national and provincial levels. Third priority: Organizations 8. Review the SASACC structure and programs to re-emphasize equality of programs and service for all forms of angling. 9. Provide standardized policies, standards and agreements on the SASACC web site. Explore SASACC/NF s agreements to help coordinate efforts and delineate clear responsibilities. 10. Work toward a greater level of staff support, particularly to ensure that NF s and provincial associations are adequately staffed in order to meet in most cases government priorities. Fourth priority: Competitions 11. Modify format of development competitions to ensure progression is appropriate for all stages. Educate coaches on the appropriate use of club-inter-club-zone-regional-provincial-nationalinternational competitions. 12. Create a technical hosting package for each level of tournaments > clubs, inter-club, zone, etc. 13. Standardize national and provincial championship formats appropriate to level/stages of development, e.g. Provincial and South Africa championship have a consistent role for their level/stage. 14. Source funds to provide appropriate level of funding to anglers to ensure national and international stepping-stone events are attended. Fifth priority: Equipment 15. Obtain mobile equipment (in trailers), rods, reels, nets, etc. to facilitate organization of provincial development and training camps (LTAD, LTCD, and LTTD). 16. Obtain angling consumables, baits and ground baits for development and training camps (LTAD,

47 LTCD, LTTD). 17. Obtain all the necessary administrative, conferencing, transport, coaching and educational infrastructure to facilitate our programmes.

48 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme The Future: Casting On The Spot Through LTAD, we will create an optimal angling pathway for participants. The result will be improved performance by our anglers and our system: sustainable growth, increased participation, and excellence in competition. Angling has a long and proud history in South Africa. While angling has never been the biggest sport in South Africa, we have had our share of successes and champions. In 2011 our national team were victorious at the 13 th FIPS-ed World Carp Angling Championships for the fourth consecutive year. Gilbert Foxcroft and Loutjie Louwies took bronze in the individual pair s event. In the individual pairs competition during the 2010 event GP Nel and Kobus van Loggerenberg finished first winning the gold medal with a total weight of kilogram compared to the 43,550 kilogram of their nearest rivals. They also achieved this distinction in 2008 when South Africa hosted the World Carp Angling Championship. The South African peg pair of Gilbert Foxcroft and Loutjie Louwies took bronze while 2009 individual champion pair, Hennie du Preez and Andries Maree finished 6 th in their zone and 18 th overall. The 30th World Sailfish Championship took place from 27th March 2011 till 1 April 2011 at Crocodile Bay, Puerto Jimenez, Costa Rica. Twelve countries included our National Deep Sea Protea Team participated in this event. Our National Team finished second and thus winning the silver medal. In the individual division one of our Protea Anglers Johan Jansen van Vuuren finished in the third position. The opportunities are there to achieve the SASACC vision: sustainable growth, increased participation, and excellence in competition. Angling s LTAD Programme is an essential tool in achieving that future vision. By building an integrated development system that emphasizes the progressive, seamless development of anglers- that is, by being angler centred, coach driven and system supported - we can reach our goals. There is no doubt this will require hard work, dedication and a willingness to change and cooperate. But with a clear pathway for angler development in place, we can succeed as never before. We are on target for a great future.

49 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 46 Bibliography Abbott A., Collins D., Martindale R., Sowerby K., Fundamental Movement Abilities Chart, Talent Identification and Development, An Academic Review, Sport Scotland University of Edinburgh 2002 Balyi, I. and Way, R. Long-Term Planning of Athlete Development. The Training to Train Phase. B.C. Coach, pp Balyi, I. Sport system building and long-term athlete development in Canada. The situation and solutions, in Coaches Report. The Official Publication of the Canadian Professional Coaches Association. Summer Vol.8, No.1, pp Balyi, I., Long-term Planning of Athlete Development, Multiple Periodisation, Modelling and Normative Data in FHS, The UK s Quarterly Coaching Magazine, Issue Four, pp May, Balyi, I., Long-term Planning of Athlete Development, The Training to Train Phase in FHS, The UK s Quarterly Coaching Magazine, Issue One, pp September, Balyi, I., Long-term Planning of Athlete Development, The Training to Compete Phase in FHS, The UK s Quarterly Coaching Magazine, Issue Two, pp. 8-11, December, Balyi, I., and Hamilton, A. Long-term Athlete Development, Trainability and Physical Preparation of Tennis Players. In: Strength and Conditioning for Tennis. Eds. Reid, M., Quinn, A. and Crespo, M. ITF, London pp Balyi, I., and Hamilton, A. Long-term Planning of Athlete Development, The Training to Win Phase in FHS, The UK s Quarterly Coaching Magazine, Issue Three, pp April, Bar-Or, O. Developing the Prepubertal Athlete: Physiological Principles. In Troup, J.P., Hollander, A.P., Strasse, D., Trappe, S.W., Cappaert, J.M. and Trappe, T.A. (Eds.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VII., London: E & FN Spon. pp , Bar-Or, O. Nutritional Considerations for the Child Athlete. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 26(Suppl.), Bar-Or, O. (ed). The Child and the Adolescent Athlete. Balckwell Science Ltd. Oxford, UK, Blimkie, C.J.R. and Bar-Or, O. Trainability of Muscle Strength, Power and Endurance during Childhood. Bar-Or, O. ed., The Child and Adolescent Athlete. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Bompa, T. From Childhood to Champion Athlete. Toronto. Veritas Publishing Inc Bouchard, C., Malina, R.M., Perusse, L Genetics of Fitness and Physical Performance.

50 Dick, Frank W., Sports Training Principles, London, Lepus SASACC Books, - Long-Term 1985 Angler Development Programme 47 Bibliography Docherty, D. Trainability and Performance of the Young Athlete. Victoria: University of Victoria, Drabik, J. Children and Sport Training. Stadion, Island Pond, Vermont Ericsson, K.A. and Charness, N. Expert Performance. Its Structure and Acquisition. American Psychologist, August Ericsson, K.A., Krampe, R.Th. and Tesch-Romer. The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 1993, 100. Lynn, M. A. T., & Staden, K. (2001l). The obesity epidemic among children and adolescents Haywood, K.M. Life Span Motor Development, Malina, R.M. and Bouchard, C. Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics, McWhorter, W., Wallman, H. W., & Alpert, P. T. (2003). The obese child: Motivation as a tool for exercise. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 17, National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Active start: A statement of physical activity guidelines for children birth to five years. Reston, VA: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. National Coaching and Training Centre: Building Pathways in Irish Sport. Towards a plan for the sporting health and well-being of the nation. Limerick, Ireland, Norris, S.R., & Smith, D.J Planning, Periodization, And Sequencing of Training And Competition: The Rationale For A Competently Planned, Optimally Executed Training And Competition Program, Supported By A Multidisciplinary Team. In M. Kellmann (Ed.), Enhancing Recovery: Preventing underperformance in athletes. Ready Set Go (n.d.). Ready set go: The sports web site for families. Ross, W.D. and Marfell-Jones, M.J. Kinanthropomerty. In: Physiological Testing of the Elite Athlete. Eds. MacDougall, J.D., Wenger, H.A., and Green, H.J. Movement publications, Ithaca, N.Y., Rowland, T., and Boyajian, A. Aerobic Response to Endurance Training in Children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5) Supplement. Rushall, B. The Growth of Physical Characteristics in Male and Female Children. In Sports Coach, Vol.20, Summer, 1998.

51 Sanderson, L. Growth and Development Considerations for the Design of Training Plans for Young Athletes. Ottawa: CAC, SPORTS, Vol.10.No SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 48 Bibliography Tanner, J.M. Growing Up. Scientific American, Tanner, J.M. Foetus into Man Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity, Second Edition, Castlemead Publications, Ware, England, 1989 Thumm, H-P. The Importance of the Basic Training for the Development of Performance New Studies in Athletics, Volume 1, Tihanyi, J. Long-Term Planning for Young Athletes: An Overview of the Influences of Growth, Maturation and Development. Sudbury: Laurentian University, Valentine, J. (2003, Winter). Don t children get all the exercise they need from playing? Viru, A. Loko, J., Volver, A., Laaneots, L., Karlesom, K. and Viru, M. Age periods of accelerated improvements of muscle strength, power, speed and endurance in age interval 6-18 years. In Biology of Sport, Warsaw, V., 15 (4) Viru, A. Adaptation in Sports Training. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Vorontsov, A.R. Multi-Year Training of Young Athlete as Potential Modifier of Growth and Development (Analysis of some biological concepts). Sport Medicine in Aquatic Sports the XXI Century, FINA World Sport Medicine Congress, Fedler A.J, Ph.D. An Examination of the Relationship Between Recreational Boating and Fishing and Aquatic Resource Stewardship. Prepared for the Recreational Boating and Fishing Foundation, USA, Leibold M, Ph.D., Van Zyl C.J, Ph.D. The Economic Impact and Strategic Value of Sport & Recreational Angling in the Republic of South-Africa, 2007.

52 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 49 Appendix A: Physical, Mental / Cognitive and Emotional Development Characteristics The following Moving Scales provide a guideline on how to utilize the Physical, Mental Cognitive and Emotional Characteristics tables, pointing out the overlaps at the various stages of LTAD. FUNdamentals Learning to Train Training to Train Training to Compete Training to Win Late Childhood Late Puberty Early Puberty Early Adulthood Late Childhood Physical Development Basic characteristics General impact on performance Implications for the coach Heart size is increasing in Endurance capacity is more than Understand that the child has relation to rest of body. adequate to meet the demands of the capacity to keep going. Anaerobic system is not developed. A child s metabolism is less economical than an adult s. Large muscle groups are more developed than smaller ones. Children have a shorter tolerance time for exercise in extreme temperatures. Children subjectively feel able to be active in the heat before physiological adaptation has occurred. Motor patterns become more refined and the balance mechanism in the inner ear gradually matures. most activities. There is a limited ability to work anaerobically. Children use more oxygen whether it s expressed in absolute values or prorated for body weight. The child is skillful in movement requiring the use of the large muscle groups. Children may show symptoms of overheating or hypothermia more quickly. Great improvement in agility, balance, co-ordination, and flexibility occurs towards the end of the stage. Plan short duration anaerobic activities. The ability to hold breath must be practiced and built up gradually. Do not expect younger children to keep up with older children. Emphasize the development of general motor skills involving the large muscle groups. Then gradually introduce more precise, co-coordinated movements requiring the interaction of smaller muscle groups. To acclimatize children will take longer so longer warm-ups may be required. Watch closely for signs of distress caused by extremes of temperature. Postpone or restrict exercise in heat or humidity and ensure that plenty of fluids are ingested. Thirst is not a good indicator of fluid need. Emphasize co-ordination and kinesthetic sense when doing activities. Balance in the water using buoyancy aids is one way to develop these abilities.

53 Strength develops by the improvement in the neural pathways. There is apparent improvement in strength not brought about by the neuromuscular adaptations of muscle fibers. Plan coordination activities. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 50 Appendix A: Physical, Mental / Cognitive and Emotional Development Characteristics (Cont.) Late Childhood Mental and Cognitive Development Basic characteristics The attention span gradually increases. General impact on performance Children cannot listen or stay still for long periods. Implications for the coach Provide short and precise instructions. Devise strategies to ensure children are listening. Children learn well by imitating and practicing correctly modeled movements.

54 Children are enthusiastic and often impatient. Children have very limited reasoning ability. Children enjoy the repetition of activities and improve through experience. Children establish their preferred learning style. Imagination is blossoming. Language skills may be limited but are improving. Children want to move and not listen. Children love to be led. Skill learning must be directed; children do not learn correctly just by trial and error. Learning is through verbal, visual, or manual means. Most children are doers! Creativity should be encouraged. Children can t make corrections to their performance unless they understand what is being asked of them. Do not bombard children with technical information. Give only sufficient detail for the activity to be undertaken. Keep the fun. Direct the training and give it a tight focus with activities that are fun and well planned. Introduce imaginative ways of achieving performance goals. Provide correct demonstrations of the basic sport skills. Personal demonstrations must be accurate. Use a variety of learning styles to suit individual needs. Allow the children to play and experiment. Use their ideas to create exciting sessions. Structure to encourage individuality and creativity. Sport provides an excellent vehicle for expression. Use terminology that can be easily understood. Gradually introduce technical terminology. Children love long words. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 51 Appendix A: Physical, Mental / Cognitive and Emotional Development Characteristics (Cont.) Late Childhood Emotional Development Basic characteristics General impact on performance Implications for the coach Children like to be the center of attention. Develop this characteristic. Plan activities that guarantee success. Always move from simple to more complex when teaching a skill movement. Allow children to show their skills. Children are developing their self- Children tend to evaluate their Provide positive reinforcement

55 concept Children feel secure with a routine and structure to training. Children feel secure when coaching is constant. performance as a whole and in terms that may be black and white. (I was brilliant, or, I was useless.) Introduce change sensitively and gradually. Children like things to be fair. to build self- esteem. Children are likely to perform the actions again if they are successful and feel good about it. Build on success. Build a structure that is progressive but maintains continuity. Set and maintain high levels of expectancy, but be consistent with each child. Do not let mood swings or personal situations change coaching behaviors. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 52 Appendix A: Physical, Mental / Cognitive, and Emotional Development Characteristics (Cont.) Early Adolescence Physical Development Basic characteristics General impact on performance Implications for the coach Significant proportional changes occur in bone, muscle, and fat tissue. Athletes may temporarily lose some of their kinesthetic awareness, their ability to know where they are. Because athletes will need to constantly change their positions, monitor carefully to ensure appropriate adaptations are being made. Different parts of the body grow at different rates. Arm and leg length Athletes may appear gangly and lose control of their Make athletes aware of the effect of their changing body

56 increases before the trunk. extremities. shape. Skills already refined may need to be re-learned. Decreases in flexibility result Movement may become Emphasizes low stretching directly from growth. Increases in growth and decreases in flexibility make adolescents prone to injury from acute impact. restricted. Injury can result from exercise of an acute nature such as forced elongation of muscles during kicking and jumping or from overuse. exercises. Vary land-based activities and activities to avoid overuse. Girls begin their growth spurt between 10 and 14 years and grow at very different rates. There is a significant increase in the production of red blood cells. The central nervous system is almost fully developed. Abstract thinking becomes firmly established. A new form of egocentric thought develops. Athletes are very different sizes at the same age. The oxygen transportation system is improved. Agility, balance, and coordination are fully trainable. Adolescents should be part of decision-making processes and be more responsible for their decisions. The result may be a strong fear of failure. Be aware that age-related groupings may not be appropriate. Introduce structured aerobic training to make the most of these changes. Only short duration anaerobic training is recommended. Use this period for maximum improvement in skill development. Base decision making for strategies on skill level. Plan for success. Introduce coping strategies, including mental imagery. Young people are eager to perfect their skills. Structure successful skill learning based on individual needs. Build on success. Be aware that athletes develop at very different rates and although early developers make early progress, include all athletes. Be aware that late developers may have greater potential. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 53 Appendix A: Physical, Mental / Cognitive and Emotional Development Characteristics (Cont.) Early Adolescence Emotional Development Basic characteristics General impact on performance Implications for the coach Physical, mental, and emotional maturity may not develop at the same time. Athletes who look mature may not act it. Confusion or anxiety may arise. Develop communication skills and understanding. Tensions may arise between adults and adolescents. Adolescents need help to cope with their physical and emotional changes. Ensure two-way communication channels are always open. Allow athletes input into the decision making.

57 Hormonal activity increases. Social interaction between males and females becomes important. Athletes may experience mood swings and behavior may change. Athletes want to form friendships and it is important to allow time for them to develop positive relationships. Communicate and accept changes, but don t let hormonal changes be an excuse for negative behavior. Try to organize social events that allow social interaction. Late Adolescence Physical Development Basic characteristics General impact on performance Implications for the coach Post-menarche height begins to stabilize. Increase in height is about 5%. Stabilization of muscular system also occurs. Muscles have grown to mature size, but increases in muscular strength continue into the 20s. Maximize strength training to bring about overall improvement. Optimize neuromuscular training. Skeletal maturation continues. Connective tissue is Continue progressive By 17, girls have generally reached adult proportions. Rate of improvement in motor ability declines. strengthening. Girls proportionately gain more weight during this period. Rate of improvement in skill development declines. overloading in training. Optimize aerobic training. Be aware of how to deal with weight gains. Teach athletes how to compete in varied circumstances. Be aware that the rate of improvement in motor ability will be slower, but improvement will still be made. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 54 Appendix A: Physical, Mental / Cognitive and Emotional Development Characteristics (Cont.) Late Adolescence Mental and Cognitive Development Basic characteristics General impact on performance Implications for the coach Generally by 16, the brain has reached adult size, but continues to develop neurologically. Athletes can understand the technical requirements of their sport. Make sure athletes understand why they are doing certain things. Critical thinking becomes more established. Athletes can make decisions about their training pathway. Allow athletes input and reduce the amount of feedback and

58 There should be complete understanding and acceptance of the need for rules, regulations, and structures. Rules are seen in simplistic terms and must be clear and well defined. make athletes think for themselves. Develop awareness of performance by increasing kinesthetic knowledge. Always be seen to be fair because adolescents have a strong sense of fairness in making decisions. Make athletes part of the decisionmaking process. Late Adolescence Emotional Development Basic characteristics General impact on performance Implications for the coach Major decisions about examinations, universities, and employment work have to be made. There are pulls on time and energy. Build in prophylactic breaks. Be aware of external pressures. Seek professional guidance to ensure the correct Peer group pressure leads to conflicting loyalties. Self-actualization and selfexpression are important. An athlete may give up sport because of peer pressure and the need to be seen as one of the gang. career and educational pathway. Be sensitive in goal setting to ensure that common goals are established and met. Treat athletes as adults. Share goals and work co-operatively towards them. Maintain a coach-led structure. Interactions with friends of both sexes continue to be a strong priority. Allow time to establish independent social interaction. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 55 Appendix A: Physical, Mental / Cognitive and Emotional Development Characteristics (Cont.) Early Adulthood Physical Development Basic characteristics General impact on performance Implications for the coach Physiologically, the body reaches maturity during this stage. All physiological systems are fully trainable. Ensure that physical training programs employ the most advanced techniques and sport science information to facilitate maximum adaptation and minimize injuries.

59 Final skeletal maturation in females occurs at about years and in males about 3 years later. Ensure that all muscle groups and body alignments are wellbalanced, complemented with optimum flexibility ranges. Use state-of-the-art testing and monitoring programs. Carefully monitor overtraining and overstress. Organize regular medical monitoring Schedule additional blood tests for females in case of anemia. Early Adulthood Mental and Cognitive Development Basic characteristics General impact on performance Implications for the coach Neurologically, the brain matures about years of age. Athletes are capable of selfanalyzing and correcting and refining skills. Athletes can analyze and conceptualize all Establish winning as the major objective. There is a complete understanding and acceptance of the need for rules, regulations, and structure. facets of their sport. Well-developed information processing skills improve the athlete s ability to visualize verbal instructions. The young adult must perceive the rules and structure as being clearly defined and fair. Implement principles of adult learning. Involve athletes in decision making and planning team or group activities. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 56 Appendix A: Physical, Mental / Cognitive and Emotional Development Characteristics (Cont.) Early Adulthood Emotional Development Basic characteristics General impact on performance Implications for the coach There is a need to be self-directed and independent. Athletes are ready to assume responsibility and accept the consequences of their actions. Emphasize goal setting to give definite direction and purpose to the athlete s overall program. Self-actualization and selfexpression are important. Treat athletes as adults and with respect. Remember that the coach s direction and structure

60 Major decisions on career, education, and lifestyle are priority at some point in this stage. Major decisions on career, education, and lifestyle are priority at some pointing this stage. Major changes in interests, hobbies, and physical activities occur. remain important. Make professional guidance available, considering offseason and educational pursuits. Provide athletes with ample opportunities for independent social interaction.

61 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 57 Appendix B DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES INTERNATIONAL PTY LTD Consultants to Business and Government Africa: Cape Town Tel: (021) ; Fax: (021) ; Mobile phone: (0027) Correspondence: DSI (Pty) Limited, P O Box 814, Bellville 7535, South Africa ml@dsiwise.com United Kingdom: London Tel: (0044) SA company registration number: 1993/005939/07. VAT registration number: STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL- EXTENSIVE REPORT THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SPORT & RECREATIONAL ANGLING IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, 2007 Report of project to scientifically determine the overall Economic Impact and Strategic Value of Sport & Recreational Angling in the Republic of South Africa compiled by Professor Marius Leibold, PhD, Project Leader Professor in International Business Management & Private Consultant and Dr Colin J van Zyl, PhD, Environment & Tourism Specialist & Private Consultant 31 May, 2008

62 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 58 Contents Section Page Synopsis Preamble Terminology Objectives, Scope and Methodology of the Project Objectives of the Project Scope of the Project Methodology Number of Participants in Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa, Overall Economic Impact of Sport & Recreational Angling in the RSA, Economic Impact per Angling Facet Deep Sea Angling Surf/Shore Angling Light Tackle Boat Angling Fresh Water Bank Angling Fly fishing Artificial Lure Angling Bass Angling Carp Angling Match Angling Underwater Angling Comparative Economic Impact of Sport & Recreational Angling in RSA Comparative Evidence in Other Countries 7.2 Comparisons with Other Sport and Recreation Activities 8. Wider Implications of the Findings of this Study Strategic Value and Future Development Pointers for Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa 83

63 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 59 Synopsis of the Economic Impact of Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa, 2007 In 2007, 2.5 million anglers participated in Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa, creating a total economic impact of R 18.8 billion. The total economic impact of Sport & Recreational Angling in 2007 consists of a total of three major parts, viz. R 15.9 billion direct economic impact (direct expenditure effects) on South Africa s economy, R 3.3 billion indirect economic impact (multiplier economic effects), and R 1.2 billion induced effects (subsequent income and job effects) on the economy. Subtracted from this are economic outflows (leakages), totaling R 1.6 billion. Of the 2.5 million participants in Sport & Recreational Angling, 28,757 are formal participants (members or affiliated members of organized clubs), while the informal participants (non-club environment participants) total 2,48 million. The majority of informal participants (1.5 million) are in Fresh Water Bank Angling, and Surf/Shore Angling (850,000), while Deep Sea Angling has the highest ratio of formal participants vs. informal participants (30:70) of the various angling facets. The effect of economic outflows e.g. payment for imported goods and services, including overseas competitions, for Sport & Recreational Angling amount to R 1.6 billion p.a. While economic inflows due to overseas participating visitors are relatively small (R 2.5 million), the potential for significant increases is evidently huge. These amounts have been accounted for in the above total economic impact figure of R 18.8 billion, which is the net total economic impact amount for Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa in Comparisons to major wildlife hunting/sport economic impact in South Africa, such as big game hunting, are tenuous, but it is knowledgeably estimated that Sport & Recreational Angling is about 15 times bigger in economic impact than big game hunting. In comparison to other major sport activities, Sport & Recreational Angling as a whole is estimated to be bigger in economic impact than rugby and cricket in SA combined (including economic inflows from international competitions). In the USA, recreational angling s economic impact is reported as being bigger than that of golf and tennis combined. The total estimated value of boats in Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa in 2007, totals R 5.8 billion, of which 64%, i.e. R 3.7 billion, is in Deep Sea angling. The amount of fixed cost (durable) items in S&R angling totals R 47.1 billion, with depreciation being R 6.12 billion an average of 13% p.a. This includes the factored (use-allocation) costs of boats, 4x4 vehicles, bakkies, motor-cars, trailers, caravans, and outboard/inboard engines for S&R angling. The average annual expenditure per participant (depreciation on fixed costs p.a., plus annual variable costs) for Sport & Recreational Angling in 2007 amounts to R 7, p.p./ p.a. R 18.8 billion divided by 2.5 million participants (formal and informal). It is estimated that the total economic impact of Sport & Recreational Angling including Deep Sea Angling - is at least 80% larger than that of commercial fishing in South Africa. This is in line with most overseas countries, where the economic value of commercial fishing is smaller than that of Sport & Recreational Angling. The Extensive Report of this project details the various fixed cost values and variable expenditures by the Sport & Recreational angling facets in South Africa. These figures portray the relative size of expenditure items the largest being fuel at R 1.98 billion in 2007 (total fuel expenditures for all S&R facets combined) and the size of some industries, such as tackle trade and boat building, in terms of total expenditures/costs.

64 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Preamble History will show that this series of reports, based on a study utilizing a systemic-economic approach to determine the economic impact of Sport & Recreational angling in South Africa, mark the starting point of a turnaround in South African attitudes to Sport & Recreational angling. The activity of Sport & Recreational angling is clearly differentiated from commercial fishing, in the fact that its participants do not earn an income or make a living from it (see also Section 2: Terminology). However, perceptions of Sport & Recreational angling suffer from a lack of information and understanding of its extent, impacts and systemic relationships concerning fish resources, societal role and economic contributions in South Africa. Far from being the occasional, casual interest of an odd minority, Sport & Recreational angling is highly organized and a multi-billion Rand industry in its own right, involving all levels of society. In most countries Sport & Recreational angling has a larger and wider economic impact than commercial fisheries, and in relation to other sports & recreation activities it has been shown as larger than golf or tennis in economic contribution to prominent countries (e.g. the USA). One of the major reasons for the inadequate perceptions of the Sport & Recreational angling industry is that most extant studies have not been of sufficient scientific scope and rigor. Aside from being one of the most popular sport and outdoor activity pastimes in South Africa, with an estimated 2.5 million active participants - close to 5% of the SA population - Sport & Recreational angling involves more than twice that number in supporting families, and it sustains thousands of jobs, salaries & wages and businesses. The population participation levels in South Africa equate closely to European and North American figures of an average of between 4.5% 7.7% of the population participating in Sport & Recreational angling. Generally, the management goal of any fishery & angling activity can be categorized into three groups: first, there is the biological goal of conservation and sustainable utilization of the resource; second, there are equity and distributional concerns; and third, there is the objective that seeks to optimize economic utilization of the resource, based on information from economic impact studies, cost-benefit analyses and opportunity cost (consumer surplus) studies. Economic impact studies, such as the one on which this report is based, is now gaining greater attention in country and regional fishery & angling management around the world, as it is important to handle the inherent trade-offs between the above-mentioned goals, as well as effectively developing the significant potential of Sport & Recreational angling and commercial fishing. This extensive report focuses on the economic impact of Sport & Recreational angling, while other reports focus on specific angling facets, such as Deep Sea Angling and an extensive report on major cost categories comprising total economic impact. Sport & Recreational angling consists of both salt water and fresh water angling facets (or disciplines), and although some facets include both fresh and salt water activities, the major ones in each category are included, i.e. a) Salt Water: Deep Sea Angling, Light Tackle Boat Angling, Surf/Shore Angling, Underwater Angling, and Paddle Craft Angling; and b) Fresh Water: Bank Angling, Fly fishing, Artificial Lure, Bass Angling, Carp Angling and Match Angling. There is also Casting and Surf Casting as a sport, which is relatively miniscule at present. It is the first time that a study of this extensive scope - salt water as well as fresh water Sport & Recreational angling, has been undertaken in South Africa. Of necessity and due to resources, the scope of the project (extent, objectives, timing and costs) has been aimed at a typical baseline project, to serve as a platform for further detailed studies and establishment of information databanks for each facet in the industry.

65 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 61 The findings of this report point to the necessity of a fundamental rethink of the economic contribution and wider implications of Sport & Recreational angling in South Africa including anglers themselves, governments, communities, resource-focused managers & scientists, and commercial fishing interests. The project The Economic Impact of Sport & recreational Angling in South Africa, 2007 was commissioned by a project team of the SA Deep Sea Angling Association (SADSAA) during July It was decided to widen the scope of the project to include all salt water and fresh water angling, but with a special focus on Deep Sea angling interests. Due to the increasing number of public and private sector stakeholders and the need for sound policies and practices affecting the industry, it has become critically important to determine the total economic impact and strategic value of the Sport & Recreational angling industry in South Africa. Besides direct economic impact, these include important related economic impact issues such as angling-linked tourism, retailing, motor vehicles, boating, and fishing, and overall community and public policy issues - including image, taxation, equity, job creation and resource management. The benefits of this project and its results are nationally significant, as evidenced by several overseas studies of the economic importance and impacts of the Sport & Recreational angling industry in countries such as the UK, Germany and the USA. The outputs of the project are being reported in several ways; in many countries the benefits of such information have been evidenced in valuable industry and community development pointers, angling facet profiles and wisely integrated policies and measures, to the benefit of all stakeholders in terms of sound policies and practices. The project leader, Marius Leibold, is Professor in International Business at the University of Stellenbosch (SU), and co-director of post-graduate programs at Business School Netherlands (BSN) and Jacobs University (JU), Germany. He has conducted economic impact studies in several sectors and industries of the SA economy, as well as selected global industries, including tourism, health, financial services, agriculture and wine. Recent industry projects include the global wine industry, global legal services industry, and the global competitiveness of the South African ostrich industry. The senior project associate is Dr Colin van Zyl, Environment & Tourism Specialist, and Consultant to Government and Industry. The project team has international network-associates in many countries, especially in the U.S.A., Germany, The Netherlands and the U.K., consisting of professionals in various scientific disciplines. The project s methodology involved a range of economic approaches and techniques, constructed and validated in systemic economic, environmental and sociological contexts (see Section 3.3: Methodology). The other reports from this project are: Executive Summary of the Economic Impact of Deep Sea Angling in South Africa. Extensive Report of the Economic Impact of Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa (with Annexures).

66 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Terminology Sport & Recreational Angling Sport & Recreational Angling includes all types of angling, especially catch-and-release angling, which ultimately involves people pursuing angling as a sport & recreational activity. This includes formal (club environment) and informal (casual) angling activities, as well as angling charter boats and party boats (head boats) that exist for the purpose of taking people angling as a sport & recreational activity. All aspects of Sport & Recreational angling in this report include guide and charter boats. In contrast, Commercial Fishing includes all harvesting methods used for the primary purpose of selling fish as a means of income. The South African Marine Living Resources Act (MLRA) of 1998 defines recreational fishing as: any fishing done for leisure or sport and not for sale, barter, earnings or gain. An exception is subsistence fishing, defined in the Act as a natural person who regularly catches fish for personal consumption or for consumption of his or her dependents, including one who engages from time to time in local sale or barter of excess catch, but does not include a person who engages on a substantial scale in the sale of fish on a commercial basis. While some countries use the term recreational angling as the overarching term (e.g. in the E.U.), other countries use the term sport angling or sport fishing (e.g. the U.S.A.). For purpose of this study the term Sport & Recreational angling is used, as the term recreational is often viewed as only non-organized leisure activities. Sport & Recreational angling in South Africa includes highly organized facets (or disciplines ), with professionally managed activities through clubs, associations and federations on local, regional, national and international levels, as indicated in subsequent sections of this report. Sport & Recreational Angler A sport & recreational angler is defined as a person who at least once a year, for sport and/or recreation, carries out angling activities. Not all Sport & Recreational anglers are members of clubs or associations; in fact, the informal anglers (non-club participants) are significantly more in number than the formal anglers (club & club environment participants). Sport & Recreational Angling Facets Sport & Recreational angling facets, i.e. various angling categories of activity, have logically arisen and exist broadly according to their nature (e.g. saltwater vs. freshwater), practices (e.g. boat vs. bank/coast), and requirements (e.g. access, equipment, supplies and controls). Both saltwater and freshwater angling facets are included in this project, with the major ones being: - Saltwater Facets: Deep Sea Angling, Light Tackle Boat Angling, Surf/Shore Angling, Underwater Angling, and Paddle Craft Angling.

67 - Freshwater Facets: Fresh Water Bank Angling, SASACC Fly - fishing, Long-Term Artificial Angler Development Lure Angling, Programme Bass Angling, 63 Carp Angling and Match Angling. There is some overlap among these angling facets, with e.g. light tackle boat angling, fly fishing and artificial lure angling having both salt water and fresh water practices. There is also a Casting & Surf Casting facet, which is relatively very small, and a Paddle Craft angling facet, which is still in the process of being formed, both of which are therefore not included in this report. In South Africa, each of these Sport & Recreational angling facets is organized through particular associations and/or federations, with the overarching organization being the South African Sport Angling and Casting Confederation (SASACC). South Africa South Africa means the geographic area of the Republic of South Africa (RSA), taking into account crossborder economic inflows and outflows for angling purposes. The aim is to calculate the total economic impact of Sport & Recreational Angling for the RSA as a country. Economic Impact Economic impacts measure the changes within an economy due to particular activities, and are usually measured in income, expenditures, tax revenues and jobs. There are three standard components: direct, indirect and induced impacts. Direct impact is the economic impact-result of initial expenditure, for example cost of a boat or fishing tackle; indirect impact measures how sales in one industry affect the various industries providing supplies and support, for example the tackle shop purchasing supplies; induced impact results from jobs created and salaries & wages paid by the directly and indirectly impacted industries. The sum of the direct, indirect and induced effects is the total economic impact, while allowing for inflows (e.g. inward angling tourism and imported boats) and outflows (e.g. cross-border events and outward angling tourism), and with due care to avoid double counting of expenditures and impacts.

68 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 64 A summary of this is depicted in the following box: DIRECT IMPACT Purchases by Sport & Recreational Anglers + INDIRECT IMPACT Purchases of supplies and materials by the producers of Sport & Recreational Angling products and services, and the purchases made by the producers of the supplies and materials in the value chain (multiplier effect) + INDUCED IMPACTS a) Jobs resulting from Sport & Recreational Angling; and b) Purchases of supplies and materials by producers, resulting from purchases by households that derive salaries & wages from Sport & Recreational Angling activities. - ECONOMIC OUTFLOWS Imports of goods and services (e.g. 4x4, outboard engines) and overseas competition expenditures = TOTAL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SPORT & RECREATIONAL ANGLING EXPENDITURES Notes: 1. Direct impact includes both capital (fixed) costs - amortized for annual impact amounts - and variable costs (expenditures) per annum. 2. Fixed cost items are each factored for its percentage angling use-allocation and the ratio of formal: informal differentiation. 3. Amortization: Different (applicable) rates for the various angling facets were used, factored for the respective resale values of capital items. 4. Economic Inflows: expenditures by overseas participants in the South African angling facets - e.g. for domestic and international competitions held in South Africa are included in the direct costs, and share in the indirect and induced cost multipliers.

69 5. Economic Outflows ( leakages ): these include the effects of (factor percentage) imports of goods and services for angling purposes, SASACC and expenditures - Long-Term by Angler South Development Programme 65 Africans when competing in overseas competitions. 3. Objectives, Scope and Methodology of the Project 3.1 Objectives of the Project The primary objective of the investigation has been to scientifically determine, within the realm of accepted scientific validity and accuracy, the overall economic impact of the Sport & Recreational angling industry in South Africa. The secondary objective has been to provide pointers concerning the strategic value of the industry and initiatives for its future development. These objectives include the following key elements: a) Providing valid indicators of the national economic importance of Sport & Recreational angling for South Africa, as a basis for an equitable public dispensation for all current and potential participants in the industry. b) Base-line information of the relative importance of the various angling facets, to enable a platform for future strategies to be developed for achievement of full and sustainable potential of the various facets and their stakeholders. While the focus is on the Deep Sea angling facet, all other facets have been included for purposes of an overall Sport & Recreational angling baseline economic impact study. c) Providing a scientific basis and pointers to re-establish the profile of the activity among both public and private sector stakeholders, especially concerning accurate and valid perceptions of the nature, extent and impacts of Sport & Recreational angling in South Africa. 3.2 Scope of the Project The scope of the project includes: Sport & Recreational angling in the entire geographical area of South Africa. Both inland (freshwater) and coastal/marine (saltwater) activities. All types of affected participant groups are included, from the business supply industries through the recreational angler, purist sportsperson, to the commercial tourism operator to logically capture all economic impacts. All types of relevant stakeholder economic interests are addressed, such as relevant private sector stakeholders and relevant public sector stakeholder economic interests. The total economic impact includes direct impacts and indirect impacts, as well as induced impacts, based on scientifically determined expenditure and supply parameters, and economic multiplier and leakage effects. The scope of the project is limited to: The nature of a typical baseline study, i.e. a first-order scientific study to determine overall and relative economic impacts, but without attempting to establish a comprehensive data base or detail profile of each facet of Sport & Recreational angling in South Africa. As such, a cross-sectional empirical approach was used and not a longitudinal roving creel approach (see methodology

70 below). Nevertheless, the scope of the project has been adequate to establish accurate and valid baseline economic impact outputs for Sport & Recreational SASACC - Long-Term angling Angler in South Development Africa, Programme with indication 66 of the major individual angling facet impacts. A focus on economic issues, within a broad systemic view of resource/environmental, ethical, sociological, legislative and governmental considerations. Detailed studies of the latter, either integrated or partial, are outside the scope of this project. For example, the ethical issues of animal welfare (e.g. fish suffering stress due to catch-and-release activities), community equity issues, such as transformation for broader community participation, and subsistence fishers and community equity issues (e.g. who benefits, who participates), resource issues such as sustainability of particular fish species, differential access to fish resources, potential limits to angling growth, and governmental managerial issues are alluded to where relevant, but not extensively reviewed, described or normatively addressed. As such, this study is not an integrated economic impact assessment (EIA), which describes the economic interdependencies that result in certain quantifiable impacts, or how the results should be used to guide public policy decisions, but it is rather a typical baseline economic impact study to provide the nature and scientifically valid size of economic activity levels for the Sport & Recreational angling activity in South Africa. In due course, appropriate attention to wider systemic and integrated issues should form part of a wider and larger-scoped project, with relevant wider stakeholder involvement and appropriate funding. The essential contribution of this study is that, for the first time in South Africa, the economic impact of Sport & Recreational angling in all its facets - has been scientifically determined and validated. As such, it forms an important basis for the changing of perceptions and attitudes about the activity, in relation and comparison to e.g. more well-known commercial fishing and fishing resource-based interests. Furthermore, it provides a platform to involve more participants on a formal basis in the industry.

71 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Methodology a) Typical Approaches used in Economic Impact Studies Based on an extensive review of analogous international studies and extant (partial/limited*) South African studies, one of two broad approaches are usually followed for projects of this nature, i.e. the input-output approach, or the demand-flow approach. The input-output approach is the most extensive approach, but also the most complex, time-consuming and questionable of the two, involving considerable longitudinal studies and procedures. The demand-flow approach has become more popular and generally-accepted in several overseas countries (e.g. the U.S.A.) and regions (e.g. the E.U.) in the recent past due to its consideration of both demand-side economic information and relevant supply-side information. The demand-flow approach focuses on determining total economic value (TEV), based on the Keynesian GDP model that includes use values (especially activity expenditures) and non-use values (consumer surplus through contingent valuation), investment, government costs, imports and exports. Indirect and induced impacts are determined by scientific calculation of multiplier effects, allowing for various types of economic inflows and leakages. An extensive economic examination of Sport & Recreational angling activities should include all economic parameters, including economic efficiency, cost-benefits, changes in consumer surplus and producer surplus, and inflows & outflows. Consumer surplus is the value of a good or service beyond what the customer actually pays, and can be viewed as the satisfaction received after using a specific good or service this is often captured in CVM methods (contingency valuation methods), based on consumer willingness-to-pay (WTP). In the case of Sport & Recreational angling, consumer surplus is a monetary measure of the benefit an angler receives from the enjoyment of going angling. Producer surplus is defined as the difference between what producers actually receive when selling a product and the minimum amount they would be willing to accept for that product. Furthermore, economic impact studies should typically address not only income and benefits, but also costs e.g. the costs of administration, government regulations and their controls. * Extant Sport & Recreational angling economic impact studies in South Africa have been limited to saltwater/marine recreational activities, i.e. not including freshwater sport & recreational angling activities. Furthermore, it has utilized mainly sampling roving creel approaches, based on at-source personal interview techniques and aerial observations at selected access points of the SA coastline and estuaries, with data and assumptions of annual expenditures and other impacts for shore bank, inshore and deep sea angling for the entire country, i.e. for selected angling facets only. Such studies are useful in their particular contexts, but raise questions about timing, maturation, sampling, generalization and avidity bias. However, no study approach is without potential drawbacks, and validity depends on scientific checks and controls accompanied by careful holistic planning and management of such projects ( It is better to be approximately right, than to be precisely wrong Einstein).

72 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 68 b) Approach Used in This Economic Impact Study of Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa The particular purpose and scope of this project - a typical baseline project focuses on economic impact parameters based on participant expenditures, and their direct, indirect and induced impacts, and therefore excludes estimates of consumer surplus. Consumer surplus involves consumers willingness-to-pay (WTP) and the estimation of hypothetical markets, which are not relevant to this baseline study, which focuses on the economic impact for the country, not for the angler*. It does address cost issues, especially those related to government expenditures administration, human resources, controls, etc. - which however are negligible in the overall picture concerning Sport & Recreational Angling. As such, the methodology of this project provides a more realistic overall result of economic impact of Sport & Recreational Angling for the country of South Africa, and is appropriate for the baseline purposes of the project. Established techniques to determine direct, indirect and induced impacts include Participant Surveys, the Delphi Technique, and Industry/Business Surveys, utilizing various types of questionnaires, personal stakeholder discussion frames, and moderated group & individual discussion sessions. For purposes of this project and its particular scope i.e., a first-order, baseline economic impact study - a triangulation methodology of the Participant Survey of Expenditures, Delphi technique, and Industry/Business Surveys have been used, with various types of cross-checks and analyses to ensure both accuracy and internal & external validity of information and results. The obtained data was scientifically validated, collated, categorized, and analyzed, with follow-up checks, as is customary for any project of this nature. The methodological approach of this study provides a basis for replication in future, as well as complementation with other related scientific resource-management studies, for purpose of extending and updating the databases of the various facets of Sport & Recreational angling in South Africa. The project has been initiated and steered by a SADSAA (S.A. Deep Sea Angling) project committee, in close liaison with the project scientific team on an on-going basis, to ensure validity, satisfactory progress and regular feedback of findings. * The fact that services from nature might be consumed free does not mean that the service does not have a value to people. On the contrary, the more people are finding pleasure in angling, the more value it has to society and the greater its willingness-to-pay this without considering possible external damages, limits to growth and costs to others. This study excludes the intrinsic additional pleasure value to the participants, as it focuses on the economic impact for the country, not of the total value of the angling experience. The economic valuation of such non-market value is typically carried out by surveys based on contingent valuation method (CVM).

73 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Number of Participants in Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa, 2007 CATEGORY & FACET Formal Semi-Affiliated Sub Total Informal TOTAL A: SAFSSA (SA Federation of Sport & Sea Water Anglers) 1. DEEP SEA = (SADSAA) (25:75) (70:30) 2. LIGHT TACKLE BOAT = (SALTBAA) (60:40 Fresh/Salt) (15:85) 3. SURF/SHORE ANGLING = (SASAA) 4. UNDERWATER ANGLING = (SAUFF) (90:10) 5. PADDLE CRAFT ANGLING - (being formalized) = Sub-Total B: SAFBAA (SA Freshwater Bank Angling Federation) 1. Bank Angling = 6,141¹ 1.5m Carp Angling = Match Angling = 80² ¹ These include juniors =1013; and ladies =933; with different cost & expense patterns ² Juniors (<18) = 20 (25% of the total of 80), with diff. cost & expense patterns. Sub-Total C: SAFALFA (SA Federation of Artificial Lure and Fly Anglers) 1. FLYFISHING = (SARFFA & FOSAF) (90:10) 2. ARTIFICAL LURE = (SAFAL (90:10) 3. BASS ANGLING = (SABAA) (90:10) Sub-Total D: SACSSA (SA Casting and Surf Casting Association)

74 A hybrid angling sport facet, very small in number (not included in the total) 200 Total number of Sport & Recreational Anglers in South Africa, 2007 = SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 70 = 2.5 mill. 5. Overall Economic Impact of Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa, 2007 The overall economic impact of Sport & Recreational (S&R) angling in South Africa amounts to R 18.8 billion p.a. (2007). With 2.5 million active participants in S&R Angling in 2007, of which 28,757 in the formal membership environment and 2,453 million being informal participants (nonclub affiliated, but serious anglers) - this signifies a significant impact of S&R Angling in South Africa - all of its major facets combined. The overall economic impact of R18.8 billion p.a. consists of direct impact of R 15.9 billion, plus indirect impact (differential multipliers apply) of R 3.3 billion, plus induced impact of R 1.2 billion, minus outflows of R 1.6 billion (explained in Section 2, p.8). The Major Angling Facets and Types of Economic Impacts: - Direct, Indirect, Induced Impacts, Outflows (outside RSA) and Total Impact (Note: R 1 billion = R1,000 million) Deep Sea Angling [Anglers: 9488 formal informal = participants] Direct Impact R 5,330m + Indirect Impact 1,330m + Induced Impact 550m - Outflows* (420m) Total Economic Impact = R 6.8 billion (*Due to Factor Imports; Funds utilized overseas for Intl. Competitions, etc.) Surf/Shore Angling [Anglers: 3500 formal + 850,000 informal = 853,500 participants] Direct Impact R 1,938m + Indirect Impact 567m + Induced Impact 261m - Outflows (232m) Total Economic Impact = R 2.5 billion Light Tackle Boat Angling [Anglers: 1500 formal informal = 1725 participants] Direct Impact R 275m + Indirect Impact 27m + Induced Impact 11m - Outflows (Imports) (28m) Total Economic Impact = R 285 million

75 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 71 Fresh Water Bank Angling [Anglers: 6141 formal + 1,5 million informal = 1,506,141 participants] Direct Impact R 3,739m + Indirect Impact 374m + Induced Impact 149m - Outflows (344m) Total Economic Impact = R 3.9 billion Fly fishing [Anglers: 4,500 formal + 40,500 informal = 45,000 participants] Direct Impact R 2,899m + Indirect Impact 710m + Induced Impact 137m - Outflows (266m) Total Economic Impact = R 3.5 billion Artificial Lure Angling [Anglers: 1,200 formal + 10,800 informal = 12,000 participants] Direct Impact R 268m + Indirect Impact 47m + Induced Impact 7m - Outflows ( 55m) Total Economic Impact = R 267 million Bass Angling [Anglers: 2,000 formal + 18,000 informal = 20,000 participants] Direct Impact R 1,129m + Indirect Impact 225m + Induced Impact 36m - Outflows (186m) Total Economic Impact = R 1.2 billion Carp Angling [Anglers: 280 formal + 2,520 informal = 2,800 participants] Direct Impact R 224m + Indirect Impact 52m + Induced Impact 10m - Outflows (26m) Total Economic Impact = R 260 million

76 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 72 Match Angling [Anglers: 80 formal + 10 informal = 90 participants] Direct Impact R 21m + Indirect Impact 2m + Induced Impact 1m - Outflows ( 2m) Total Economic Impact = R 22 million Underwater Angling [Anglers: 68 formal + (932 semi-aff informal) = 10,000 participants] Direct Impact R 50m + Indirect Impact 5m + Induced Impact 3m - Outflows ( 6m) Total Economic Impact = R 52 million

77 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Economic Impact per Angling Facet The calculations of economic impact of each of the ten angling facets are detailed in this section. For each facet the figures for their respective direct (fixed and variable), indirect, and induced impacts are indicated, as well as economic outflows. 6.1 Deep Sea Angling Anglers: 9488 formal informal = participants A. Direct Economic Impact i) Fixed Costs p.a. (formal +informal): R 2.68 bill. ii) Variable Costs p.a. (formal +informal): 2.65 bill. R 5.33 billion i) Fixed Costs (Note: A percentage factor-use for capital items used for Deep Sea Angling has been included, while excluding part-use of items for other purposes*). DEEP SEA MARKE T VALUE DEPR.* * BO AT S 370 0m 4X m BAK KIE 4455 m M/CA R 4855 m TRAI LER 632 m CARAV AN OUT/IN BRD.ENGIN E OTH ER 1919m 1880m 1792 m*** Notes: * Differential values for both formal and informal participants have been included. ** An average of 11% depreciation was applied (differential rates were applied for each item). *** Other fixed cost items include jet skis, quad bikes, camping equip., etc., used for this sport. ii) Variable Costs per Cost Category ITEM FORMAL INFORMAL TOTAL % FUEL 262m 372m 634m 24.0 CONSUMABLES 180m 256m 436m 16.4 TOURISM & 169m 244m 413m 15.6 LEISURE MAINTENANCE 136m 148m 284m 10.7 BAIT & 102m 126m 228m 8.6 GROUND BAIT ACCESS FEES 54m 75m 129m 4.9 TOTA L R b R 2.68bill. **

78 Annual costs: Insurance; Subs; etc. 526m - 526m 19.8 TOTAL* R2.65 billion 100% * These items include relatively modest economic inflows (R2.5m p.a.) for the Deep Sea Angling facet from overseas, i.e. expenditures by foreigners participating in domestic events. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 74 B) Indirect Economic Impact: The indirect economic impact of deep sea angling is calculated by way of estimated multipliers (see page 8 for explanation). Accumulated Multiplier Effect (weighted for fixed/variable and formal/informal): (i) Fixed cost weighted multiplier: R 2.68 x 1.1 = R 2951,3m (R 2.95 bill). (ii) Variable cost weighted multiplier: R 2.65 x 1.4 = R 3709,4m (R 3.71 bill). The multipliers have been calculated according to international norms for this type of angling activity, with the fixed cost multiplier (0.1, or 10%) being relatively low in comparison to the variable cost multiplier (0.4, or 40%). Total Direct & Indirect Economic Impact p.a. = R m (R 6.66 bill). C: Induced Economic Impact ( Second Round Local Income Purchasing Effects) The induced economic impact of deep sea angling relates to second round expenditure effects of local income derived from the indirect variable cost impacts. The multiplier for this effect (0.15, or 15%) is based on international norms for this type of activity, and applied only to the variable cost figure, incorporating indirect effects (i.e. 15% of R 3.71 billion). Variable cost induced multiplier: 1.15 Total Induced Economic Impact (0.15) = R 550 mill. [Note: Job creation, as part of induced effects, has been excluded due to the dearth of local employment information, and concomitant difficulties in estimating local job creation effects]. D: Economic Outflows Economic outflows relate to expenditures on this sport that are made overseas, either through depreciation on imports (or % imports) of capital items, and expenditures (travel, competition fees, accommodation, etc.) for participation in overseas deep sea angling events. a) Depreciation on Import factor of Capital Items: (15.5% factor on capital values) = R 418m b) Foreign Competitions: (av. 8 competitions p.a.) = R 2m Total Economic Outflow = R 420m Summary: Total Economic Impact of Deep Sea Angling

79 Direct & Indirect & Induced Economic Impact, less Outflows: = R 6660m + R 550m R 420m = R 6,8 billion Economic Impact per Participant: = R 6,8 billion 31,860 = R 213,433 pp. per annum. (average of formal and informal participants expenditure per person p.a.). SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Surf/Shore Angling Anglers: 3500 formal + 850,000 informal = 853,500 participants. A: Direct Economic Impact i) Fixed costs p.a.: R 696.4m ii) Variable costs p.a. R m R 1,938m B: Indirect Economic Impact Fixed Costs: R 696m x 0.1 = R 69.6 Variable costs R 1241m x 0.4 = R 496,8 R 567m Total Direct and Indirect Economic Impact = R 2,505m (Fixed cost multiplier = 1.1; Variable cost multiplier = 1.4) C: Induced Economic Impact Variable induced cost multiplier = (R x 1.4) x 0.1 = R 261m Total Induced Economic Impact = R 261m (Induced economic multiplier = 1.1) D: Economic Outflow (% factor on capital values) = R (232m) Summary: Total Economic Impact of Surf/Shore Angling Direct & Indirect & Induced Economic Impact, less Outflows: R 1938m + R 567m + R 261m R 232m = R 2.5 billion. Economic Impact per Participant: R 2.5bill = R 2,929 pp. per annum. (average of formal and informal participants expenditure p.a. per person). 6.3 Light Tackle Boat Angling Anglers: 1500 formal informal = 1725 participants A: Direct Economic Impact i) Fixed costs p.a.: R 84.2m (formal + informal) ii) Variable costs p.a.: R 191.2m (formal + informal) R 275m B: Indirect Economic Impact Fixed Costs: R 84.2m x 0.1 = R 8m

80 Variable costs R 191.2m x 0.1 = R 19m 27m Total Direct and Indirect Economic Impact = R 302m C: Induced Economic Impact Variable induced cost multiplier (5%) = R (191.2m x 1.1) x 0.05 = Total Induced Economic Impact = R 11m R 11m D: Economic Outflow (% factor on capital values) = R (28m) SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 76 Summary: Total Economic Impact of Light Tackle Boat Angling Direct & Indirect & Induced Economic Impact, less Outflows: R 275m + R 27m + R 11m R 28m = R 285 million. Economic Impact per Participant: R 285m 1725 = R pp. per annum. (average of formal and informal participants expenditure per person p.a.). 6.4 Fresh Water Bank Angling Anglers: 6141 formal + 1,5 million informal = 1,506,141 participants A: Direct Economic Impact i) Fixed costs p.a.: R m (formal + informal) ii) Variable costs p.a.: R m (formal + informal) R 3739m B: Indirect Economic Impact Fixed Costs: R m x 0.1 = R 103.2m Variable costs R m x 0.1 = R 270.6m R 374m Total Direct and Indirect Economic Impact = R 4113m C: Induced Economic Impact Variable induced cost multiplier (5%) = R ( x 1.1) x 0.05 = R 148.9m Total Induced Economic Impact = R 149m D: Economic Outflow (% factor on capital values) = R (344)m Summary: Total Economic Impact of Fresh Water Bank Angling Direct & Indirect & Induced Economic Impact, less Outflows: R 3739m + R 374m + R 149m R 344m = R 3.9 billion. Economic Impact per Participant: R 3.9b = R 2589 pp. per annum. (average of formal and informal participants expenditure per person p.a.).

81 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Fly fishing Anglers: 4,500 formal + 40,500 informal = 45,000 participants A: Direct Economic Impact i) Fixed costs p.a.: R 799m (formal + informal) ii) Variable costs p.a.: R 2100m (formal + informal) R 2899m B: Indirect Economic Impact Fixed Costs: R 799m x 0.1 = R 79.9m Variable costs R 2100m x 0.3 = R 630.0m R 710m Total Direct and Indirect economic impact = R 3609m C: Induced Economic Impact Variable induced cost multiplier (5%) = R (2100m x 1.3) x 0.05 = R 136.5m Total Induced Economic Impact = R 137m D: Economic Outflow (% factor on capital values) = R (266)m Summary: Total Economic Impact of Fly fishing Direct & Indirect & Induced Economic Impact, less Outflows: R 2899m + R 710m + R 137m R 266m = R 3.5 billion. Economic Impact per Participant: R 3.5b 45000= R 77,777 pp. per annum. (average of formal and informal participants expenditure per person p.a.). 6.6 Artificial Lure Angling Anglers: 1,200 formal + 10,800 informal = 12,000 participants A: Direct Economic Impact i) Fixed costs p.a.: R 165.8m (formal + informal)

82 ii) Variable costs p.a.: R 101.8m (formal + informal) R 267.6m B: Indirect Economic Impact Fixed Costs: R 165.8m x 0.1 = R 16.6m Variable costs R 101.8m x 0.3 = R 30.5m R 47.1m Total Direct and Indirect economic impact = R 314.7m C: Induced Economic Impact Variable induced cost multiplier (5%) = R (101.8m x 1.3) x 0.05 = R 6.62m Total Induced Economic Impact = R 321.3m SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 78 D: Economic Outflow (% factor on capital values) = R ( 55m) Summary: Total Economic Impact of Artificial Lure Angling Direct & Indirect & Induced Economic Impact, less Outflows: R 268m + R 47m + R 7m R 55m = R 267million. Economic Impact per Participant: R 267m = R 22,250 pp. per annum. (average of formal and informal participants expenditure per person p.a.). 6.7 Bass Angling Anglers: 2,000 formal + 18,000 informal = 20,000 participants A: Direct Economic Impact i) Fixed costs p.a.: R 560.0m (formal + informal) ii) Variable costs p.a.: R 568.7m (formal + informal) R 1129m B: Indirect Economic Impact Fixed Costs: R 560m x 0.1 = R 56.0m Variable costs R 568.7m x 0.3 = R 170.6m R 225m Total Direct and Indirect economic impact = R 1354m C: Induced Economic Impact Variable induced cost multiplier (5%) = R (568.7m x 1.3) x 0.05 = R 36m Total Induced Economic Impact = R 1390m D: Economic Outflow (% factor on capital values) = R ( 186m) Summary: Total Economic Impact of Bass Angling Direct & Indirect & Induced Economic Impact, less Outflows: R 1129m + R 225m + R 36m R 186m = R 1.2 billion. Economic Impact per Participant: R 1.2 billion 20,000 = R 60,000 pp. p.a. (average of formal and informal participants expenditure per person p.a.). 6.8 Carp Angling Anglers: 280 formal + 2,520 informal = 2,800 participants

83 A: Direct Economic Impact i) Fixed costs p.a.: R 77.2m (formal + informal) ii) Variable costs p.a.: R 147.0m (formal + informal) R 224.2m B: Indirect Economic Impact Fixed Costs: R 77.2m x 0.1 = R 7.7m Variable costs R 147.0m x 0.3 = R 44.1m R 51.8m Total Direct and Indirect economic impact = R 276m SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 79 C: Induced Economic Impact Variable induced cost multiplier (5%) = R 147m x 1.3) x 0.05 = R 10m Total Induced Economic Impact = R 286m D: Economic Outflow (% factor on capital values) = R ( 26m) Summary: Total Economic Impact of Carp Angling Direct & Indirect & Induced Economic Impact, less Outflows: R 224.2m + R 52m + R 10m R 26m = R 260 million. Economic Impact per Participant: R 260m 2,800 = R 9,286 pp. per annum. (average of formal and informal participants expenditure per person p.a.). 6.9 Match Angling Anglers: 80 formal + 10 informal = 90 participants A: Direct Economic Impact i) Fixed costs p.a.: R 7.2m (formal + informal) ii) Variable costs p.a.: R 14.1m (formal + informal) R 21.3m B: Indirect Economic Impact Fixed Costs: R 7.2m x 0.1 = R 0.7m Variable costs R 14.1m x 0.1 = R 1.4m R 2.1m Total Direct and Indirect economic impact = R 23.4m C: Induced Economic Impact Variable induced cost multiplier (5%) = (R 14.1 x 1.1) x 0.05 = R 0.8m Total Induced Economic Impact = R 24m D: Economic Outflow (% factor on capital values) = R ( 2m) Summary: Total Economic Impact of Match Angling

84 Direct & Indirect & Induced Economic Impact, less Outflows: R 21.3m + R 2m + R 1m R 2m = R 22 million. Economic Impact per Participant: R 22m 90 = R 250,000 pp. per annum. (average of formal and informal participants expenditure per person p.a.). SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Underwater Angling Anglers: 68 formal + (932 semi-affiliated informal) = 10,000 participants. A: Direct Economic Impact i) Fixed costs p.a.: R 19.2m (formal + informal) ii) Variable costs p.a.: R 31.1m (formal + informal) R 50m B: Indirect Economic Impact Fixed Costs: R 19.2m x 0.1 = R 1.9m Variable costs R 31.1m x 0.1 = R 3.1m R 5m Total Direct and Indirect economic impact = R 55m C: Induced Economic Impact Variable induced cost multiplier (10%) = R (31.1m x 1.1) x 0.10 = R 3m Total Induced Economic Impact = R 58m D: Economic Outflow (% factor on capital values) = R ( 6m) Summary: Total Economic Impact of Underwater Angling Direct & Indirect & Induced Economic Impact, less Outflows: R 50m + R 5m + R 3m R 6m = R 52 million. Economic Impact per Participant: R 52m 10,000 = R 5,200 pp. per annum. (average of formal and informal participants expenditure per person p.a.).

85 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Comparative Economic Impact of Sport & Recreational Angling in Other Countries, and with Competing Activities in South Africa 7.1. Economic Impact of Sport & Recreational Angling in Other Countries Comparisons with other countries are listed here for general interest, as the incidence of angling activities, population participation rates, propensity to spend and consume, and tax & employment effects differ widely. Relevant facts of Sport & Recreational angling in some other countries are: In the U.S.A., the total economic impact of sport & recreational angling in 2005 amounts to US $ 125 billion. In contrast, in South Africa total economic impact of Sport & Recreational angling amounts to R18.8 billion (about US $ 2.5 billion, at exchange rate of R7.5= US$1). In the U.S.A., direct expenditures by Sport & Recreational anglers total about 50% more than the landed value of commercial fisheries per annum (ratio of 60:40 of combined value). While Commercial Fishermen receive a far greater fish catch allocation than Sport & Recreational anglers, and it may appear that it has the most immediate impact on some coastal economies, the reality is that Sport & Recreational angling s economic impact is generally 50% greater than that of commercial fishing. That impact is country-wide rather than mainly coastal. Saltwater recreational angling is in many U.S. states ranked as the 8 th largest tourism attraction, with its accompanying multiplicative economic benefits. In the USA, Sport & Recreational angling results in $ 16.4 billion in state and federal taxes (2006) about 13% of total S&R retail sales of $ 45.3 billion. The economic impact of Saltwater angling is smaller than that of Freshwater angling - for saltwater angling in the USA, the figures are $1.44 billion in taxes from $11.3 billion in S&R retail sales - also about 13% of the total Comparisons with Other Sport & Recreation Activities More Americans participate in sports angling (40 million) than play golf (24.4 million) and tennis (10.4 million) combined (2006). In South Africa, Sport & Recreational Angling participants are relatively low (2.5 million, or 5%) in relation to its population (50 million), but its economic impacts

86 are proportionally higher than that of many other sports e.g. a higher economic impact than that of Wildlife Hunting/Sports, including Big Game hunting. Sport & Recreational angling in South Africa is estimated to be economically more important (R 18.8 billion total economic impact) than rugby and cricket combined (R 5.5 billion in total, including sponsorship, franchising, travel, development, transformation and television advertising effects). SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Wider Implications of the Findings of this Study The scope of this study was limited to a typical baseline economic impact study, i.e. it excludes integrated reviews of economic impacts with extensive resource & environmental impacts and sociological impacts. It is also not a policy or normative study, which would require wider EIA (economic impact assessment) studies, in cohesion with other systemic policy considerations. Nevertheless, the scope of this study is consistent with that of typical economic impact studies in other countries and regions. The findings of this study contain several counter-intuitive (or surprising) findings, which have wider implications. These are summarized as follows: The surprisingly large size of the annual economic impact of Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa, which provides an appreciation of its value to the economic GDP. Knowledge of this is however sparse, in most public and private sector organizations. The fact that Sport & Recreational angling has a larger economic impact than Commercial Fishing, and a larger economic impact than comparative sports such as Big Game Hunting in South Africa. Relatively speaking, the industry is under-valued and less regarded (relative poorer overall image) by policy makers and resource-oriented managers. The current size of the economic inflow to South Africa related to participation in domestic competitions in Sport & Recreational angling, and accompanying tourism, is relatively small. However, its development potential is substantial. The indirect and induced economic effects of such inflows could be significant in terms of jobs, wages and supplying industries. Sport & Recreational angling has a relatively negligible impact on fish resources, stocks and specie conservation most angling facets make use of catch-and-release practices, and are controlled by bag limits and biodiversity regulations. Sport & Recreational angling is not characterized by the rich only, as the majority of participants are informal' (non-club members) with boat values of less than R 0.2 million each. Access is relatively easy and unconstrained, except for the normal governmental control and safety regulations. Sport & Recreational angling has specific transformation policies and practices, enabling all communities to learn and participate in the industry. Transformation can certainly be expanded further, despite significant cultural and other realities. Ironically, due to lack of general knowledge of its activities and value, Sport & Recreational angling is often negatively regarded when considering conflicting claims of subsistence fishing and

87 commercial fishing. The latter have more scope for catch-and-sell /consume, and have much more impact on fish resources and stocks than Sport & Recreational angling. Any resource-based sport has potential growth limits, and to determine this requires another type of study. However, it is evident that the current potential for a substantial positive increase in Sport & Recreational angling activities in South Africa is huge. In conclusion, it is evidently now imperative that biological, conservation, effective utilization (sport and commercial), social equity, and economic impact issues and policies should be viewed on an integrated (and sustainable) resource and impact management. Such research is now becoming important for South Africa. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme Strategic Value and Future Development Pointers for Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa A summary of strategic pointers of the findings of this study for SASACC are: The study shows the significant economic impact of Sport & Recreational Angling for South Africa, with considerable future development and growth potential due to the relatively low current levels of professional efforts to expand the industry. The strategic value of this study for South Africa is that, because of better knowledge of the significant economic impact of the industry, stakeholders such as participants, government and business are able to calculate and compare possible returns on additional investment - for example, in development of local angling facilities and events, and professional marketing and communications. Comparisons with other countries, with adaptations for the domestic situation, also indicate the considerable additional economic potential and contribution to the country s GDP. Image: The Image of Sport & Recreational Angling in South Africa should be vastly improved among various types of stakeholders and interested parties. The TV programs and magazines devoted to the sport are causing higher profiles, but these are still mainly among the sport s current participants. Government at local, regional and national levels, should be oriented about the nature, impacts benefits of the industry, in a systemic relationship with resource, energy and environmental considerations. Formalization: A relatively high percentage of participants in the industry are outside the formal club environment, i.e. informal participants, for whatever reason. The benefits of formal membership of the industry should be expanded and appropriately marketed. Coordination Capabilities: The levels of coordination and influence of the industry among public and private sector organizations need to be vastly improved. This transcends the current (limited) levels of participation in stakeholder groups, such as MCM, SA Tourism, and Dept. of Environment and Tourism. Internal Marketing Expertise: The nature and size of Sport & Recreational angling in South Africa, and its representative body (SASACC), requires a significantly higher level of strategic marketing

88 expertise. Investment in such expertise would be profitable in terms of internal marketing to existing and prospective members. External Communication Expertise & Influence: Likewise as for internal marketing, the industry requires professional external communications to various types of stakeholders. SASACC gives the industry a unified voice, impacting on emerging laws and policies that could significantly affect members and relevant angling businesses. Transformation policies and strategies: SASACC has been involved in various and significant types of transformation initiatives in its industry. These need to designated as very high in priority for equity and image considerations and well-coordinated with relevant public and private (business) sector organizations. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 84 Education: For purposes of social responsibility, community information and image, a coordinated education strategy involving the S.A. Department of Education and other educational organizations on various levels should be devised and implemented as soon as possible. All of the above-mentioned strategic pointers should be considered in terms of an overall industry strategy, involving issues such as resources, capabilities, costs, benefits and long term development of the industry to the benefits of its members and its stakeholders. This study and its reports should form the basis of a Sport & Recreational Angling database - considering issues such as nature (what, for whom), scope, value (benefits, costs), access and use. The benefits of this are self-evident.

89 Appendix C SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 85

90 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 86

91 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 87 SASACC has for many years involved thousands of schoolchildren in Junior Angling at Club-, Provincial-, National and International Level. The SASACC organisation structure Fourteen provincial members 599 angling clubs Junior provincial leagues, provincial trials, national championships and a national trials system running.

92 Participate in the FIPS-ed World Championships and Zone 6 Tournaments Junior Federation A-, B- and C Teams, a U/14 Junior Team and Federation Young Ladies Team are selected annually. Ample opportunities therefore exist for junior anglers on a competitive level. Activities were traditionally limited to competitive sport angling with the participants mainly being juniors who voluntary joined clubs for social and competitive angling purposes. During the past two years major changes were introduced through our 5-Year Strategic Plan Funds permitting, SASACC implemented School and Club Programmes. inclusive and integrated. to involve previously disadvantaged individuals in recreational, social and competitive angling at junior level. In line with LTAD principals participants are initially introduced to a single angling discipline. Due to the fact that the majority of anglers are shore and bank anglers SASACC the concentration - Long-Term Angler of activities Development will be Programme focused 88 on these two disciplines. Angling as a sport code probably have the highest mass participation involvement

93 Potential of involving thousands of new comer school children The main aim of the Schools Development Program is to: Get the youth involved in angling and through angling in a variety of sports. Education regarding environmental and nature conservation issues. Appreciation for the great outdoors. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 89

94 School Sport Projects and Coach Development done for this purpose must encompass the principals as set out in the Long-Term Angler Development Programme with specific reference to: Ten key factors influencing angler development Seven Stages of LTAD The 10 S s of training Develop a comprehensive schools angling and education program Teach angling, conservation, and life skills to the youth. Basic angling equipment, angling techniques, angler ethics, freshwater ecology, fish ecology, care of the catch, casting techniques, safety, catch and release, responsible outdoor behaviour, food webs, and local environmental issues. Activities designed to increase the enjoyment and knowledge of South Africa s aquatic resources. It is also important to align the Schools Development Program with the Club Development Program and the mass participation programs of the Federation. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 90 Children s Coach Level 1 Training Coach training will compose of long-term mentor-based educational programs that are necessary to create ethical anglers developing positive life skills The program uses angling skill development as a gateway to teach youths about: the benefits of a healthy lifestyle how to deal with the challenges facing them in their young lives. To train coaches we will utilize top angling coaches and trained aquatic education professionals. Coaches will be trained by ways of training courses and we will provide workshops for the educators to assist the young anglers. School Based Programs (on school premises) will be introduced: Ecosystems, Conservation and related topics. Angling Theory related slide shows and presentations followed by question and answer periods. Practical lessons for e.g. casting, trace binding, preparation of baits. The showing and handing out of CD's and DVD s. Implementation of School Angling Leagues and involving pupils in provincial angling activities. Identify and develop anglers to participate in Junior Provincial Trails (talent identification) Identify and develop anglers & coaches to include in Junior Provincial Teams for participation in Junior National Championships (talent identification)

95 Identify and develop anglers to participate in National Trials (talent identification) and possible inclusion in National-, Protea and Development Teams Identify and develop anglers for participation in National Federation High Performance Program, Angling Workshops and Demonstrations Identify and develop anglers for participation in Junior Regional Competitions and Junior World Championships Multi-discipline Clinics to be held at suitable angling venues. This is done to promote interest in a variety of angling disciplines so that anglers can specialize at a later stage of their development. Develop assistant coaches in the Children's Participant Domain by presenting Volunteer Coach Angling Clinics. The volunteer coaches shall be trained and provided with coaching material and angling equipment. SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 91

96 Angling programmes provide an additional source of education. Basic science principles for e.g. during preparations and testing baits. Anatomy of fish. How weather conditions effect fish behaviour as evident in catches of anglers Measuring water depth and mapping of dam & river beds Pollution, different types of pollution and the threat there of to the environment. Rules, regulations and ordinances for protection of the environment and the consequences for noncompliance. Water safety and first aid Hazardous environmental factors e.g. lightning, snake-bites, bee-sting, and how to deal with these threats. The Schools and Youth programs are not a quick fix, but structured long term programmes which will provide: Fun physical literacy Stamina, Strength, Speed, Skill and Suppleness training at the relevant stages of development. Structure/stature (body type and growth), psychology, Sustenance (adequate nutrition, hydration and rest), Schooling (and stress), and Sociocultural factors must be considered. At any stage, overemphasis on physical training and winning may not equip the angler for the all challenges of high performance competition or for life outside sport. Developing the whole athlete, including character, ethics, and so on, should be the objective of every program. A training program by manipulating modality, volume, intensity and frequency of training over longterm (multi-year) and annual time frames, using training, competition and recovery periods. This is called Periodization. Research has concluded that takes a minimum of 10 years or 10,000 hours of training for a talented athlete to reach elite levels. There are no short-cuts. Develop the angler through all seven stages of the Long-Term Angler Development Programme. Active Start FUNdamentals Learning to Cast Train to Cast Train to Compete Cast to Excel Cast for Life One-on-One Coaching will be beneficial for identifying of strengths and weaknesses and the immediate remedy of weaknesses Introduction to Angling and the environment. Involves classroom studies and practical sessions. Water safety, angling skills and techniques and tournament angling. Coaches of different levels (Children s Participant Domain) will be deployed to work one-on-one with students to enable them to master different angling techniques and skills. Other activities include leadership, and teambuilding.

97

98 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 93 As a result of SASACC National Schools Programme three provincial development teams were entered into a national championships for the very first time during December These teams competed in the Junior Under 13 National Championships and included the following three provinces: Mpumalanga Free State Far North-West These three teams competed on equal terms with the other provinces and the standard within these teams were of such quality as to beat some of the regular provincial teams. Mpumalanga Development finished 9 th out of sixteen provinces and Free State Development which also included one disabled member finished 10 th. Furthermore were coaches developed to also compete at this level. A under 13 SAFBAF Development team were selected from these anglers to participate in the SAFBAF inland tour with the regular SAFBAF teams. Provinces that did not enter development teams this year committed to do so in future.

99 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 94

100 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 95 JUNIOR UNDER 13 NATIONAL

101 CHAMPIONSHIP RESULTS POS 1 2 PROVINCE CENT. GAUTENG KWAZULU- NATAL CATCH POINTS DAY 1 CATCH POINTS DAY 2 CATCH POINTS DAY 2 FINAL RESULTS (DAY 1 &3) NORTH WEST MPUMALANGA FREE STATE (28) LIMPOPO GAUTENG GAUTENG NORTH MPUM DEVELOPMENT FREE STATE DEVELOPMENT NORTH EAST MPUMALANGA CENTRAL NORTH WEST NORTHERN CAPE EASTERN PROVINCE WESTERN PROVINCE FAR NORTH WEST DEVELOPM (26) NO OF FISH TOTAL NO OF FISH TOTAL WEIGHT

102 SASACC - Long-Term Angler Development Programme 97 Under 13 SAFBAF Development Team 1 NAME PROVINCE FISH WEIGHT POINTS 1 TS MAKHUBO MPUMALANGA AA LEPHATOA MPUMALANGA PG 3 MHLUBULWANA FREE STATE FAR NORTH 4 R JOHANNES WEST DS MOKETI FREE STATE FAR NORTH 6 S JOSEPH WEST T VAN WYK MPUMALANGA