A SYNOPSIS OF THE PHILIPPINE U. S. NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH UNIT # 2 NAVMED 580 \ L

Transcription

1 :.; A SYNOPSIS OF THE PHILIPPINE MOSQUITOES Richard M. Bohart, Lieutenant Cjg), H(S), USER U. S. NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH UNIT # 2 NAVMED 580 \ L

2 Page 7 &~< Key to tie genera of Phil ippirre mosquitoes..,... 3,,:._q$y&_ &-,$++~ * Genus Anophek- ~... 6, * fl& --<+:_? ;-6 cienu,sl$&2g~s...*...*...**.*.~..**..*. _ 24 _,,~-: 5fz.ggj,Gepw Topomyia..~..+*t~*..~ir~~... ****...*..~*~...*.~-*~~... &,+g&$y? Gelius Zeugnomyia... -_*, :-r-* 2.. y., yg-t??5 rt3agomvia.... <* gf-:$*$...*...*...*...*.. Genus Hodgesia...*...**.*...* * us Uranotaenia...*.*... rrr...*.* _ Genus &thopodomyia...*.... Genus Ficalbia,... Mansonia... Geng Aedeomyia... Genus Heizmannia... Genus Armigeres... Genus Aedes... Genus Culex...*...*.. 82, _. 2 y-_:,*~ Literat6iZZted....*...*...=.. I. i-i -I I>@$ Explanation of figures.....*...*... g-54 _;,_ $$%J$ Index to genera, species and subspecies g!++ - _ :~~~~gj - _. l.<~.h,

3 INTRODUCTION About half of the described Philippine spec ies of mosquitoes appear to be ic. Most of the remainder are distributed o ver other sections of Malaysia, widespread throughout the Oriental Region. A few species appear to be ssentially Australasian and another small group, exemplified by Aedes vexans Aedes aegypti, occur in many parts of the world. As used here, the Oriental ion embraces all of Asia south of the Himalayas, the southern half of China, Malaysia. The term Malaysia is used in a broad sense to include the Malay insula, the Netherlands Indies as far east as Timor, Borneo, Celebes and the The Philippine species of mosquitoes can be divided into three groups of proximately equal numbers -- Anopheles, Aedes and Culex -- and a fourth mewhat larger group containing a heterogeneous assortment of smaller genera. t is of interest to compare this situation with that in Australasia, where Aedes outstrips all of the other genera in number of species. All of the Oriental nera of mosquitoes occur in the Philippines with the exception of Paraedes and Although no species of Culiseta occur in the Philippines, this is peaking an Oriental genus, as a few species reach India only in the estern Himalayas. r t The U. S. National Museum, where this s tudy was made, has by far the best ollectibn of Philippine mosquitoes in the world. Of the 142 kn.own spe ties and ubspecies, the Museum has material of 128 and type material of 55 of these. This s in addition to type materialof synonyms. The number of workers who have directly contributed to the taxonomy of hilippine mosquitoes is relatively small. Between the years 1900 and 1915 e field was divided among C. S. Ludlow, C. S. Banks and G. M. Giles. From to 1929 H. G. Dyar and R. C. Shannon publishd the only significant papers. recent workers have been F. E. Baisas, P. F. Russell, W. V. King, A. Ston M. Bohart and D. S. Farner. Identification of the Philippine species of mosquitoes is not always a simple natter. This is particularly true in the subgenus Aedes and in many of the subgenera If Cuiex. In these groups the male genitalia must be used as a final criterion. ienitalia mounts can be readily prepared by snipping off the tip of the abdomen, toiling gently for a few minutes in dilute sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, lacing for a few minutes in water, soaking for 15 minutes or more in cellosolve, nd mounting ventral side up in euparal or balsam. With relatively large genitalia, uch as those of most Anopheles and Aedes, it is wise to elevate the coverslip with ragments of coverslip. In Culex this isnot necessary, but one sidepiece should e removed and mounted separately. If no cellosolve is available, the genitalia lust be dehydrated in alcohol before mounting in euparal, or in alcohol and xylol r cedar oil before mounting in balsam. -I-

4 Most mosquito taxonomy depends on the character and location of scales. Consequently, only reasonably unrubbed specimens can be positively identified, at least in the female. External characters of particular use are the color of the scutal integument in Anopheles; pleural integumental markings in Tripteroides, Hodgesia, Ficalbia and a few. Culex; male antenna1 structures in the subgenus Lophoceraw(these shouldbeounted on slides after the same treatment recommended for genitalia); relative lengths of the proboscis and palpus; and leg modifications, especially in Uranotaenia. All of the keys are original except that to genera, which was taken largely from Barraud (1934). Most of the technical characters used in the keys are illustrated diagrammatically in figures 88, 9@ and 91. In citing synonymy only the names based on Philippine specimens have been included, unless otherwise indicated.. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Alan Stone, Division of Insect Identification, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, for his generous assistance throughout the study; to Lt. (jg) D. S. Farner, H(S) USNR, who made certain necessary revisions of the keys and text; to R. L. Ingram, CPhM, USN, who did most of the literature research and checked the keys; to Lieutenant Mildred R. Lewis, (W) USNR, who handled many details in connection with the manuscript; and to Dr. E. A. Chapin, Curator of Insects, National Museum, for the opportunity to use the Museum collection and laboratory facilities. l This work was done under the direction of Captain Thomas M. Rivers, MC(S) USNR, Commanding Officer of the U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 and Commander James J. Sapero, MC, USN, in charge of the Section cn Malaria Investigations of the same unit. -2-

5 c KEY TO THE GENERA OF PHILIPPINE MOSQUITOES I. Abdomen without scales, or at least with the sternites largely bare; posterior margin of scutellum evenly rounded; female * palpus about as long as proboscis Anopheles Meigen (page 6>- Abdomen with both tergites and sternites completely clothed. with scales; female palpus shorter than proboscis...* Proboscis with apical half curved and more slender than basal half; posterior margin of scutellum evenly rounded; clypeus broader than long Megarhinus Robineau-Desvoidy (page 22) Proboscis of uniform thickness, tapering evenly, or swollen apically; posterior margin of scutellum trilobed; clypeus longer than broad _ Squama without a fringe; vein 6 not reaching beyond base of fork of vein ~...~... *. 4 Squama fringed; vein 6 reaching well beyond base of fork of vein 5..*...*... 8 Wing membrane appearing clear at magnifications less than 80; anterior fork cell usually very short Uranotaenia Lynch-Arribalzaga (page 31) Wing membrane with microtrichia visible under a magnification of 50 or less; anterior fork cell not usually very short Cell R2 shorter than its stem, no spiracular bristles, more than 2 proepimeral bristles Zeugnomyia _Leicester (page 25). Cell R2 longer than its stem Outstanding scales on outer part of wing notched apically JIodgesia Theobald (page 30) Wing scales not notched Proboscis very hairy and apically swollen Harpagomyia de Meijere (page 25) Proboscis neither hairy nor apically swollen Topomyia Leicester (page 24) 8. Postspiracular Postspiracular bristles present ~... 9 bristles absent

6 , 9. Wing scales very broad and many asymmetrical; vertex with few l or no broad appressed scales; abdominal tergite VIII of female with a comb-like margin of spines; apical segment of male palpus minute Mansonia Blanchard (part) (page 40) Wing scales not very broad and asymmetrical, or if so, with numerous broad appressed scales on vertex; abdominal tergite VIII of female without a comb-like margin of spines; apical segment of male palpus not minute...*o...***** Tarsi dark; median area of vertex and scutellum without narrow curved scales; torus, anterior pronotal lobe, proepimeron and pleuron with large patches of whitish scales A-rmigeres Theobald (part) (page 45) Without the above combination of characters Aedes Meigen (page 50 > 11. Spiracular bristles present; palpi of Philippine species short in both sexes.....*... Tripteroides Giles (page 26) Spiracular bristles absent * Anterior pronotal lobes approximated behind the head; scutum without dor socentral or pre scutellar bristles Heizmannia Ludlow (page 44: Anterior pronotal lobes well separated; dorsocentral and prescutellar bristles well developed Postspiracular area with broad appressed dark scales Armigeres Theobald (part) (page 45) Postspiracular area, bare All segments of female antenna and last two segments of male antenna short and thick; mid femur with an apical scale tuft _~" Aedeomyia Theobald (page 44) Antenna1 segments slender; mid femur without an apical scale tuft First segment of front tarsus longer than last four together; fifth segment longer than fourth; wing spotted *.. Orthopodomyia Theobald (page 3'7) First segment of front tarsus not longer than last four together.. 16 * _4_ -

7 16. Proboscis apically swollen, especially in male; first fork cell of wing shorter than its stem, or wing with broad scales *... Ficalbia Theobald (page 37) Proboscis not apically swollen Pulvilli present... Culex Linnaeus (page 6 1) Pulvilli absent... Mansonia Blanchard (part) (page 40) Q -5-

8 Genus ANOPHELES Meigen As treated here, the Philippine members of this genus total 18 species and 11 subspecies. Of these, 6 species and 8 subspecies appear to be endemic. Because of the importance of the genus from a medical standpoint, it has received far more attention in the past than have other Philippine genera. Among important critical taxonomic papers are those of King (1931, 1932a, 1932b>, Baisas (1935d),, Russell and Baisas d934, 19361, Simmons and Aitken (194.21, and Russell, Rozeboom and Stone (1943). The conventional use of two subgenera, Anopheles and Myzomyia, based on the simple or complex antenna1 hair of the larva, works very well for Philippine species. The bristle characters of male genitalia are also satisfactory except in the case of parangensis. Because of theepeculiar genitalia of this species, (fig. 111, Swellengrebel and Rodenwaldt (1932) erected the subgenus Palaeomyzomyia for it. In most other respects it seems to be a typical Myzomyia, however, and is considered as such in this paper. Evidence of malaria transmission, as reported in the literature, is summarized in tables 1 and 2. The species can be divided roughly into 7 categories as follows: (1) Common and presumably an important vector in the Philippine S nigerrimus, maculatus, mangyanus and minimus flavirostris. All of this group have been associated with malaria epidemics on epidemiologic al grounds and all are essentially stream breeders. Most authors consider minimus flavirostris to be the most important of the four and nigerrimus to be the least important. (2) Common and presumably capable of being an important vector, but largely zoophilic -- annularis. (3) Common and with some evidence of transmission but not considered important as a vector -- subpictus indefinitus, philippinensis, vagus limosus, filipinae, barbirostris and bancroftii. The last named species has been reported. as a secondary vector in New Guinea during an epidemic for which punctulatus Doenitz was largely responsible. A. filipinae has been suspected as a vector because of its relationship to minimus but only a few records of natural infection have been reported., (4) Common but with no evidence or with negative evidence of malaria transmission -- litoralis, hyrcanus lesteri, hyrcanus pseudosinensis and ludlowii. (5) Uncommon but of some importance elsewhere as a vector -- kochi. This primarily zoophilic species is capable of causing an epidemic under special conditions when it becomes abundant. (6) Uncommon but with records of experimental infection or rare natural infection -- aitkenii bengalensis, karwari, tesselatus, and leucosphyrus leucosphyrus.

9 (7) Uncommon and no evidence of malaria transmission -- insulaeflorum, lindsaii benguetensis, cristatus, kolambuganensis, riparis, parangensis and gateri. gigas formosus, leucosphyrus TABLE I EVIDENCE OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION IN THE MORE COMMON PHILIPPINE ANOPHELES* Species of Anopheles Many records Few records Positive Negative of natural in- of natural in- experi- evidence fe ction fection mental infection minimus flavirostris X X(?> mangyanus X maculatus h --_I.,.. X X -.-~ _..-l-_ l--.l-ll nigerrimus X X annular is X X bancr oftii X barbirostris X X f ilipinae X vagus limosus X philippinensis subpictus indefinitus ludlowii hyr canus. pseudosinensis.hyr canus lesteri litoralis *Simmons and Aitken (1.942) and Farner works for tables 1 and 2. X (1943) were used as source X X X X X -7-

10 TABLE 2 EVIDENCE OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION IN THE LESS COMMON PHILIPPINE ANOPHELES Species of Anopheles Many records Positive of natural in- Few records experifection outside of natural in- mental No evithe Philippines fe ction infection dence kochi X X leucosphyrus leucosphyrus tesselatus karwari aitkenii bengalensis X X X X X gateri parangensis leucosphyrus riparis leucosphyrus balabacensis kolambuganensis cr istatus lindsaii bengue tensis insulaeflorum gigas formosus X X X. X X X X X X -8-

11 KEY TO THE SUBGENERA OF PHILIPPINE ANOPHELES Antenna1 hair of larva branched, inner clypeal hairs close together; male genitalia with sidepiece bearing 2 stout bristles near the base and 1 fairly strong bristle along inner margin (figs. 7, 10) Anopheles Meigen Antenna1 hair of larva simple, inner clypeal hairs widely separated; male genitalia with sidepiece bearing 4 or 5 strong bristles near the base and usually with 2 weak bristles near apex of inner margin (genitalia of parangensis with only 1 strong bristle near the base) (figs. 11, 12) Myzomyia Blanchard KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE ANOPHELES Vertex with sparse very slender upright scales and hairs; scutal scales all hair-like (fig. 2); legs, mouthparts, and wings all dark; mesosome without leaflets Vertex thickly covered with rather short, apically broadened erect scales; scutal scales somewhat broadened, at least at front margin (figs: 1, 3, 4); wings not all dark Mesosome smooth aitkenii bengalensis Puri Mesosome with spine-like projections (figs. 2, 7) insulaeflorum Swellengrebel and Swellengrebel 3. Scutum sprinkled with broadened scales, at least over anterior one-half (fig. 4).....*... 4 Scutum with broadened scales at most on front margin and anterior third at sides (figs. 1, 3) Last 3 hind tarsals entirely white Last 3 hind tarsals not all white Fifth vein including its fork mostly dark with about 4 white spots annularis van der Wulp. Fifth vein including its fork mostly pale with about 5 dark spots ~... philippinensis Ludlow f 6. Last hind tarsal entirely white; scutum as viewed from above without a distinct round spot laterally on anterior third (fossal spot) Last hind tarsal not all white; scutum as viewed from above with a distinct round dark spot laterally on anterior third

12 7. Legs spotted, third hind tarsal with broad basal and apical bands; anal vein (vein 6) with 3 black spots maculatus Theobald Legs not spotted, third hind tarsal without a broad basal band; anal vein (vein 6) with 2 black spots karwari (James> 8. Apical half of proboscis mostly pale-scaled; third and fourth hind tarsals with distinct broad basal and apical whitish bands; sternites with prominent black apical scale tufts, especially on V to VII (fig. 4) kochi Doenitz Apical half of proboscis dark except usually for a subapical pale ring; hind tarsus dull, more or less pale, but indistinctly marked; abdomen without scale tufts except to some extent at sides of tergites kolambuganensis Baisas 9. Scutal integument mostly pale with a distinct unbroken lateral dark margin tiest seen in dorsal view) (fig. 1) % Scutum mottled, without a distinct unbroken lateral dark margin (fig. 3) * Hind femur with at least one submedian pale spot or band :. 11 Hind femur dark except sometimes at base and apex; tarsi. dark or very narrowly pale at joints Femora, tibiae and first tarsal with many spots; palpus palemarked; wing with about 6 whitish costal spots.....ludlowii (Theobald > Femora with a basal spot and submedian band, rest of legs unmarked; palpus dark; wing with one costal spot lindsaii benguetensis King 12. Palpus all dark-scaled, at least in female; club of male palpus with abundant long hair (fig. 5) Palpus with whitish-scaled areas; club of male palpus with sparse long hair (fig. 9) Costa with 2 very small palespots in both. sexes; moderatesized mosquito (fig. 5) *... gateri Baisas Costa with 4 pale spots in female and 5 to 6 in male, some of spots broad; large mosquito (fig. 1) gigas formosus Ludlow 14. Female palpus with subapical pale band smaller than apical; male palpal club about half pale -scaled (figs. 8, 9, 12)..... filipinae Manalang Female palpus with subapical pale band about as broad as apical - (fig. 6); male palpal club about two-thirds pale -scaled

13 15. Basal half of wing with 1 or 2 costal spots; female proboscis with a pale-scaled area toward apex beneath (fig. 6) minimus flavirostris (Ludlow) Basal half of wing with 3 costal spots; female proboscis dark mangyanus (Banks) 16. Femora without many spots (sometimes speckled) Femora with many spots.., Wings with not less than 5 pale costal spots; palpus tipped with white scales; front tarsus with narrow joint bands; sternite VII without a patch of outstanding scales...> Wings with not more than 4 pale costal spots; front tarsus with apical bands only; sternite VII with a patch of outstanding scales First dark costal spot beyond middle of wing at least as long as pale spot on either side subpictus indefinitus (I,ud.low> First dark costal spot beyond middle of wing shorter than pale spot on either side *... vagus limosus King 19. Femora speckled with.pale and dark scales on dorsal surface (fig. 16>.... bancroftii Gile s 20. Femora not Hind tarsus Hind tarsus speckled on dorsal surface with some broad pale bands *. nigerrimus Giles with very narrow pale bands.i...*** Pale areas of veins 5 and 6 sprinkled with dbsk scales barbirostris van der Wulp Pale areas of veins 5 and.6.with white scales only Hind tarsal bands conspicuous; palpal bands inconspicuous hyrcanus pseudosinensis Baisas Hind tarsal bands inconspicuous; palpal bands conspicuous hyrcanus lester i Baisas & Hu _ 23. Tibio-tarsal joint of hind leg covered on both sides by a, broad whitish area Tibio-tarsal joint of hind leg without a broad white -band Apical band of hind tibia narrowed above by dark streak Apical band of hind tibia not narrowed above by a dark streak

14 25. First mid tarsal mostly dark; prehumeral costal pale spot faint or absent a... cristatus King and Baisas First mid tarsal with many spots; prehumeral costal pale spot distinct..i... leucosphyrus riparis King and Baisas 26. Fourth hind tarsal with a patch of pale scales basally leucosphyrus balabacensis Baisas Fourth hind tarsal all dark basally..... leucosphyrus leucosphyrus Doenitz 27. Scutal fossa with numerous broadened scales.; apical half of female palpus with a narrow subapical white band and a broad apical one; hind tarsus with rather broad joint bands on some segments litoralis King Scutal fossa almost or entirely without broadened scales (fig. 3); apical half of female palpus differently marked; hind tarsal bands narrow and not covering both sides of the joints Halter knob white-scaled above; apical half of female palpus with two broad pale bands and a narrow apical one; female proboscis mostly pale on apical half tesselatus Theobald Halter knob dark-scaled above; apical half of female palpus with moderate and subequal apical and subapical pale bands (fig. 11) *... parangensis (Ludlow) ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) AITKENII BENGALENSIS Puri Anopheles aitkenii bengalensis Puri Ind. Jour.;Med. Res. 17:953 (type locality: India). Stethom ia pallida Ludlow Can. Ent. 37: 129 (preocc. by Theobald -Tmif-- This small species is very closely related to insulaeflorum and is best separated in the adult by the presence of small spines on the mesosome of the latter species. The larva differs from other Philippine species of the subgenus in having the inner clypeal hair with 3 to 6 strong branches and prothoracic hair. 1 stoutly branched. Biology: Larvae are found along streams. Adults* are said to be timid, relatively quiet margins of cool forest with a preference for domestic animals. Distribution: Widespread over most of pines it is known from Luzon, Mindanao and the Oriental Region. Culion. In the Philip- -1%

15 ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) BANCROFTII Giles (fig. lo)* Anopheles bancroftii Giles Handb. Gnats, ed. 2, p. 511 (type locality: Queensland). Anopheles pseudobarbirostris Ludlow Jour. N. Y. Ent. S?c. 10:129. In addition to the characters given in the key, bancroftii is also distinguished (except from barbirostris) by the extremely thick shaggy scaling of the palpus and proboscis. The larva is characterized by having an enlarged sclerotized peg between the spiracles, subequal lateral hairs on abdominal segments IV to VI, antennal hair less than half as long as antenna, outer clypeal hair many-branched, and prothorac ic hair 1 relatively simple. Biology: Larvae occur in large bodies of water or occasionally in ditches and canals. containing abundant vegetation, Distribution: Northern Australia, New Guinea, Adrniralties, Ceylon, Malaysia. Philippine records are from Luzon, Panay, Negros, Mindanao, Siasi, and Jolo. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) BARBIROSTRIS van der Wulp Anopheles barbirostris van der Wulp Notes Leyden Mus (type locality: Java>. Specimens with both broad and narrow post-apical fringe spots have been studied. The former would fall under barbumbrosus Strickland and Chowdhury in many keys. Larvae from which specimens of both types were reared vary considerably in the branching of the outer clypeal hair, indicating a single variable species. The larva is characterized by having simple inner clypeal and many-branched outer clypeal hairs, antenna1 hair more than half as long as antenna, and prothoracic hair 1 stout and many-branched. Biology: Larvae have been collected under a great variety of conditions but appear to prefer shaded clear water of streams and rivers. Distribution: Widespread in Oriental Region, reaching as far east as New Guinea. Philippine records are from Bataan, Luzon, Mindoro, Masbate, Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Panay, Negros, Bohol, Mindanao, Palawan, Balabac, Culion, Cagayan and Jolo. *This synonymy follows Edwards (1932). * pseudobarbirostris as a distinct species. However, some authors still recognize z. -13.

16 ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) GATERI Baisas (fig. 5) - Anopheles baezai (3) Gater, of Russell and Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 55:317 (tentative identification). Anopheles gateri Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 59:78 (type locality: Palawan, P. I.). The larva of this species is readily distinguished by the many-branched outer clypeal hair, antenna1 hair more than half as long as antenna, simple prothoracic hair 1, and absence of broadened leaflets on the abdominal palmate hairs. Biology: Larvae are found in pools of brackish water. Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it has been recorded from Palawan, Luzon, Panay, Mindanao, Culion and Cagayan. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) GIGAS FORMOSUS Ludlow (fig. 1) Anopheles formosus Ludlow Can. Ent. 41:22 (type locality: Benguet, P. I.). This is the largest Anopheles in the Philippines. It differs from typical gigas Giles in having the palpi entirely dark. The color contrast between the center and sides of the scutum is very marked. The larva is characterized by the small and sparsely branched outer clypeal hair, antenna about 3 times as long as antenna1 hair, and slender and sparsely branched prothoracic hair 1. Biology: Larvae- seem to show a preference for quiet margins of mountain streams among vegetation and debris. They have also been found in rice fields and grassy stream -bed pools. Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it has been recorded only from Luzon. ANOPHELES CaNOPHELES) HYRCANUS LESTER1 Baisas and Hu Anopheles hyrcanus lesteri Baisas and Hu Mon. Bul. Bur. Health, Manila 16:21 (type locality: Manila, Luzon, P. I.). This subspecies is very similar to hyrcanus pseudosinensis, and the tarsal characters given in the key are not always sufficient to separate the two. According to the original descriptions, the larvae of both subspecies have a plumose outer clypeal hair, a small antenna1 hair, simple prothoracic hair 1, and mesothoracic hair 5 with 6 to 8 branches. Subspecies lesteri differs from pseudosinensis in having a simple inner clypeal hair, prothoracic hair 13 with a shorter stem and fewer branches, and shorter prothoracic hair 1. Biology: Larvae are found in springs, along canals, at various elevations. Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it is Panay, Negros, Mindanao and Palawan. lake margins, and in slow-flowing recorded from Luzon, Mindoro, -14- i

17 ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) HYRCANUS PSEUDOSINENSIS Baisas Anopheles hyrcanus pseudosinensis Baisas Mon. Bul. Bur. Health, Manila 15:297 (type locality: Calauan, Laguna, Luzon). The larva of pseudosinensis differs from that of lesteri in having a subapically branched inner clypeal hair, prothoracic hair 13 with more branches and a longer stem, and a longer prothoracic hair 1. It is also much paler in color. Biology: Larvae are said to prefer large bodies of water with much vegetation., It is a lowland subspecies. Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it is known only from Luzon. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) INSULAEFLORUM (Swellengrebe1 and Swellengrebel) (figs. 2, 7) Stethomyia aitkenii insulaeflorum Swellengrebel and Swellengrebel Meded. Burg. Ned.-Ind. D., 9 Addend., p. 2 (type locality: Java>. This species differs from aitkenii bengalensis chiefly in the spiny mesosome of the former. The larva of insulaeflorum has a very small simple outer clypeal hair and a simple inner cl peal. The antenna is twice as long as the antenna1 hair and prothoracic hair 3[ is strongly branched. Biology: The larvae are found as a rule in quiet, debris-covered water of forest streams. Distribution: India, Ceylon, New Guinea, Moluccas, Malaysia, Formosa. Philippine records are from Luzon and Mindanao. ANOPHELES (ANOPHELES) LINDSAII BENGUETENSIS King Anopheles lindsayi benguetensis King Phil. Jour. Sci. 46:753 (type locality: Baguio, Benguet, Luzon, P. I.). The larva of this Anopheles has simple clypeal hairs, a very small basally located antenna1 hair, a stoutly branched prothoracic hair 1, and abdominal palmate leaflets very slender toward the apex. Biology: Larvae have been collected in a variety of situations including streams, irrigation ditches, and rice fields. It has been collected at an elevation of 4700 ft. Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it is recorded from Luzon and Panay

18 ANOPIIELES (ANOPHELES) NIGERRIMUS Giles. Anopheles nigerrimus Giles Handb. Gnats, ed. 1, p. 161 (type locality: Calcutta, India). Anopheles hyrcanus nigerrimus of authors. This species has usually been treated as a subspecies of hyrcanus (Pallas), but nigerrimus is readily distinguished in the adult by its more broadly banded tarsi. The larva is very similar to that of hyrcanus but differs in having mesothoracic hair 5 with 6 to 8 slender curving branches instead of 3 to 4 straight branches. Further proof of its species status lies in the fact that hyrcanus lesteri and nigerrimus are found together in grassy pools, irrigation ditches, and rice fields, contrary to the biological concept of subspecies. Biology: Larbae occur especially in rice fields, but also in many other types of slow-moving and stagnant water in the lowlands. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region. Philippine records are from -Luzon, Mindanao and Palawan. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) ANNULARIS van der Wulp.Anopheles annularis van der Wulp Notes Leyden Mus. 6: 249 (type locality: Java>. Chagasia lineata Ludlow Can. Ent. 40:50. This species is very closely related to philippinensis. The larvae of both ha ve outer and inner clypeal hairs with many slender branches, and prothoracic ha ir 1 stoutly branched. Anopheles annularis is distinguished by having the base of prothorac ic hairs 1 to 3 confluent and pigmented. Biology: Larvae are found in a variety of situations including ditches, pools, swamps, borrow pits and rice fields. Distribution: India, Malaysia, Thailand and Indo-China. Philippine records are Bataan, Luzon, Panay, Mindanao and Culion. S ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) CRISTATUS King and Baisas Anopheles near-leucosphyrus? Russell and Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 55:328. Anopheleg cristatus King and Baisas Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 38:80 <type locality: Titunod, Lanao, Mindanao, P. I.). The larva of cristatus differs from all other Philip ine M zom ia in having the posterior clypeal hair almost as long as the inner c Ip ypea?f%?+ii, an wi many branches. Biology: Larvae are recorded from rock holes in a small stream bed and from a tree hole. -16-

19 Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it is known only from a few collections in Lanao Province of Mindanao. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) FILIPINAE Manalang (figs. 8, 9, 12) Anopheles aconitus filipinae Manalang Phil. Jour. Sci. 43:258. (type locality: Bulacan, P. I.). The larvacan be distinguished by the following combination of characters: Outer clypeal hair at most sparsely branched, inner clypeal with five branches, prothoracic hair 1 stoutly branched, palmate hair of abdominal tergite I well developed and leaflets of-palmate hair of tergite IV rat-tailed apically. Biology: Larvae occur under a variety of conditions such as springs, or muddy streams, irrigation ditches, pools and lakes. A preference is for very small streams. clear shown Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it has been recorded from Bataan, Luzon, Mindor o, Masbate and Mindanao. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) KARWARI (James>,Nyssorhynchus karwari James In Theobald s Mon. Cul. 3:102 (type locality: Karwar, India). The larva can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: Inner and outer clypeals with fine side hclirs, postclypeal hair simple, prothoracic hair 1 stoutly branched, palmate hair of abdominal tergite I with very narrow leaflets and palmate hair of tergite IV bluntly pointed. _ Biology: Larvae are found in springs and clear shaded streams. They have also been reported from ditches, seepage pools and swamps. Distribution: Widespread in Oriental Region but rare in the Philippines, where it has been collected on Luzon, Corregidor, Mindanao and Culion., ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) KOCH1 Doenitz (fig. 4) Anopheles kochi Doenitz Insektenboerse 18:36 (type locality: Padang, Sumatrar Cellia P- flava Ludlow Can. Ent. 40:32. The larva has a. simple outer clypeal hair and a few fine side hairs on the inner clypeal, prothoracic hair 1 slender and weakly branched, palmate hair of abdominal tergite I poorly developed.and palmate hair of tergite IV with sharply pointed leaflets. The color is light brown with a white spot near the front of the thorax and at the tip of the abdomen. Biology: Larvae have a wide variety of habitats including cut bamboo and artificial containers, but seem to prefer small, open collections of water. -17-

20 Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region. It also occurs in the Moluccas. In the Philippines it has been recorded from Luzon, Marinduque and Mindanao. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) KULAMBUGANENSIS Baisas Anopheles kulambuganensis Baisas Trans. 8th Cong. Far East Assoc. Trop. Med. p. 252 (type locality: Mindanao, P. I.). The larval characters are very similar to those of maculatus, kochi and karwari. In common with these species it has fine side hairs on the posterior clypeal hair and well developed palmate hairs on abdominal tergites II and VII. It differs, however, in having the lateral hairs of tergites IV and V less than half as long as those on segment III. Its body has strongly contrasted white and dark markings, Biology: Larvae are found along the quiet margins of forest streams. Distribution:. Philippine Islands, where it is known only from Mindanao. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) LEUCOSPHYRUS LEUCOSPHYRUS Doenitz Anopheles leucosphyrus Doenitz Insektenboerse 18:37 (tyl;e locality: Sumatra) The larva is similar to that of karwari, but differs principally in having a simple outer clypeal hair, palmate hair of abdominal tergite II poorly developed, and developed palmate hairs somewhat more sharply pointed. Biology: Shaded rock pools and stream-bed pools in the mountains are favored breeding places. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region. Philippine records are from Luzon only, where it is considered rare. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) LEUCOSPHYRUS BALABACENSIS Baisas Balabac species or variety (3) Russell and Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 55:328. Anopheles leucosphyrus balabacensis Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 59:65 (type locality: Balabac, P. I.> This subspecies differs from typical leucosrjhyrus in having well developed palmate hairs on abdominal tergite II. Also the thoracic$ palmate hair is much more strongly developed. _ Biology: Larvae have been found in quiet forest pools in streams or away from streams. -18-

21 Distribution: Balabac. Philippine Islands, where it *has been collected on Palawan and ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) LEUCOSPHYRUS RIPARIS King and Baisas Anopheles leucosphyrus riparis King and Baisas Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 38:79 (type locality: Kolambugan, Lanao, Mindanao, P. I.) The larva closely resembles that of the typical subspecies. Biology; Larvae occur in rock holes and stream-bed pools. Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it is known only from Mindanao. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) LITORALIS Anopheles litoralis King Phil. Jour. Sci. Rizal, Luzon, P. I.) King (fig. 3) 47:306 (type locality: The mesonotal fossa of the male may have only a few broadened scales;rthat of the female has 6 to 10 or more. The larva is distinguished by the following characters: Clypeal hairs simple with outer clypeal nearly as long as inner clypeal, prothoracic hairs 1 and 2 slenderly branched, comb of abdominal segment VIII with subequal teeth, lateral hair on abdominal segments IV to VI having two or three subbasal branches. Biology: Larvae breed in brackish water of ponds and lagoons. Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it has been recorded from Luzon, Panay, Mindoro, Negros, Cebu, Mindanao, Langil, Cagayan and Culion. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) LUDLOWII (Theobald). Myzomyia ludlowii Theobald Mon. Cul. 3:42 (type locality: Abra, Luzon, P. I.>. The larva of this species differs from that of litoralis chiefly in havingthe lateral hair of abdominal segments IV to VI branched well above the base. Biology: Larvae prefer clear quiet water of streams and are often associated with those of maculatus and subpictus indefinitus. Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it has been recorded from Luzon, Corregidor, Marinduque, Panay, Cebu and Mindanao. It is also known from Formosa where it has gone under the name of_hatorii Koidzumi. Malaysian records outside the Philippines refer principally to sundaicus (Rodenwaldt). -19.

22 ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) MACULATUS Theobald / Anopheles maculata Theobald I Mon. Cul. 1:171 (type locality: Hong Kong, China). The larva can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: Clypeal hairs with fine side hairs, prothoracic hair 1 stoutly branched, palmate hair of abdominal tergite I poorly developed, that of tergite IV with leaflets. sharply and slenderly pointed, and lateral hairs of abdominal segments IV and V more than half as long as those on segment III. Biology: The larvae seem to prefer seepage water along streams cut also occur in rice fields, ditches and along lake margins. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region. Philippine records include B,ataan, Luzon, Marinduque, Lahuy, Romblon, Samar, Masbate, Negros, Cebu, Biliran, Bohol, Mindanao and Cagayan. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) MANGYANUS (Banks), 8 Myzomyia mangyana Banks Phil. Jour. Sci. I:991 (type locality: Chicago, Mindoro, P. I.) The larva is characterized by its simple clypeal hairs, the short and stoutly branched prothoracic hair 1, the slender but well developed palmate hair on abdominal tergite I and the rat-tailed apices of the leaflets on the palmate hair of tergite IV. It is very close to minimus flavirostris whi ch differs in the so mewhat thicker apices of the leaflets on the thoracic palmate hair and i n havi a? ante - palmate hair 2 of abdominal tergite VII single or apically forked. Biology: The larvae are most often found among vegetation or roots at the sides of shallow streams flowing through sandy br rocky hill country below 2,000 feet elevation. Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it has been recorded from Luzon, Mindoro, Masbate, Samar, Negros, Mindanao and Camiguin; ANOPHELES ~YZOMYIA) MINIMUS FLAVIROSTRIS (Ludlow) (fig. 6) Myzomyia flavirostris P. I.) Ludlow Psyche 21:30 (type locality: Tayabas,,.The larva of this species closely resembles that of mangyanus but differs from it in having the apices of the thoracic palmate hair not drawn out into filaments and in having the antepalmate hair 2 of abdominal tergite VII branched basally.. Biology: clear water. The larva is typically a stream breeder, where it prefers shade and Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it is perhaps the most abundant and -2o-

23 widespread Anopheles. _ Records are from Bataan, Luzon, Lahuy, Mindoro, I Masbate, Biliran, Leyte, Panay, Samar, Cebu, Negros, Bohol, Palawan, Balabac, Culion, Mindanao, Camiguin, Siasi, Jolo, Tawitawi and Cagayan. It is not supposed to occur at altitudes over 2000 feet. ANOPHELES CMYZOMYIA) PARANGENSIS (Ludlow) (fig. 11) Myzomyia parangensis Ludlow Psyche 21: 129 (type locality: Parang, Mindanao, P. I.) The larva presents the following diagnostic characters: All clypeal hairs long and simple, prothoracic hairs 1 and 2 long and moderately stout, palmate. hairs well developed on abdominal tergites I to VII and with rat-tailed apices to the leaflets, and prothoracic and mesothoracic pleural hair groups with a feathered hair. Biology: fish ponds. Larvae are found in fresh water pools of various types, including Distribution: Celebes, and Mindanao in the Philippines. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) PHILIPPINENSIS Ludlow Anophele s hili inensis Ludlow Jour. Am. Med. Ass. 39:426 (type locality: --* San Jos, Abra, Luzon, P. I.) * The larva is very similar to that of annularis, differing primarily in having prothoraaic hairs 1 and 2 unpigmented and separated at the base. Biology: Larvae appear The;7 have been collected in and ditches. to prefer large and well vegetated bodies of water. sloughs, large ponds, rice fields, stagnated canals Distribution: Widespread in Oriental Region. Philippine records are from Bataan, Luzon, Panay, Mindoro and Culion. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYLA) SUBPICTUS INDEFINITUS (Ludlow) Myzomyia rossii indefinita Ludlow Can. Ent. 36:299 (type locality: Philippine Islands). The larva resembles that of parangensis very closely. However, the leaflets of the abdominal palmate hairs are usually somewhat narrower and less widely spread, and the prothoracic and mesothoracic pleural hair groups are without a feathered hair. Biology: Larvae are most often found in the clear sunlit water of streams and pools, but also frequent irrigation ditches, lakes and wells. Occasionally it+is encountered in brackish water, usually of low salt content. -21-

24 Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it is recorded from Luzon, Corregidor, Mindoro, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Mindanao, Sibago, Camiguin, Palabwan, Culion, Lugus, Siasi and Jolo. There are also doubtful records from Formosa. ANOPHELES (MYZOMYIA) TESSE LATUS Theobald Anopheles tesselatum Theobald Taiping, Federated Malay States). Mon. Cul. 1:175 (type locality: The larva is very similar to that of kochi but differs in having the palmate hair of abdominal tergite IV not or hard-serrated. Biology: The larvae are found in rice fields, springs and stream margins, at various elevations. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region, and occurring also in New Guinea and the Moluccas. Philippine records are from Luzon, Mindanao and Palawan. ANOPHELES CMYZOMYIA) VAGUS LIMOSUS King Anopheles vagus limosus King 19,32. Phil. Jour. Sci. 47:307 (type locality: Rizal, Luzon, P. I.) The larva is very similar to that of ludlowii from which it differs by having the comb of abdominal segment VIII unevenly toothed and by having the lateral hairs of segments IV to VI with 2 or 3 branches instead of 4 or 5. Biology: The larvae prefer muddy water of small pools, rice fields and slowly flowing ditches.. Distribution: Philippine Islands, where it is known from Luzon, Mindoro, Marinduque, Panay, Biliran, Negros, Mindanao, Sibago, Camiguin, Palawan and Siasi. Genus MEGARHINUS Robineau-Desvoidy Four species of this genus are known from the Philippines. Of these, 2 are known only from the type specimens collected on Luzon. The females of amboinensis and splendens are apparently indistinguishable although the males are easily separated by the color of the hair tuft on abdominal tergite VIII. -22-

25 KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF MEGARHINUS 1. Some tarsal segments pale marked...t...* Tarsi all dark u Q. 2. Male with hair tuft of abdominal segment VIII tawny splendens CWiedemann) Male with hair tuft of abdominal segment VIII black amboinensis CDoleschall) 3. (Male only known> Flagellar segments with 6 to 10 long basal bristles (about 30 in amboinensis and splendens); abdomen very slender, segments II to V constricted as seen from above, tergites II and III with greenish lustre, IV to VIII purplish, hair tuft on tergite VI tawny, on VII tawny and black, on VIII black , t.%..._ r*ic.*****...;.,... gigantulus Dyar and Shannon (I; emale only known> Most flagellar segments of basal half of antenna with 2 long bristles (instead of 3 to 4 in amboinensis and splendens); abdomen without hair tufts but with some moderately long golden hairs laterally on last few tergites; palpus about half as long as proboscis, longer than basal swollen part of proboscis no abdominal spots visible in dorsal view *.. nepenthis Dyar and Shal nnon MEGARHINUS AMBOINENSIS (Doleschall) Culex amboinensis Doleschall Nat. Tijd. Ned.-Ind. 14:381 (type locality: Amboina). Megarhinus lewaldii Ludlow Can. Ent. 36:233. Toxorhynchites argenteotarsis Ludlow Can. Ent. 38:367. Worcesteria grata Banks Phil. Jour. Sci. 1:780 (in part). Distribution: Amboina and the Philippines, where it appears to be the most common and widespread species. Philippine records are from Luzon, Mindoro, Negros (?I, Cebu (3) and Guimaras. MEGARHINUS GIGANTULUS Dyar and. Shannon Megarhinus gigantulus Dyar and Shannon Inset. Inst. Mens (type locality: Limay, Bataan, Luzon, P. I.) This species is easily recognized by its very small and slender form. The male is remarkable for its sparsely plumose antenna. The female is unknown As stated by Barraud (19321, gigantulus is undoubtedly closely related to mini: mus Theobald from India and Sumatra. According to the description minimus differs in having the lateral tuft of abdominal tergite VII mainly black instead of mixed tawny and black. -23-

26 The larva is unknown. For the closely relatedu. minimus which occurs in cut bamboo, Barraud gives the following diagnostic characters: Mesothoracic dorsolateral plate divided, siphon longer than the sclerotized part of the anal segment, sclerotized areas of body light brown or yellow, and hair 6 of mesothoracic dorsal plate with 3 or 4 branches. Distribution: Known only from the type male from Limay, Luzon, and one male collected at San Andales, Rizal, Luzon, December, 1926, by R. C. McGregor. MEGARHINUS NEPENTHIS Dyar and Shannon Toxorhvnchites metallicus Leicester, of Dyar Inset. Inst. Mens. 8: 183 (misidentification). Megarhinus nepenthis Dyar and Shannon Inset. Inst. Mens. 13:66. (type locality: Los BaPlos, T,aguna, Luzon, P This species is known only from the type female. MEGARHINUS SPLENDENS (Wiedemann) Culex splendens Wiedemann Zool. Mag. 2:1 (type locality: Java). Worcesteria grata Banks Phil. Jour. Sci. 1:780 (in part). M splendens can be separated from amboinensis by the entirely dark hair tuft of abdominal segment VIII in the male. According to Banks original description of grata, the male has the hair tufts all black- except eighth which has a few golden bristles. Therefore, it would fall under splendens. However, Barraud (1932) states that the type series from Negros and Cebu was a mixture of the two species. The larva is described by Barraud (1932) as having the mesothoracic dorso- lateral plate undivided, the dorsolateral plate of abdominal segment VII with 2 bristles and 3 hairs, and the sclerotized portions of the body deep brown. Biology: The larvae are reported from tree holes, bamboo and artificial containers (Barraud, 1932); and from leaf axils of Colocasia (Brug, 1931). Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region Philippine records are from Palawan, Negros (?) and Cebu (?I. Genus. TOPOMYIA Leicester TOPOMYIA ARGYROPALPIS Leicester Topontvia argvropalpis Leicester Cul. Malaya p. 242 (type locality: Malay Peninsula>. Kingia gregorvi Ludlow Psyche 18:

27 This is the only species of the genus known to the Philippines. Nothing is known of the biology but other species of Topomyia have been reported to breed in water contained in leaf axils, bamboo and certain flowers. The adults are not l known to attack man. Distribution: Malaysia. The only Philippine record is Ludiow Barracks, Parang, Mindanao, the type locality of gregoryi. Genus ZEUGNOMYIA Leicester ZEUGNOMYIA GRACILIS Leicester Zeugnomyia gracilis Leicester Cul. Malaya p. 232 (type locality:, Malay Peninsula). According to Edwards (19321, the larva is characterized by having 6 to 8 tufts in the brush of the anal segment, eighth segment without a lateral plate, siphon with a few strong smooth teeth, short antenna with small simple shafthair, and a small simple subsiphonal hair. The adults are described by Leicester as vicious biters. Biology: Larvae occur in water collected in large fallen leaves, and they usually prey upon larvae of Aedes and Uranotaenia. Distribution: Malaysia. A single specimen in the U. S. National Museum collection is from Ube, Laguna, Luzon, P. I. 0% C. McGregor). Genus HARPAGOMYIA de Meijere HARPAGOMYIA GENUROSTRIS (Leicester) Malaya genurostris Leicester Cul. Malaya p.,258 (type locality: Malay Peninsula1. Harpagomyia caeruleovittala Ludlow Psyche 18: 131 (new synonymy). Ludlow s type does not appear to be significantly different from a specimen from the Federated Malay States determined a3 genurostris by Edwards. According to Edwards (1932) the larvae of Harpagomyia are distinguished by the possessicyl of a single ventral hair on the anal segment, no stellate abdominal hairs, and no long spine on the metathorax. Biology: The larva is reported from the leaf axils of various plants. Distribution: India, Ceylon, Malakka, Sumatra, Java, and the Philippines mindanao, Negros and Luzon). l -250

28 Genus TRIPTEROIDES Giles Mosquitoes of this genus rarely bite man. Most species have a very long - proboscis, and those of the subgenus Tripteroides, to which all the Philippine species belong, have very short palpi in both sexes. From the scanty records, 6 of the 8 known Phi-lippine species are endemic. According to Edwards (19321, Tripteroides larvae are most often found in cut bamboo, pitcher plants, and leaf axils. They are distinguished by the following characters: Anal segment with one pair of branched ventral hairs, metathorax with a long dorsolateral spine, abdomen always with stellate hairs, comb formed by a single row of teeth. KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF TRIPTEROIDES 1. Proepimeron with broad appressed scales; larger claw of male fore..tarsus with a submedian tooth Proepimeron with hair-like scales only; larger claw of male fore tarsus simple; femora spotted Anterior pronotal lobe bright bluish-purple; median area of vertex broadly white scaled in front, bright blue in anterior view; scutellar scales slightly iridescent; pleural scales silvery; scutal scales mostly hair-like claffgi R. Rohart and Farner Anterior pronotal lobe with dull whitish scales; vertex mostly brownish; scutellar scales dull brown; pleural scales dull whitish; scutal scales mostly crescent-shaped Abdomen pale brownish, somewhat opalescent, usually with small dull lateral spots, most of eighth tergite conspicuously palescaled c micr ocala a>yar 1 Dorsum of abdomen brown throughout except for a very narrow pale line at the extreme sides nepenthicola CBanks) 4. Anterior pronotal lobe with broad appressed blue scales; scutellar scales dull nitidoventer (Giles) Anterior pronotal lobe without brilliant blue scales......* Postnotum yellowish or light brown; pleuron not strongly contrasting dark brown and yellowish..o.~...,... 6 Postnotum mostly dark brown; pleuron with dark brown markings

29 6. Scales of anterior pronotal lobe and of scutellum pale brown and strongly opalescent; pleuron with pale brownish markings monetifera (Dyar) Scales of anterior pronotal lobe and of scutellum dark brown, those of scutellum slightly -iridescent; pleuron almost. unicolor ous tawny dyari R. Bohart and Farner 7. Vertex light bluish; abdominal tergites with complete or broken silvery bands; male antenna without long dense inner tufts on first few flagellar segments powelli (Ludlow) Vertex dark, dark bluish in some lights; abdominal tergites with small lateral spots; male antenna with long dense inner tufts on first few flagellar segments... antennalis R. Bohart and Farner TRIPTEROIDES (TRIPTEROIDES) DYARI R. Bohart and Farner Rachionotomyia monetifera Dyar 1920 (male only). Insec. Inst. Mens Tripteroides dyari R. Bohart and Farner Proc. Biol. Soc:Wash. 57:72 (type locality: Los BaEos, Laguna, Luzon, P. I.) This species was originally included in the type series of monetifera but the difference in color of the.pleuron and of the scales on the anterior pronotal lobe sqarates the two species. The lobes of the male ninth tergite in dyari have about I strong apical bristles, and the basal lobe of the sidepiece bears 2 strong bristles. The palpus is about one and one -third times as long as the clypeus. Distribution: Luzon. Known only from the unique. male type specimen from Los BaGos, TRIPTEROIDES (TRIPTEROIDES) MONETIFERA (Dyar) Rachionotomyia monetifera Dyar 1920 (female only). Inset. Inst. Mens. 8:176 (type locality: Los Bazos, Laguna, Luzon, F. I.).' In this species the palpus is fully twice aslong as the clypeus. Distribution: Known only from 3 females from Laguna, Luzon, P. I., of which 2 are cotypes from Los Ba nos, and the third from Santo Tom&, Batangas, Luzon. -27-

30 TRIPTEROIDES (TRIPTEROIDES) NITIDOVENTER (Giles) Uranotaenia nitidoventer Giles Jour. Trop. Med. 7:368 (type locality: Philippine Islands). Runchomyia philippinensis Giles Jour. Trop. Med. $368. Phoniomyia nitidiventer Giles, of Edwards Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (series 8) 8:69 (emendation). The peculiar circumstances under which the genus Tripteroides was described with philippinensis as its type has been discussed by Edwards (1932, p. 73). I have not seen any specimens of this species, but the blue scales of the anterior pronotal lobe in combination with the dull scutellar scales are distinctive. The larva, as described by Brug (1939) has 3 to 6 comb scales on a plate. Biology: Specimens identified as this species by Brug (1939) were reared from larvae breeding in bamboo stumps and in a dead bamboo which was part of a fence. Distribution: Given by Giles as Philippine Islands. Caught in the woods. Banks (1906) recorded it from Angeles, Pampanga, Luzon, P. I. Brug has reeorded it from Celebes. TRIPTEROIDES (TRIPTEROIDES) POWELL1 (Ludlow) Uranotaenia powelli Ludlow Can. Ent. 41:235 (type locality: Wilhelm, Tayabas, Luzon, P.I.). e Camp The mahogany markings of the pleuron and postnotum are in sharp contrast to the straw-yellow color of the coxae and proepimeron. The palpus is about twice as long as the clypeus in both sexes. The lobes of the male ninth tergite have about 5 strong apical bristles, and the basal lobe of the sidepiece bears 2 strong bristles. The larva, as described by Brug (19391, has 16 to 24 comb scales, not on a plate. Biology: Specimens identified as this species by Brug (1939) were reared from larvae breeding in bamboo stumps and a tree hole. Distribution: Luzon. In addition to the type specimen from Tayabas, the National Museum collection contains 1 male and 2 females from Los E. Woodworth). Brug (1939) records the species from western Java. -28-

31 TRIPTEROIDES (TRIPTEROIDES) ANTENNALIS R. Bohart and Farner Tripteroides antennalis R. Bohart and Farner Proc. Biol. Sot. Wash. 57:70 (type locality: Mt. Apo, Mindanao, P. I.) The peculiq antenna1 structure of the male is otherwise unknown in Tripteroides. The 6 basal segments of the flagellum are enlarged, flattened laterally and bear a short thick inner hair tuft. The hairs making up the tuft as well as some of the other antenna1 hairs are apically curled. The greatly broadened basal one-third of the proboscis is also characteristic. The palpus is about as long as the clypeus, the lobes of the male ninth tergite have about 7 apical bristles, the basal lobe of the sidepiece bears 3 strong bristles, and the clasper is abruptly swollen subapically. Distribution: Mindanao. Known only from the type specimen from Mt. Apo (7-8,000 ft.), TRIPTEROIDES (TRIPTEROIDES) CLAGGI R. Bohart and Farner Tripteroides claggi R. Bohart and Farner Proc. Biol. Sot. Wash. 57:71 (type locality: Mt. Apo, Mindanao, P.I.).. In addition to the key characters, claggi has the palpus extending beyond the clypeus about twice its length, the femora have dull pale spots and the abdomen is clothed with nearly black scales. The postnotum appears to be without bristles, but may be denuded. The lobes of the male ninth tergite have many apical bristles, and the the basal lobe of the sidepiece bears a single strong bristle. Distribution: Mindanao. Known only from the type male from Mt. Apo (7-8,000 ft.), TRIPTEROIDES (TRIPTEROIDES) MICR CCALA (Dyar) Rachionotomyia microcala Dyar Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 31:69 (type locality: Bamban River, Pampanga, Luzon, P.I.). This species is distinctive in having the proboscis about as long as the front femur. In the other 2 Philippine species of the subgenus the proboscis is distinctly longer. The postnotum has a few basal hairs and the palpus extends beyond the clypeus about its length. The lobes of the male ninth ter_gite have about 12 apical bristles, and the basal lobe of the sidepiece bears a single strong bristle. Distribution and biology: Several collections plants at the type locality near Camp Stotsenberg,. w have been reared from pitcher Pampanga, Luzon

32 TRIPTEROIDES (TRIPTEROIDES) NEPENTHIC OLA (Banks) Wveomvia nepenthicola Banks Phil. Jour. Sci. 4:550 (type locality: Benguet, Luzon, P. I.). Wveomvia mus Dyar Inset. Inst. Mens. 8:175. The palpus extends beyond the clypeus about its length, and the postnotum I bears a few basal hairs and scales. The male genitalia are very similar to those of microcala but the lobes of the ninth tergite are much shorter. Distribution and biology: Benguet and Los BaEos, Luzon; reared from pitcher plant. Genus HODGESIA Theobald Of the three known Oriental species of Hodgesia, two have a wide distribution which includes the Philippines. The adults of this genus are distinguished from all other mosquitoes by the apically notched outstanding scales on veins of the outer part of the wing. The species are uncommon and little is known of their feeding habits. One Australasian species has been said to attack man. The larvae are reported from small pools in swampy ground. They are distinguished by the following combination of characters:- Ventral brush of anal segment with at least 4 long branched hairs, siphon with 1 subbasal pair of hair tufts, and antenna1 tuft subapical. KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF HODGESIA Abdominal tergites with scattered opalescent scales but without silvery spots *... malayi Abdominal tergites I to III and V to VI with lateral silvery spots *...*...,quasisanguinae Leice ster Leicester HODGESIA MALAY1 Leicester Hodgesia malayi Leicester Cul. Malaya p. 231 (type locality: Kuala Lumpur, Malay Peninsula). Hodgesia amppx Dyar Inset. Inst. Mens. 8:176.. C Both this species and the one following have the thorax almost uniformly dark reddish brown with 2 silvery patches on the pleuron. The difference in gbdominal markings separates the two at a glance, however, The larva of malayi as described and figured by Barraud (1932) has the lower head hair (B) single, upper (C) with about 8 short branches, comb of about 7 teeth in a row, anal segment with about 6 branched hairs in the ventralbrush, and siphon short with about 6 pecten spines along the basal two-thirds.. J

33 Biology: Recorded by Leicester as breeding in jungle pools. Distribution: Ceylon and Malaysia. HODGESIA Q,UASISANGUINAE Leicester Hodgesia quasisanguinae Leicester Cul. Malaya p. 230 (type locality: Malay Peninsula). Hodgesia niveocaputis Ludlow Psyche 18:130. Hodgesia quasisanguinea Edwards Gen. Insectorum, fast. 194:94 (e mendation).. This species is very similar to cairnsensis Taylor from Australasia, but the latter has the thorax mottled with brownish yellow toward the front of the scutum and-on the pleuron. DistriBution: Queensland, Northern Territory, New Guinea, Malay Peninsula, and Philippine Islands (Mindanao and Luzon).. Genus URANOTAENIA Lynch-Arribalzaga Of the thirteen species of this genus known from the Philippine Islands, 8 are apparently endemic. The genus has been reviewed by Baisas (1935b. The adults are small mosquitoes with minute dense microtrichia membrane. They are not serious pests as a rule. on the wing The larvae have a wide variety of breeding places and ordinarily rest with the body nearly horizontal unlike most other culicines. According to Barraud (1932) the larvae have the following combination of characters: Ventral brush of anal segment with more than 2 hairs, siphon with one pair of hair tufts at about the middle, comb usually with a row of teeth on a sclerotized plate, pecten usually scale-- like and fringed, and anal segment completely ringed. KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF URANOTAENIA 1. Pleuron without bluish-white scales; wing entirely dark-scaled. hind tarsus unicolorous; vertex dark, with many upright forked brown scales Pleuron with lines or patches of bluish-white scales _.2. Abdominal tergites with white basal bands; pleuron with a patch of translucent scales; scutum without pale-scales in front of wing base; anterior pronotal lobe with broad appressed dark scales * lagunensis Baisas Abdominal tergites unbanded; leuron and anterior pronotal lobe bare; scutum with an an P erior border of dull pale scales ending at wing base tubanguii Baisas -31-

34 3. Hind tarsus. uricolorous *... 4 \ Hind tarsus whitish apically (indistinct in some specimens of mendiolai) 4. Abdominal tergites I to IV with whitish median patches, V with a complete apical whitish band; white scales in front of wing base and across pleuron in narrow lines; mesepimeron with a small pale integumental spot opposite end of pleural stripe arguellesi Baisas Abdominal tergites without median pale markings; white scales of scutum and pleuron in broad stripes; mesepimeron with a large pale integumental spot opposite end of pleural stripe Wing white-scaled toward base of vein l heiseri Baisas Wing all dark-scaled.,...*...*...,...,...,.* 6 6. Scutum with a short stripe of bluish-white scales in front of wing base; first fore tarsal of male with a tuft of thickened setae *...* atra Theobald Scutum with a patch of greyish brown scales in front of wing base; first fore tarsal of male not tufted annandalei Barraud 7. First or second fore tarsals with long outstanding hairs; fore. tibia with a prominent apical hair tuft; dorsum of abdomen dark; second fore tarsal shorter than third.....*...*... 8 Fore tarsus without long outstanding hairs; fore tibia not prominently tufted apically; second fore tarsal longer than third First fore tarsal with many long setae on basal half beneath second fore tarsal without long setae reyi Baisas First fore tarsal without long setae, second fore tarsal with numerous long hairs along one side and a row of well separated long hairs on the opposite side ~. delae Baisas 9. Abdomen without pale bands or spots on dorsum Abdomen with pale bands or spots on dorsum Scutum with a bluish-white stripe in front of wing base; wing with some white scales toward the base ludlowae Dyar and Shannon._ Scutum without whitish scales in front of wing base; wing scales dark......c... testacea Theobald -32.

35 11. l Abdomen dark on fifth and following tergites, tergites II to IV or at least IV mostly pale dorsally; scutum with a short whitish stripe in front of wing base; hind tibia of male somewhat bent near the base and with a few curled bristles near the bend; vertex with a large dark median spot *... argyrotarsis Leicester Abdomen with apical pale markings at least on tergites I to V; scutum with white scales in front of wing base continued almost or entirely around frontmargin of scutum Vertex entirely white in median area; white scutal border broad and prominent around front margin of scutum; sternopleuron with a silvery stripe bordered above and below with large patches of appressed dark scales; wings extensively white-scaled ~... nivea Leicester / Vertex dark-scaled except for a narrow anterior margin; border of pale scales around anterior part of scutum scanty and indistinct in front; sternopleuron without dark scales; pale wing scales mostly basally located *. mendiolai Baisas URANOTAENIA ANNANDALEI Barraud Uranotaenia annandalei Barraud Ind. Jour. Me,d. Res. 14:343 (type locality: India). The larva is distinguished by its very broad triangular antenna bearing 2 broad leaflets apically, and a broad leaflet near the middle on the inner side. Head hairs B and C are very stout. Biology: According to Baisas (1935b), the larva is found in forest streams. Distribution: India, China, Philippine Islands (Baguio and Los BaTos, Luzon). URANOTAENIA ARGUE I.&ES1 Baisas Uranotaenia pygmaea Theobald, of Dyar and Shannon Inset. Inst. Mens. 13:69. Uranotaenia arguellesi Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 57:68 (type locality: Calauan, Laguna, Luzon, P. I.). The larva is described by Baisas (1935b> as having head hairs B and C very stout, antenna smooth with antenna1 hair slightly below the middle, and the head very dark Biology: The larva is said to breed in clear, impounded, well vegetated water. Distribution: Known only from the type locality. -33-

36 URANOTAENIA ARGYROTARSIS Leicester Uranotaenia argyrotarsis Leicester Cul. Malaya p. 214 (type locality: Kuala Lumpur, Malay Peninsula). Pseudouranotaenia parangensis Ludlow Can. Ent The bent hind tibia of the male is particularly characteristic. According to Baisas (1935b), the larva has a slightly spiny antenna, stout head hairs I3 and C, and a dark brown head. Biology: Baisas (1935b> records the larva breeding in a forest stream. It has been reported from tree holes and shaded temporary ground pools in Australasia., Distribution: Solomons, New Britain, New Ireland, New Guinea, Malaysia. Philippine records are from Mindanao and Palawan. i URANOTAENIA ATRA Theobald Uranotaenia atra Theobald Ann. Mus. Hung. 3:114 (type locality: Muina, New Guinea). Eranotaenia coeruleocephala lateralis Ludlow Can. Ent. 37:385. Uranotaenia innotata Dyar and Shannon,1925. Insec. Inst. Mens. 13:69. According to Baisas (1935b) the larva has a smooth antenna with the antenna1 hair subbasal, and head hairs B and C stout. Biology: Recorded by Baisas (1935b) as breeding in a forest stream. Various other workers have reported it from crab holes, fresh and brackish stagnant pools and swamps.. Distribution: Queensland, New Ireland, New Guinea, India, Andamans, Ceylon, Thailand and Malaysia. Philippine records are from Mindanao, Palawan and Luzon. URANOTAENIA DELAE Baisas Uranotaenia delae Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 57:73 (type locality: - Salimbao, Catabato, Mindanao). This species is known only from the type female with its larval skin. The larva has a very short spiny antenna with 4 slender apical leaflets and a stout subapical antenna1 hair. Head hairs B and C are very stout, d is long and slender, and A is stout and double. Biology and distribution: marsh at Salimbao, Mindanao. The type specimen was co.llected in a fresh water -34-' I

37 URANOTAENIA HEISERI Baisas Uranotaenia heiseri Baisas i935. Parang, Mindanao). Phil. four. Sci. 57:72 (type locality: This species is known only from the type female and its larval skin. According to Baisas (1935b) the larva has a slightly spinose antenna with the antenna1 hair situated at the basal third, stout head hairs B and C, and apically expanded pecten teeth. Biology and distribution: swamp at Parang, Mindanao. The type specimen was collected in a fresh water URANOTAENIA LAGUNENSIS Baisas Uranotaenia lagunensis Baisas Los Bazos, Laguna, P. I.). Phil. Jour. Sci. 57:70 (type locality: According to Baisas (1935b1, the larva has a finely spinose antenna bearing a long slightly feathered antenna1 hair at the apical two-fifths, head hairs B and C only slightly thickened, A 4 to 6 branched, and siphon with 24 to 28 pecten teeth. Biology: Larvae have beencollected in rock holes in a forest creek. Distribution: Luzon (Bataan and Los Ba%s). URANOTAENIA LUDLOWAE Dyar and Shannon \ Uranotaenia ludlowae Dyar and Shannon Insec. Inst. Mens. 13:68 (type locality: Parang, Mindanao). Uranotaenia Clara Dyar,and Shannon Inset. Inst. Mens. 13:68. The larva, as described by Baisas ( , has a spinose antenna bearing 3 apical leaflets and a very small, median antenna1 hair. Head hairs B, C and d are flattened and spinous. Biology: or marshes. Reported by Baisas (1935b1, to breed in large clear vegetated pools Distribution: Mindanao and Luzon. URANOTAENIA MENDIOLAI Baisas Uranotaenia mendiolai Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 57:71 (type locality: Los BaFios, Laguna, Luzon, P. I.). The larva, as described by Baisas (1935b> has the antenna slightly spinose and the antenna1 hair at the basal third. Head hairs B and C are very stout. Biology: Recorded by Baisas ( as breeding in rock holes in a forest creek, and along the quiet,. clear edges of a creek.

38 Distribution: Luzon (Bataan and Los Banes, URANOTAENIA NIVEA Leicester Uranotaenia nivea Leicester Cul. Malaya p. 211 (type locality: Kuala Lumpur, Ma1 ay Peninsula). PseudouranoLaenia triangulata Ludlow Can. Ent. 40: Uranotaenia _-_ nivipes nivea Leicester, of Edwards 1932 Gen. Insectorum, fast. 194:99. This species has generally been considered to be a subspecies of nivipes Theobald from Australasia. Although very similar, nivea differs primarily in having many dark scales on the sternopleuron and in having the pleuron extensively dark instead of pale on the upper half. Biology: Unknown. Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Philippine Islands. Specimens in the U. S. National Museum are all from Mindanao CReine Regenta, Fort pikit and Parang). URANOTAENIA REYI Baisas Uranotaenia reyi Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 57:74 (type locality: Simoay Cotabato, Mindanao). This species appears to be very closely related to ludlowae, and the larvae are almost identical. The female of reyi (the only sex known> can be distinguished by the remarkable front tarsi as described in the key. Biology: According to Baisas (1935b1, the larvae are found in large, well vegetated pools or marshes. I Distribution:* Simoay and Parang, Mindanao. URANOTAENIA TESTACEA Theobald Uranotaenia testacea Theobald Ann. Mus. Hung. 3:113 (type locality: Singapore). Uranotaenia falcipes Banks Phil. Jour. Sci. 1:1004, No larval description of this species is available. Biology: The larva is said by Baisas (1935b) to breed in forest streams. Distribution: known from Luzon India, Burma, MFlay Peninsula and the Philippines, (Manila, San Jose and Camp Stotsenberg). where it is -36-

39 URANOTAENLA TUBANGUII Baisas Uranotaenia tubanguii Baisas 1935: Kolambugan, Lanao, Mindanao). Phil. Jour. Sci. 57:69 (type locality: This species is easily recognized by the absence of whitish scales on the pleur on and abdominal ter gite s. The larva has a smooth antenna with a subapical antennal hair, but is particularly remarkable for its head hairs which are all very slender. Biology: According to Baisas (1935b1, the larvae breed in great numbers in tree holes, but the adults apparently do not seek human blood. Distribution: Luzon. Kolambugan, Mindanao, and the mountains of Calauan, Laguna, Genus ORTHOPODOMYIA Theobald The adults of this genus have spotted wings and speckled and banded legs. They superficially resemble some of the Anopheles, some Mansonia, and Aedes of the kochi group. Only a single widespread species is known from the Philippines.. Orthopodomyia larvae occur in tree holes. They are characterized by the following combination of characters: Ventral fan of anal segment well developed, siphon with a median hair tuft but without a pecten, and a chitinized plate on abdominal segment VIII. ORTHOPODOMYIA ALBIPES Leicester Orthopodomyia albipes Leicester In Theobald, Entom. 37:237 (type locality: Kuala Lumpur, Malay Peninsula).. Kerteszia mcgregori Banks Phil. Jour. Sci. 4:548. According to Barraud (1932>, the larva has a large sclerotized dominal segment VII and the larger comb teeth have a short fringe. saddle on ab- Biology: The larvae are found in bamboo cavities. Distribution: India and locality of mcgregori which Malaysia. The only Philippine record is the type was collected on Basilan. Genus FICALBIA Theobald Members of this genus are small mosquitoes with the proboscis slightly swollen apically, and short palpi in both sexes. The larvae have a large broad head, a large antenna1 tuft, the pecten reduced or absent, a single siphonal tuft, and several hairs in the ventral fan of the anal segment. I I

40 KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF FICALBIA 1. Wing speckled with pale and dark scales; scutellum with broad appressed brown and white scales; median area of vertex with narrow curved white scales; anterior pronotal lobes dark; dorsum of abdomen speckled with brown and yellow scales; male palpus with a small apical club luzonensis (Ludlow) Wing not speckled; scutellum with narrow curved dark scales only; median area of vertex with greyish or ochreous broad appressed scales; dorsum of abdomen not speckled; male palpus with a large apical club * Pleuron and anterior pronotal lobe pale yel.low and unicolorous; median area of vertex with whitish yellow opalescent scales; legs and abdomen with conspicuous iridescence, tergites without median basal markings; scutum from above with a narrow yellowish margin most evident over wing bases....chamberlaini (Ludlow) Pleuron with distinct and more or less continuous brown spots, anterior pronotal lobe brown; median area of vertex ochreous, not opalescent; legs and abdomen not markedly iridescent, tergites with indistinct basal ochreous bands; scutum from above all dark brown except for a small spot over wing base., *... ludlowi Brunetti FICALBIA (ETORLEPTIOMYIA) LUZONENSIS (Ludlow). (fig. 20) O Reillia luzonensis Ludlow Can. Ent. 37:lOl (type locality: Bayambang, Luzon, P. I.) Aedes (Luzonus) clavirostris Stone and R. Bohart Proc. Ent. WE Wash. 46:213.. This species is related to elegans Taylor which differs in having the abdomen dark above and the hind tarsi mostly dark, with joint bands. Many of the wing scales in both species are very broad. The larva, as described by Barraud (1932) has no apical spine on the maxilla, no pecten teeth, subapical hairs of antenna simple, comb teeth in a row; and the siphon long and narrow with a double hair at the basal one-third. \ Biology: presumably Unknown, but according to Barraud (1932) the breeding place is weedy ponds or swamps with Pistia. Distribution: India, Ceylon, Thailand, China and Malaysia. Philippine records are from Luzon (type locality and Camp Nichols, Rizal)

41 FICALBIA (MIMOMYIA) CHAMBERLAIN1 (Ludlow) -. Mimomyia chamberlaini Ludlow Can. Ent. 36:.297 (type locality: Bayambang, Luzon, P. I.). According to Barraud (1932) the larva has the following diagnostic characters: Maxilla with a strong black apical spine, siphon with a few pecten teeth and a median tuft, antenna1 tuft median, and the siphon more than 4 times its basal diameter. Biology: The larva prefers well vegetated pools and ponds. Distribution: India, Burma, Ceylon, and the Philippines (Bayambang, Camp Stotsenberg, and Los Bafios, Luzon). LUDLOW11 Brunetti Ludlowia minima Ludlow Can. Ent. 39:413 (type locality: Carandaugan, Mindanao, P. I.), Preocc. Theobald, Ficalbia ludlowi Brunetti Rec. Ind. Mus. -_- 17:173 (new name for minima Ludlow). Ficalbia hybrida Leicester, of Edwards 1932 (part? > Gen. Insectorum, fast. 194, p Ficalbia hybrida Leicester, of Barraud 1934 (part?) Diptera 5:lll. Fauna Brit. India, The type specimens of ludlowi have the pleuron brown and the vertex dull yellow, whereas in the original description of hybrida the pleuron. is-stated to be colourless and translucent, and the vertex pale olive-brown. For this reason the name ludlowi appears to be preferable tb hybrida, until the synonymy can be more definitely est.&blished. According to Barraud (1932) the larva of what may be this species from India - (given as hybrida Leicester by Barraud) has a strong apical spine on the maxilla, a median antenna1 tuft, a median siphonal hair, the siphon about twice as long as the basal diameter and strongly narrowed toward the apex, and 2 strong simple pecten teeth. Biology: The larva of hybrida is recorded by Barraud (1932) as breedin among Pistia in a. fresh-water pond together with Mansonia uniformis.,the larvae presumably insert the narrow tip of the siphon into the --- Pistia roots to obtain air. Distribution: Philippine Islands, Malay Peninsula (? 1, and India Philippine records are from the type locality on Mindanao only. (? >. -39.

42 Genus MANSONIA Blanchard Two subgenera, Mansonioides and Coquillettidia, occur in the Philippines. All 5 species of the former subgenus have been incriminated in the transmission of Wuchereria malayi in the Netherlands Indies. Mansonia larvae are easily recognized by their peculiar saw-toothed siphon, with which they puncture the air tubes of aquatic plants. The subgenera can be separated in the larval stage by the antenna. In Coquillettidia the portion beyond the subapical bristle is long and flexible, whereas in Mansonioides thee antenna is divided into 3 nearly equal parts by the antenna1 tuft and the subapical bristles. ~. Nine species of Mansonia have been recorded from the Philippines, none appear to be endemic. of which KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF MANSONIA 1. Wing scales nearly all broad and asymmetrical; eighth tergite of female small and armed with hooks or teeth; terminal segment of male palpus very small; postspiracular bristles present (subgenus Mansonioides) ~... 2 Wing scales mostly narrow and lanceolate; eighth tergite of female larger, without teeth; terminal segment of male palpus fairly large; postspiracular bristles absent (subgenus Coquillettidia) Scutum with pale scales arranged in longitudinal lines or scattered in indistinct patches; no definite small spots; scutellar scales \ all very narrow Scutum with pale scales in several definite small spots Scutum with pale scales mostly in longitudinal lines leaving a broad central stripe of brown scales on anterior two-thirds (fig. 14).,....,...~...,... uniformis (Theobald) - Scutum with pale scales scattered somewhat patchily annulata Le ice ster 4. Scutellum with some fairly broad appressed silvery scales on mid lobe; thoracic integument yellowish (fig. 13)... annulifera (Theobald). Scutellum with very slender scales only; thoracic integument light brown or dark brown * Femora beneath whitish on basal half; fore tibia with 10 to 15 scattered small white spots; thoracic integument light brown with some darker areas...*... indiana Edwards Femora not all whitish beneath on basal half; fore tibia with 6 white spots or bands; thoracic integument brown * longipalpis (van der Wulp) -4o-

43 6. Wings mostly dark-scaled; proboscis, palpus and legs mostly dark with purplish reflection *... 7 Wings mostly yellow-, ccaled; proboscis, palpus and legs mostly yellowish with some purplish areas *...* Anterior two-thirds of scutum mostly silvery-scaled; clasper of male genitalia forked subapically (fig. 18) aureosquamata (Ludlow) Scutum rather evenly clothed with golden scales; clasper of male genitalia with a slender inconspicuous subbasai projection, clasper not forked subapically (fig. 17) crassipes (van der Wulp) 8. Scutal integument with prominent dark spots on posterior half; lateral lobe of scutellum dark; pleuron with 3 dark bands; wing with some patches of.dark scales basally (fig. 16)...giblini (Taylor) Scutal integument unspotted; scutellum uniformly pale; pleuron unbanded; wing without dark-scaled basal patches (fig. 15) ochracea (Theobald) l!jansonia (MANSONIOIDES) ANNULATA Leicester Masonia annulata Leicester Cul. Malaya p. 174 (irregular spelling of Mansonia resulting from a typographical error) (type locality: Kuala Lumpur, Malay Peninsula). Larvae are unknown. The adults enter dwellings to attack man and the species is thought to be an important vector of Wuchereria malayi in the Netherlands Lndie s. Distribution: Malaysia. Philippine records are from Mindanao only (Ludlow Barracks, Parang). MANSONN (MANSONIOIDES) ANNULIFERA (Theobald) (fig. 13) Panoplites annulifera Theobald India). Mon. Cul (type locality: According to Bonne-Wepster and Brug (1937) this species is a good vector of Wuchereria malayi. It is strongly anthropophilic. The larva is said by Barraud (1.934) to differ from allied species in having the basal half of the antenna darkened, the apical half light. Biology: The larvae are usually associated with the floating vegetation of Pistia in ponds and swamps. Distribution: India, Ceylon, Thailand, New Guinea and Malaysia. Philippine records are from many localities in Mindanao and Luzon. -41-

44 MANSONIA (MANSONIOIDES) INDIANA Edwards, Mansonia indiana Edwards Bul. Ent. Res. 21~541 (type locality: Java>. The species is reported as strongly anthropophilic and a vector of V$..;_eria malayi in Java. The U. S. National I$useum has no specimens of... According to Barraud (1934) the larva is almost identical with that of uniformis. \ Biology: Similar to that of annulifera. Distribution: India, Burma, Indochina, Thailand, Java, Sumatra, New Guinea and 0) Philippine Islands. MANSONIA (MANSONIOIDES) LONGIPALPIS (van der Wulp) Culex longipalpis van der Wulp Bij d. Fauna Midden Sumatra, Dipt. p. 9 (type locality: Sumatra). This species is regarded as an important vector of Wuchereria malayi in the Netherlands Indies. The larva, as described by Bonne-Wepster (1939) appears to be very similar to that of uniformis. Distribution: India, Malaysia and New Guinea. Philippine records are from Mindanao (Fort Pikit) and Mindoro (Rio Baco).. MANSONIA CMANSONIOIDES) UNIFORMIS (Theobald) (fig. 14) Panoplites uniformis Theobald Mon. Cul. 2:180 (type locality: India and Malay Peninsula). This species is abundant throughout most of its range and is considered an important vector of Wuchereria malayi in the Netherlands Indies. According to Banks (1909) it is the commonest and most annoying Mansonia in the Philippines. The larva, as in longipalpis and indiana, has two dark rings on the antenna. Biology: Similar to that of annulifera. Distribution: Widespread from Africa, through the Oriental Region, Australasia and Japan. Philippine records are from Jolo, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay and Luzon.

45 MANSONIA (C ~QUILLETTIDIA) AURE CSQUAMATA (Ludlow) (fig. 18) Taeniorhvnchus (?) aureosuuamatus Ludlow Can. Ent. 41:234 (type locality: Parang, Mindanao, P, I.>. Taeniorhvnchus papei Ludlow In Theobald s Mon. Cul. 5:618. Biology: Unknown. D.istribution: Parang, Mindanao. Also recorded from Dermajoe and Bengkoelen in Sumatra by Bonne-Wepster (1930). MANSONIA (COQUILLETTIDIA) CRASSIPES (van der Wulp) (fig. 17) Culex crassipes van der Wulp Bijd. Fauna Midden Sumatra, Dipt. p. 9 (type locality: Sumatra). Mansonia diaretus Dyar Inset. Inst. Mens. 8:181. This species is very similar to xanthogaster (Edwards) from Australasia, differing principally in details of the male genitalia. Also, in crassipes the abdomen is more purplish. Distribution: Australasian and Oriental Regions. Philippine records are from Mindanao (Parang, Fort Pikit, Zamboanga) and Luzon (Infanta, Los BaXos). MANSONIA (COQUILLETTIDIA) GIBLINI (Taylor) (fig. 16) Pseudotaeniorhvnchus conopas giblini Taylor Trans. Ent. Sot. Land. 1914, p. 198 (type locality: Lakekamu Gold Fields, New Guinea). This species an0 ochracea are both distinctively yellow mosquitoes which can be separated by the dark markings on the scutum of giblini. The larva is unknown. Distribution: Australasia, the Moluccas and Malaysia. in the U. S. National Museum are from Siasi, Jolo. Philippine specimens MANSONIA (COQUILLETTIDIA) OCHRACEA (Theobald) (fig. 15) Taeniorhvnchus ochraceus Theobald Mon. Cul. 3:263 (type locality:. Kuala Lumpur, Malay Peninsula). Mansonia chrvsoaona Knab Ent. News 20:368. This species has the thorax almost entirely yellow. The larva is unknown. - Distribution: India, Thailand, China, New Guinea and Malaysia. Philippine records are from Parang, Mindanao.

46 Genus AEDEOMYIA Theobald The genus is related to Aedes, and is characterized by the antennae which in the female are composed of short thick sparsely plumose segments, and in the male are plumose with the penultimate segment lacking the usual whorl of basal hairs. The larvae have the ventral fan of the anal segment with numerous hairs, long comb teeth in a single row, a setose siphon with a very long median tuft, and a long antenna with a large plumose antenna1 hair tuft at the middle. Only one widespread Oriental species occurs in the Philippines. AEDEOMYIA CATASTICTA Knab Aedeomyia catasticta Knab Ent. News 20:387 (type locality: Philippine Islands). Aedomyia venustipes Theobald, of Barraud Faun. Brit. Ind. 5:132. This species has usually been considered a synonym of venustipes from Australasia. However, it has recently been pointed out by Mackerras (1937) that there are two species involved of which venustipes is a rare and local Australian form with 3 small costal spots instead of 4 large ones. According to Mackerra (1937),+the larva of catasticta has head hair B with 5 or 6 branches and smaller than A or C. Head hair C has only 3 branches. In what he assumes to be venustipes the larva has a large 8-branched hair B and hair C with 6 or more branches. Biology: The larvae are reported to breed in swampy pools with much vegetation, and occasionally in road ruts. Genus HEIZMANNIA Ludlow Adults of this genus are small mosquitoes with hairs on the postnotum, large anterior pronotal lobes, short palpi in both sexes, no scutal bristles, and sparsely plumose male antennae. According to Barraud (1934>, the larvae, which live in tree holes and bamboo stumps, are hardly separable generically from those of Aedes. Only a single rare and apparently endemic species is known from the Philippines. HEIZMANNIA SCINTILLANS Ludlow Heizmannia scintillans Ludlow Can. Ent. 37:130 (type locality: Camp Stotsenberg, Pampanga, Luzon, P.I.) This species is known only from the type female specimen. It has the following characters: Vertex with broad appressed iridescent scales, anterior pronotal lobe with broad appressed white scales, scutum with broadened curved scales, -44.

47 scutellum with scales similar to those of vertex, forked wing veins with some broadened outstanding scales, and abdomen dark with lateral basal white spots. Biology: Unknown. Distribution: Type locality recorded only. Genus ARMIGERES Theobald The adults of this genus are fairly large mosquitoes with mostly dark dorsum and abundant whitish scaling on the pleuron and venter. They are related to Aedes Wegomyia). The vertex and torus are broad-scaled as in Stegomyia. The outstanding character of the genus lies in the male clasper, which has a number of stout teeth along the apical edge. There are two well marked subgenera, Armigeres and Leicesteria. The latter is distinguished by the presence of appressed black scales but no bristles in the postspiracular area. The adults bite viciously during the day and at dusk. The larvae have the characters of -_- Aedes except that there is no pecten. The anal gills are very large. The favored breeding spots are in bamboos, especially in damp forested areas. KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF ARMIGERES 1. Pleuron with some broad dark appressed scales on the postspiracular area but without postspiracular bristles; female palpus about one-half to two-thirds as long as proboscis; clasper of male genitalia with tooth-like setae at the apical margin, sidepiece with a clump of stout setae but without leaflets; nape with chiefly pale upright forked scales (subgenus Leicesteria) *...*... 2 Pleuron with pale scales only, postspiracular area with a few bristles; female palpus not more than one-third as long as proboscis; clasper of male genitalia with tooth-like setae usually along the inner edge (not in ejercitoi); nape with dark upright forked scales (subgenus Armigeres) Abdominal tergites with apical pale markings and lateral spots; \ postnotum with a few hairs or hairs and scales at apex; female palpus about one-half as long as proboscis; clasper of male genitalia with 5 to 6 apical teeth, sidepiece with 2 to 3 stout setae (fig. 64) flavus (Leicester) Abdominal tergites without apical pale markings, postnotum completely bare * %

48 I 3. Abdominal tergites with median basal yellowish markings as well as lateral white spots; anterior pronotal lobe entirely whitescaled; female palpus pale-tipped and fully two-thirds as long as proboscis; male genitalia with clasper bearing about 10 apical tooth-like setae of which the middle are shortest, sidepiece with a clump of 3 to 4 stout setae (fig. 62) magnus (Theobald) Abdominal tergites with lateral white spots only; anterior pronotal lobe with pale and dark scales; female palpus dark and only slightly more than one-half as long as proboscis; male genitalia with clasper bearing 5 tooth-like setae of about equal length, sidepiece with clump of 6 to 7 stout setae arranged in 2 rows (fig. 61) digitatus (Edwards). 4. Clypeus with a patch of silvery scales on either side; male genitalia with basal lobe of sidepiece bearing one long strong seta and a row of smaller setae; parameres apically hooked; terminal clasper tooth much longer - and heavier than the others (fig. 58)...*... malayi (Theobald) Clypeus bare; male genitalia with basal lobe of sidepiece bearing more than one long strong seta in addition to shorter ones, or with a row of leaflets; parameres not hooked Vertex usually with a patch of broad white scales on either side. of middle separated by dark scales from median white spsot and broad lateral border spot; male genitalia with clasper rather broadly triangular, basal lobe of sidepiece with 3 long strong setae Vertex without mediolateral spots separated from eye margin; clasper of male genitalia not triangular Scutum with median prescutellar pale area; male genitalia with clasper about 3 times as long as broad and bearing 21 or more strong teeth, mesosome narrowly rounded apically, subapical inner hair tuft of sidepiece composed of many long hairs (fig. 63) manalangi Baisas Scutum with a median pale line running the whole length of the scutum, and a posterior submedian line reaching to wing base; male genitalia with clasper about 4 times as long as broad and bearing 16 to 20 teeth, mesosome broadly rounded or truncate apically, subapical inner hair tit of sidepiece composed of long to rather short hairs *... apoensis R. Bohart and Farner i -46-

49 -7. Vertex with pale border around eyes broadening into a lateral spot behind anterior pronotal lobe; male genitalia with clasper scythe-shaped and bearing over 20 rather uniform teeth along its inner surface, clasper when depressed against sidepiece reaching to middle of the 2 strong setae of basal lobe (fig. 59) obturbans (Walker) Vertex with pale border around eyes broadening into a lateral spot only at extreme side, and beyond anterior pronotal lobe; male genitalia with clasper having a broadly truncate apex bearing 10 to 11 rather uniform teeth, basal lobe of sidepiece extending along entire inner surface of sidepiece and bearing about 7 long leaflets as well as many smaller clubbed setae (fig. 60) I e jercitoi Baisas ARMIGERES (ARMIGERES) APOENSIS R. Bohart and Farner Armigeres apoensis R. Bohart and Farner Proc. Biol. Sot. Wash. 57:69 (type locality: Mt. Apo, 8000 to 9000 ft., Mindanao, P. I.). This species is related to manalangi and aurolineatus Edwards, both of which also have the basistyle with 3 setae and the clasper subtriangular. - A. apoensis is the only one of the group having a pale median scutal line. Biology: Unknown. Distribution: Known only from the type locality. ARMIGERES (ARMIGERES) EJERCITOI Baisas (fig. 60) Armigeres ejercitoi- Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 56:486 (type locality: Kolambugan, Lanao, Mindanao). This species is somewhat smaller than obturbans but otherwise resembles it, in general appearance. The male genitalia are very distinctive, however (fig. 60) and approach those of the subgenus Leicesteria in that the clasper teeth are bunched at the apex. The larva is very similar to that of obturbans. Biology: The type series was reared from tree holes. Distribution: -Known only from the type locality. ARMIGERES CARMIGERES) MALAY1 (Theobald) (fig. 58) Uranotaenia malayi Theobald Mon. Cul. 2:258 (type locality: Selangor, Federated Malay States). Armigeres russelli Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 56:490 (new synonymy). This is the only Oriental species having scales on the clypeus. It differs from the Australasian breinli (Taylor) in details of the male genitalia. In malayi the

50 mesosome is more slender, not triangular; the clasper has more teeth with the apical one longer; and there are fewer setae on the basal lobe of the sidepiece. According to Brug (1931) the larva is distinctive in having unfringed corn... teeth, anterior frontal hair (d) with 5 to 7 branches, lateral abdominal hairs on segments I and II with 2 to 3 branches, and 4 to 5 comb teeth. Biology: Reported by Baisas (for russelli) as breeding in good numbers in tree,holes, bamboo joints, and in axils of fallen areca-palm leaves. _ Distribution: Malaysia and the Moluccas, Philippine records as given by Baisas for russelli are Masiit, Cal.auan, Laguna, Luzon and an unspecified locality on Mindanao. ARMIGERES (ARMIGERES) MANALANGI Baisas (fig. 63) Armigeres manalangi Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 56:492 (type locality: San Jose and Mabacan, Luzon, PI.1 The subtriangular clasper and 3 setae on the sidepiece indicate a close relationship with apoensis. I have seen no specimens of this species, but according to the original description and figure, the clasper has more than 20 teeth, the tuft on the inner apical half of the sidepiece has the hairs about equal in length and the mesosome is narrowly rounded apically. Biology: -Larvae have been collected in bamboo holes. Distribution: Known only from the type localities on Luzon. _. ARMIGERES (ARMIGERES) OBTURBANS (Walker) (fig. 59) Culex obturbans Walker Proc. Linn. Sot. Lond. 4:91 (type locality: Amboina). Desvoidya fusca joloensis Ludlow Can. Ent (type locality: Jolo, P. I.) Armigeres kuchingensis Edwards Bull. Ent. Res. 5:283 (type, locality: Sarawak, Borneo). Both Edwards (1932) and Barraud (1934) have assumed that the species described by Walker from Amboina was synonymous with the common Indian species. The fact that the Indian species is not known from the islands of Malaysia, and that the species previously known as kuchingensis is widespread in Malaysia makes it appear more likely that the latter is synonymous with obturbans and the Indian species should be called subalbatus Coquillett, the next available name. The two species are very similar in general appearance but in subalbatus the clasper does not reach the setae of the basal lobe. The larva of obturbans has the lateral abdominal, hair with 2 to 5 branches (7 to 10 in subalbatus) and the comb teeth are more broadly rounded apically. _ Biology: The larvae breed in tree holes and bamboo cavities. Distribution: India, Burma, Thailand (?>, Malaysia, and the Moluccas. Philippine records are from Jolo, Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan and Samar. It is a common species

51 ARMIGERES (LEICESTERIA) DIGITATUS (Edwards) (fig. 61) Leicesteria digitatus Edwards Bul. Ent. Res. 4:262 (type locality: Ulu Gombak, Federated Malay States). Armigeres degitatus Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 56:493 (in error). A. digitatus can be distinguished from other Oriental species by its restricted abdominal markings, entirely dark tarsi, and characteristic male clasper. The larva has not been described. Biology: Baisas (1935a) records it as breeding in small numbers in tree holes and bamboo joints. Distribution:. India, Thailand, Sumatra and the Philippines, where it has been reported from various places in Luzon. Specimens in the U. S. National Museum are from Los Banes, Laguna, Luzon. s ARMIGERES (LEICESTERIA) FLAVUS (Leicester) (fig. 64) Chaetomyia flava Leicester Malay Peninsula) Cul. Malaya p. 101 (type locality: The apical pale markings, hairs on the postnotum and short hind tibia are * characteristic of flavus. The larva, according to Barraud (19341, has deeply subdivided and fringed comb teeth, and a ventral chitinous plate on the anal segment. Biology: The larvae have been found in bamboo, coconut shells, a tree hole and pitcher plants. Distribution: India, Thailand, Indochina and Malaysia. The only Philippine record is from Lilio; Laguna, Luzon. ARMIGERES (LEICESTERIA) MAGNUS (Theobald) (fig. 62) Brevirhynchus magnus Theobald Rec. Ind. Mus. 2:293 (type locality: Assam, India). Toxorhynchites rectirostris Theobald Mon. Cul. 5:214 (nomen nudum). The basal markings of the abdomen and the long female palpi are distinctive. According to Barraud (1934), the larva is similar to that of flavus but differs in having the mentum more triangular, the mid-lateral hair tuft of abdominal segmeht VIII with not more than 3 (instead of 5-8) branches, about 6 comb scales (instead of 101, and an inconspicious ventral plate on segment VIII. Biology: The larva breeds in pitcher plants, tree holes and bamboo joints. Baisas (1935a) reports that the female bites freely during the day in bamboo groves. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region. Philippine records are from Luzon, Mindanao and Negros. -49.

52 Genus,AEDES Meigen Of the 34 species of Aedes known from the Philippines, 15 appear to be endemic. Undoubtedly somexese will turn up in Borneo and other parts of Malaysia with more intensive collecting. However, additional endemic species will likewise be found in the Philippines. The principal species found in this area which are known to be capable of carrying dengue or filariasis are aegypt& scutellaris and albopictus. Many Aedes fly during the day,and bite viciously. The larva of Aedes is similar to that of Heizmannia and certain Ficalbia. It has a well develop%- on the anal segment, a moderate-sized antenna, a more or less median siphonal hair tuft, abdominal segment VIII usually without a sclerotized plate, and the pecten teeth usually numerous and mostly with lateral- denticles. The larval habitats are extremely varied. KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF AEDES 1. Scutellum with only narrow curved scales s Scutellum with some broad appressed scales Median area of vertex with broad scales only except sometimes with a strip of narrow curved scales bordering the eyes; palpus in male less than one-fourth the proboscis length Median area of vertex with some narrow curved scales back of the eye borders, Venter mostly whitish; pleuron with large bunches of whitish scales; postgenital plate of female hardly emarginate; male genitalia with a stout prolongation at apex of sidepiece, clasper with a stout median spine-like tooth (figs. 46, 55) panayensis Ludlow Venter dark or with inconspicuous dull pale scales; postgenital plate of female distinctly emarginate; male genitalia differently formed Female genitalia with a pair of hairy processes anterior to spermathecal eminence; sidepiece of male genitalia without a la?ge apical process in addition to clasper, tenth sternite without a long lateral process Female genitalia without a pair of hairy processes anterior to spermathecal eminence; sidepiece of male genitalia with a large apical process in addition to clasper, the process broad at tip and slightly emarginate, tenth sternite a long slender lateral process (figs. 49, 54) nigrotarsis (Ludlow) l. -509

53 5. Bristles on inner side of hairy process of female genitalia continued onto sides of spermathecal eminence; male genitalia with processes of tenth sternite fused into a large median Y-shaped pubescent process (figs. 48, 52>...macrodixoa Dyar & Shannon Bristles on inner side of hairy process of female genitalia not continued onto sides of spermathecal eminence; tenth sternite of male genitalia bearing short lateral triangular processes (figs. 47, 53) dux Dyar and Shannon 6. Crossveins clouded, wings with pale and dark scales Crossveins not clouded * With many outstanding white and bicolored scales, especially on legs and mouthparts; female palpus about two-thirds as long as proboscis; last 3 hind tarsals all pale; scutum mostly white-scaled; wings with very broad and well distributed scales *.. laniger (Wiedemann) Body without conspicuous outstanding scales; female palpus about one-fifth as long as proboscis; first 4 hind tarsals dark, fifth all white; scutum with fine golden scales only; wing scales not unusually broad, and scanty on posterior half of wing quadripunctis (Ludlow) 8. Tarsi all dark Tarsi banded or pale marked *...~b.~...* Scutal scales subbasal. uniformly bronzy; markings on abdominal tergites to median, particularly on last few segments Scutal scales arranged _ -- more - or less in lines or sp.ots of golden on a background of dark scales; markings on abdominal tergites basal ~...~ Mesepimeron, including the lower one,third, with many hairs female genitalia without a large shield-like plate on either side of the spermathecal eminence; male genitalia with processes of tenth sternite very long and straight, not crossed (figs. 50, 56) uncus {Theobald). Mesepimeron without hairs on the lower one-third except for a posterior row; female genitalia with a large shield-like plate on either side of the spermathecal eminence* male.genitalia with processes of tenth sternite curved near the base and crossed scissors-like (figs. 51, 57) ~...mar arsen Dyar and Shannon

54 I 11. ScUuum with a narrow median line of golden scales, the line varying in width; with lateral golden spots in front of wing base; vertex with a median posterior spot of slender curved scales (fig. 39X ostentatio (Leicester) Scutum without a median anterior golden line but with broad lateral stripes; vertex with broad median area of slender curved golden scales (fig. 37) lineatopennis (Ludlow) 12. S&turn with distinct lines or large silvery areas; fourth and fifth hind tarsals entirely dark; proboscis entirely dark Scutum without distinct lines or large silvery areas; fourth and fifth hind tarsals basally pale Venter with scales appressed; scutum with a narrow golden median line, a short submedian anterior line, a sublateral posterior line curving outwards anteriorly; third hind tarsal with a white basal band *... rizali (Banks) Venter with outstanding scales at bases of third and following sternites; front half of scutum largely silvery-scaled, silver areas a1so.i.n front of scutellum and over wing bases; third hind tarsal dark (figs. 27, melanopterus (Giles > 14. Proboscis dark; hind femur usually not or hardly mottled with pale and dark scales imprimens (Walker) Proboscis with some pale scaling, particularly beneath; hind femur distinctly mottled on outer side Pale ventral area of proboscis sharply defined apically; broad median area of vertex with rather sparse hair-like pale scales usually interspersed with many dark forked scales (fig. 19) ~...~... vigilax Pale ventral area of proboscis not sharply defined apically; broad median area of vertex with abundant yellowish curved scales. no dark forked scales except posteriorly (fig. 21)..... vexans C3kuse) Meigen 16. Tarsi uniformly colored; abdomen without distinct white abdominal hc3nhlc UCLLLU~.*...r... A.,. Tarsi pale marked Scutum with large silvery areas Scutum all dark or with small pale spots of scales Anterior two-thirds of scutum silvery, rest dark; femora dark apically; male genitalia with a large scale tuft on inner margin of sidepiece (figs. 26, 36) *. niveus (Ludlow)

55 Scutum anteriorly with 2 large spots and a median line, posteriorly with some white markings; femora apically white leucomeres (Giles) 19. Femora apically dark; scutellum and median area of vertex clothed pith broad appressed dark scales.*...,..., Femora with an apical white knee spot, at least on mid and hind legs Neuron with 3 prominent patches of silvery scales; female palpus one-sixth.to one-seventh as long as proboscis amesii (Ludlow) Neuron with a few translucent scales mostly in a single patch; female palpus hardly longer than clypeus, about one-ninth as long as proboscis miachaetessus Dyar and Shannon 21. Median area of vertex mainly with broad white and dark scales; scutum, femora, and tibiae with small spots of broad silvery scales (fig. 38) punctifemore (Ludlow) Median area of vertex mainly with narrow curved scales; scutum, femora, and tibiae without spots of broad silvery scales; scutellum entirely silvery.., Scutum uniformly scaled on dorsal surface; tibia1 apices creamy; pleural spots dull (fig. 22).*... pampangensis (Ludlow) Scutum variegated with indistinct spots of pale scales; tibia1 apices with a white patch; pleural spots white.. : alboscutellatus (Theobald) i 23. Vertex with some median narrow curved scales (in front of nape); last hind tarsal partly or entirely pale Vertex with broad appressed scales only in median area (sometimes a very few narrow ones on nape) Tarsi dark marked with white Tarsi yellow, banded and spotted with black; wings spotted; proboscis of female mostly yellow on apical two-thirds Wings with many pale spots, apical half of costa with 3 to 6 pale spots; proboscis ringed with white; palpus of female broadly white-tipped; femora with transverse spots, first hind tarsal with 3 white rings, second and third with basal half dark, fourth all dark, fifth all white; scutum with poorly defined pale areas; abdomen with many spots above Fig. 25) poicilia (Theobald) Wings unspotted; proboscis dark; scutum with a distinct median silvery line

56 26. Last hind tarsal white above, first to fourth hind tarsals with basal and apical white marks; median scutal line narrow and forked posteriorly, other short lines present; pleuron with scales in patches instead of lineqabdomen basally banded above; female palpus white-tipped and about one-fifth as long as proboscis. (fig. 28, 34) banksi Edwards First three hind tarsals only with basal white marks; median scutal line broad, not forked and ending on a level with wing bases, no other scutal lines; pleuron with a prominent stripe and a few small spots; abdominal tergites VI and VII with bands well removed from the base; female palpus black and about oneseventh as long as proboscis (fig. 42) albolineatus (Theobald) 27. Abdominal tergites II to IV with lateral margins dark or variegated, yellow scales in irregular spots or transverse marks, not as longitudinal streaks; clasper of male genitalia bent subapically but without an inner subapical prong, sidepiece with a single scale tuft situated on the inner margin (fig. 23) flavipennis (Giles) Abdominal tergites II to IV with lateral margins almost entirely yellow (most common in male> or with yellow scales forming longitudinal streaks; clasper of male genitalia ivith a strong subapical inner prong, sidepiece with a subapical ventral tuft of scales in addition to the inner scale tuft (fig. 24) *... aranetanus (Banks> 28. Last hind tarsal at least partly dark-scaled Last hind tarsal entirely white Last 2 hind tar&s basally whitish; female palpus white on apical two-fifths above; scutum with a broad sublateral anterior silvery spot endmg near a more lateral silvery patch above the wing base (figs. 29, 45) gardnerii (Ludlow) Last 2 hind tarsals at least all dark; female palpus dark Scutum with lines and patches of yellowish scales; female palpus about one-eighth as long as proboscis; first hind tarsal only white marked; anterior pronotal lobe and proepimeron with broad pale scales (fig. 44) au.rotaeniatus Edwards

57 Scutum with a single anterior median elongate spot; female palpus nearly one-fourth as long as proboscis; first three hind tarsals white marked, the band on fourth hind tarsal covering basal two-thirds of segment; anterior pronotal lobe with narrow silvery scales, proepimeron bare (fig. 41) * *... meronephada (Dyar and Shannon) 31, Scutum anteriorly with a single narrow median stripe , Scutum without a single narrow median stripe anteriorly **_ Pleuron with an irregular silver streak of scales starting at anterior pronotal lobe and ending over wing base, other pleural scales arranged in patchy lines instead of spots; dorsal abdominal pale bands subbasal, occurring on segments III to VII, lateral spots on II (fig *... scutellaris walker) I Pleuron with scales arranged in patchy spots; dorsal abdominal pale bands basal, at least on tergites II to V (figs. 33, 43X..albopictus GSkuse> 33, All the tibiae ringed with white somewhat before the middle (fig. 30> desmotes (Giles) Tibiae not ringed toward the middle; scutum with narrow submedian lines, scutal pattern lyre-shaped (figs. 31, 40) aegypti (Linnaeus) AEDES CNluCIDUS) QUADRIPUNCTIS (Ludlow) Pardomyia quadripunctis Ludlow In Theobald s Mon. Cul. 5:608 (type locality: Parang, Mindanao, P. I.) This species is related to aurantius Theobald but differs in having the scutum entirely golden-scaled. In aurantius the posterior three-fourths of the scutum is mostly dark-scaled. The larva is unknown. That of aurantius described by Edwards and Given (3.928) has prehensile mouth brushes; simple head hairs A, B and C; comb in a patch of about 20 simple teeth, pecten of about 20 close-set teeth; siphon tuft median; and antenna1 h&r of 4 branches.. pools. Biology: Related species are predaceous as larvae and breed in open natural Distribution: Known only from the type locality. AEDES CNluCIDUS) LANIGER CWiedemann) Culex laniger Wiedemann Dipt. Exot. p. 9 (type locality: Java>. This widespread Oriental species resembles scatophagoides Theobald in having many outstanding bicolored scales distributed over the body so as to impart a mouldy appearance. A. laniger differs from scatophagoides in having no white median ring on front or middle tibiae and in other minor characters. The male palpus is less spatulate than in scatophagoides. : -550

58 Biology: The larva is unknown. Distribution:. India, Ceylon, Indochina and Malaysia. Philippine records are from Manila, Luzon and Parang, Mindanao. AEDES (OCHLEROTATUS) VIGILAX (Skuse> (fig. 19) Culex vigilax Skuse Proc. Linri. Sot. N.S. Wales (series 2) 3:1731 (type locality: Australia). Culex annuliferus Ludlow Jour. NY. Ent. SOC. 2:141. Cx ludlowi Blanchard Les Moust. p. 630 (new name for annuliferus Although not closely related to vexans Meigen, the two species can easily be confused unless attention is paid to the minor characters noted in the key. The male genitalia are quite different, however (figs. 19, 21). The larva has a 6- branched head hair A, single hairs B and C; antenna with minute spines and a median tuft; comb of many small scales in a patch; and the siphon very stout with a median tuft of 7-9 hairs. Biology: The adults are vicious and persistent biters. The larvae occur in large numbers in brackish pools along tidal swamp margins. It is particularly common after periods of unusually high tides. Distribution: A coastal species in Australasia, Thailand, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sundas, Celebes, Philippines and Formosa. Philippine records are from Mindanao, Panay, Mindoro and Luzon. AEDES (FU\JLAYA) ARANETANUS (Banks) (fig. 241 Finlaya aranetana Banks Phil. Jour. Sci. 1:lOOl (type locality: Mailum and Siya-Siya Peak, Negros Occidental)., Following the lead of Edwards (1922a>, most authors have considered this species synonymous with flavipennis (Giles). An examination of male genitalia of Banks type material showed that 2 species were involved. In aranetana the male clasper has an unusual shape (fig. 24). This group of Finlaya has been recently reviewed by Stone and R. Bohart (1944). Biology: Reported by Banks (1906) as breeding in the axils of banana leaves. Distribution: Negros Occidental (Bago, Mailum and Siya,Siya Peak) and Luzon (Camp Stotsenberg and Fort Wm. McKinley). AEDES (FINLAYA) BANKS1 Edwards (figs. 28, 34) Aedes banksi Edwards Ind. Jour. Med. Res. lo:270 (type locality: Tni, Rizal, Luzon, P. I.). This species, which was recorded by Banks Cl9061 as pseudotaeniatus (Giles) differs from that species in having the white rings on the hind tarsi broader and the last segment all white above instead of black. -56-

59 Biology: Unknown. The related species, pseudotaeniatus, breeds in tree holes, rock pools and artificial containers. Distribution: Known only from the type locality and from the Manila Waterwoti iorge Camp, Rizal, P. I. INLAYA) FLAVIPENNIS (Giles) (fig. 23) Finlaya flavipennis Giles Jour. Trap. Med. 7:366 (type locality: Philippine Islands). Popea lutea Ludlow Can. Ent. 37:96. This species has been confused with aranetanus Banks), but differences in male genitalia (figs. 23, 241 readily separate the two., I ree. Biology: Unknown, but the larvae are presumably associated with the banana Distribution: Authoritatively known only from the Ierg, Pampanga, Luzon). Philippines (Camp Stotsen- INLAYA) LEUCOMERES (Giles) Stegomyia leucomeres Giles Jour. Trop. Med. 7:367 (type locality: Philippine Islands). No specimens of this species are available at the U. S. National Museum, but he scutal markings are distinctive. Biology: Unknown. Distribution: 1906). Recorded from Camp Stotsenberg, Pampanga, Luzon by Banks AEDES (FINLAYA) ME:LANOPTERUS (Giles) (figs. 27, 35) Finlaya melanopterus Giles Jour. Trop. Med. 7:367 (type locality:. Philippine Islands). Popea.palawanensis Ludlow Psyche 21:31. The peculiar ornamentation of outstanding scales on the abdominal sternites s unique. The species is dark with bright silvery,markings. Biology: Umzknown. Distribution: Specimens in the U.S. National Museum are from Camp Stotsenerg, Pampanga, Luzon and Puerto Pffncesa, Palawan. -57-

60 AEDES (FINLAYA) NIVEUS (Ludlow) (figs. 26, 36) Stegomvia nivea Ludlow Jour. N. Y. Ent. Sot. 11:139 (type locality: Oras, Samar, P.I.1. Brug (1931) describes the larva from Java as having about 18 comb scales in * a row, the siphon moderately stout with a plumose hair at the apical two-thirds, and the anal saddle incomplete. Each comb scale is slender and fringed to the tip. Biology: The larvae are reported by Barraud (1934) and bamboo stumps. to breed in tree holes Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region and also reported from Japan. Philippine records are from Mindanao (Parang), Samar (Oras) and Luzon (Camp Stotsenberg, Los BanBs, Angeles, and Tayabas). AEDES (FINLAYA) POICILIA (Theobald) (fig. 25) Finlava poicilia (Theobald) Man, Cul (type locality: Malay Peninsula).. Penang, Aedes poicilia might well be the Oriental representative of kochi Doenitz from Australasia. This group was recently reviewed by Stone and R. Bohart (1944). The black and white speckled wings and banded legs are characteristic of this species. The larva has been described by Barraud (1934) from Javan specimens. The antenna is cylindrical, short, with a single or bifid hair; head hair A with 5 branches, B with 2 branches, C with 2 or 3 branches; thorax and abdomen with many stellate hairs; comb in a patch; siphon moderately stout, pubescent, without an acus, a submedian tuft; and the anal saddle moderately large. Biology: According to Brug (19311, the larvae are found in the leaf axils of Colocasia indica and Crinum sp. Distribution: India, Burma and Malaysia. Philippine records are from Minda.nao (Zamboanga and Parang), Samar (Catubig), Luzon (provinces. of Albay, Rizal and Pampanga) and Negros Occidental (Bago and Mailurn). AEDES (FINLAYA> RIZ-AL1 Banks Culex rizali Banks Phil. Jour. Sci. 1:999 <type locality: Mt. siyz- Siya, Negros Occidental). There are no specimens of rizali in the U. S. National Museum. According to the original description, the scutal markings as described in the key are said to resemble those of japonicus (Theobald), but differ in that the median stripe is not forked posteriorly. Biology: The 2 females in the type series were collected in thelact of biting. Distribution: Known only from the type locality. *-58 -

61 . AEDES (SKUSEA) Skusea amesii Ludlow Oras, Samar, P. I3 AMES11 (Ludlow) Jour. N. Y. Ent. Sot. II:139 (type locality: The larva of this small and dark species has been described and figured by Edwards (1926) from Singapore. The larva has the. head almost as long as broad; a short cylindrical antenna with a simple hair at the apical two-thirds; head hairs A and d plumose, B double; clypeal spines long and curved. Comb in a patch; a small anal saddle; and a moderately stout siphon with a median single siphonal hair. Biology: Edwards (1926) reports the larvae breeding in the hollows of a fallen tree in the mangrove area. Distribution: Malaysia and Indochina. Philippine records are from Tacloban, Leyte and Twin Peaks, Union, Luzog.. AEDES (SKUSEA) MIACHAETESSUS Dyar and Shannon Aedes (Skusea) miachaetessa Dyar and Shannon Inset. Inst. Mens. 13:78 (type locality: Camp Stotsenberg, Pampanga, Luzon, P. I.). This is a dark-legged species similar stricted.pale scaling on the pleuron. to amesii (Ludlow) but with more re- Biology and distribution: The species and a single female from Kon Kut Island in is known only from the type specimens the east Gulf of Siam

62 AEDES (STEGOMYIA) AEGYPTI (Linnaeus) (figs. 31, 401 Culex aegypti Linnaeus Hasselquists Reise nach Palestina p. 470 (type locality: Egypt). Stegomyia fasciata persistans Banks Phil. ~Yw-. Sci. I:996 This well known species is easily recognized by the characteristic lyre-shaped pattern of the scutum (fig. 40). The larva differs from related Oriental species in having well developed lateral teeth on the comb scales. The comb is in a single row, the anal ring is nearly complete and the gills are subequal in length. Head hairs A, B, and C are simple. Biology: The larvae breed primarily in domestic water containers. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions generally. Philippine records, are from Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Jolo, Cebu and Negros Occidental. AEDES (STEGOMYIA) ALBOLINEATUS CTheobald) (fig. 42) Scutomyia albolineata Theobald Entom. 37:77 (type locality: Kuala Lumpur, Malay Peninsula). There is a superficial resemblance between this species and albopictus or scutellaris based mostly on the median scutal stripe. The presence of narrow scales in the median area of the vertex, the dark dorsolateral thoracic margin. and the dark last two hind tarsal segments in albolineatus are distinctive. The larva is characterized by the numerous prominent stellate hairs on the abdomen. Head hairs A, B and C are short and plumose; the antenna is cylindrical with a median hair tuft; the comb is a single row of lo-12 strong teeth; the anal saddle is incomplete; and the siphon is moderately stout with a median hair tuft.. Biology: The larvae are found most often in tree holes, but also in bamboo, leaf axils, coconut husks, and rarely in artificial receptacles or rock holes. Distribution: India, Indochina, Malaysia, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland and the Solomons. Barraud (1934) records this species from.the Philippines. AEDES (STEGOMYIA) ALBOPICTUS CSkuse> (figs. 33, 43) Culex albopictus Skuse Ind. Mus. Notes 3:20 (type locality: Calcutta, India). Stegomyia scutellaris samarensis Ludlow Jour. N. y. Ent. SOC. 11:138. Stegomyia nigritia Ludlow Can. Ent. 13:194. Stegomyia quasinigritia Ludlow Psyche 18:129. This species differs from scutellaris in the less linear arrangement of the silvery pleural scales. There are a number of closely related species in other parts of the Oriental Region and diagnosis is best made on the basis of the ninth tergite of the male. The larva is very similar to that of scutellaris. Head hairs A, B and C are simple, and d is plumose. The comb is a single row of basally fringed teeth; the siphon is moderately stout with the tuft somewhat beyond the middle; the anal saddle is incomplete; and the gills are subequal. -6O-

63 Biology: Larvae are most often found in tree holes, bamboo, and leaf axils, but occasionally occur in artificial receptacles or rock pools. Distribution: Hawaii, Saipan, and widespread throughout the Oriental Region. Philippine records are from Luzon, S&mar, Mindanao, Jolo, Leyte, Mindoro, Panay, Negros Occidental and Guimaras. AEDES (STEGOMYIA) AUROTAENIATUS Edwards (fig. 44) Aedes aurotaeniatus Edwards Ind. Jour. Med. Res. lo:256 (type locality: Mt. Siya-Siya, Negros Occidental, P. I.> Olew name for aurostriata Banks, preocc. by aureostriatus Doleschall). Stegomyia aurostriata Banks Phil. Jour. Sci. 1:995. The broad silvery stripes on the scutum are distinctive (fig. 44). Five female specimens determined by C. S. Banks are in the National Museum collection. Biology: The original description of Banks contains the statement that this species collected only.at a high altitude on a rainy day, attacks very readily, all the specimens obtained having been caught upon the bare legs of the native carriers. Distribution: Known only from the type locality. AEDES (STEGOMYIA) DESMOTES (Giles) (fig.301 Stegomyia desmotes Giles Jour. Trop. Med. 7:367 (type locality: Philippine Islands). Anisochelomyia albitarsis Ludlow Can. Ent. 37:131. The scutum of this species is strikingly marked with lines and patches of silver. The male clasper is very unusual gig. 30). It has no apical spine but bears numerous long setae around the apex. The larva, according to Barrlud (19341, has a short simple median hair on the cylindrical antenna, a comb of 3 teeth on a plate, and a very stout siphon with only 2 small teeth. Biology: Larvae breed in bamboo stumps. r Distribution: India, Indochina, Thailand, Malay Peninsula and the Philippines (Camp Stotsenberg, Pampanga, Luzon). AEDES (STEGOMYIA) GARDNER11 (Ludlow) (figs. 29, 45) Stegomyia gardnerii Mindoro, P. I.) Ludlow Can. Ent. 37:99 (type locality: Bulacao, This species is very closely related to w-albus (Theobald) but gardnerii has a complete black subapical ring on the hind femur and the last hind tarsal segment is white at the base only. Biology: Unknown. -610

64 Distribution: Recorded from the Philippines, and the Netherlands Indies ( Soemba and Alor) by Bonne-Wepster and Brug (1932). Philippine specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection are from Mindanao (Parang), Jolo, Luzon (Los Baxos and Angeles), and Mindoro (Bulacao). AEDES (STEGOMYIA) MERONEPHADA (Dyar and Shannon> (fig. 41) Catatassomyia meronephada Dyar and Shannon Inset. Inst. Mens. 13:71 (type locality: Los Ba?ios, Laguna, Luzon, P. I.) The large anterior scutal spot and narrow scales of the anterior pronotal. lobe are distinctive Biology and distribution: Known only from the 16 females in the type series.. AEDES (STEGOMYIA) SCUTELLARI$ (3) walker) Culex scutellaris Walker Proc. Linn. Sot. Lond. 3:77 (type locality: Aru Island). Two female specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection have the silvery pleural lines characteristic of the scutellaris group. In the absence of male specimens they have been tentatively referred to scutellaris. The larva of scutellaris is presumably very similar to that of albopictus (Skuse). This species is not considered synonymous with the form of the Solomon Islands, which has recently been named quasiscutellaris Farner and R. Bohart (1944) (fig. 32). Biology: Presumably similar to that of pseudoscutellaris Theobald which breeds in coconut husks, tree holes, cacao pods, concrete drains and other small shaded water collections of high organic content. Distribution: The typical subspecies has been recorded from Sumatra, Andaman Islands, Aru, Amboina, the Moluccas, Celebes and several small islands in the Netherlands Indies, Philippine records are from Los Btios, Laguna and Camp Stotsenberg, Pampanga, Luzon. AEDES (AEDIMORPHUS) ALBOSCUTELLATUS (Theobald) Lepidotomyia alboscutellata Theobald Ann. INCUS. Nat. Hung. 3:80 (type locality: New Guinea). Culex argentinotus Banks Phil. Jour. Sci. 4:547. This widespread species is closely related to niveoscutella (Theobald) from India and to pampangensis (Ludlow). All three are characterized by a silvery scutellum. Aedes alboscutellatus differs from the other two species in having white pleural spots and a somewhat variegated scutum. The larva has not been described. _ Biology: According to Barraud (19341, the larvae are found in jungle pools.

65 Distribution: India, Burma, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Netherlands Indies, Ceram, New Guinea, New Britain, northern Australia, Philippines and Japan.. Philippine specimens in the U. S. National Museum are from Puerto Princesa, Palawan and Los BaZos, Laguna, Luzon. AEDES (AEDIMORPHUS) IMPRIMENS (Walker) Culex imprimens Walker Proc. Linn. Sot. Lond. 5:144 (type locality: Amboina) This species is apparently synonymous with brugi Edwards. Both sexes have been reared from larvae collected on Bougainville by A. B. Gurney. The larva closely resembles that of vexans, differing chiefly in the somewhat longer siphon (about 5 times as long as width at base). Head hair B has 3 branches, C has 5 branches, the antenna is coarsely spiculate, the comb teeth are in a fairly regular. row, the pecten teeth have lateral denticles except on the apical 2 or 3 which are more widely spaced, and the large anal saddle and siphon are covered with minute spicules. The male genitalia are definitely those of an Aedimorphus rather than Banksinella. The clasper is forked somewhat as in caecus (Theobald) but that of imprimens has no apical spine. Biology: Larvae collected by A. B. Gurney on Bougainville were found in partly shaded, leafy woodland pools. Larvae were collected in a buffalo wallow by Causey (1.937) in Thailand. Adults bite viciously in deep shade during the day. Distribution: Thailand, Malaysia, Moluccas, Solomons and New Guinea. Philippine specimens are from Mindanao (Fort Pikit) and Palawan (Puerto Princesa). AEDES (AEDIMORPHUS) OSTENTATIO (Leicester) (fig. 3% Aioretomyia astentatio Leicester Cul. Malaya p. 193 (type locality: Kuala Lumpur, Malay Peninsula). Danielsia pagei Ludlow Psyche 18:128. The markings on the scutum appear to be rather variable. Specimens from, the Malay Peninsula have the golden lines more distinct than those from the Philippines which I have seen. The male and larva are unknown and the location of the soecies in Aedimorohus is orovisional. Biology: Unbown. (the Distribution: India_, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Borneo and the Philippines type series of pagei from Fort Pikit, Mindanao). AEDES (AEDIMORPHUS) PAMPANGENSIS (Ludlow) (fig. 22) Reedomyia pampangensis Ludlow Can. Ent. 37:94 (type locality: Angeles, Pampanga, Luzon, P. I.) \, -63 -

66 Aedes niveoscutella Theobald, of authors (not Theobald). Aedes alboscutellata Theobald, of authors (not Theobald). This species has been confused with niveoscutella from India and alboscutellatus. According to the description of the genitalia of the type male of niveoscutella by Barraud (19341, the dististyle and basistyle are both somewhat different. The characters separating alboscutellatus are. given in the key. It is interesting to note that although pampangensis is given as a possible synonym of the other two species by Edwards (1932>, it antedates both by several months. Biology: Unknown. ( Distribution: Luzon (Angeles; Camp Nichols, Camp Gregg, Camp Stotsenberg, Infanta) and Mindanao (Pettit Barracks, Zamboanga). AEDES (AEDIMORPHUS) PUNCTIFEMORE (Ludlow) (fig. 38) Stegomyia punctifemore Ludlow Military Surgeon 49:l (type locality: Ft. Wm. McKinley, Rizal, P. I.) This is the only species of Aedes from the Philippines with scattered spots of broad silvery scales on the scutum and legs. Except for the silvery markings, the coloration is very dark. The male clasper is strongly clavate and somewhat similar to that of mediolineatus (Theobald) figured by Barraud (1934). Biology: Unknown. Distribution: India (Caya, Bihar) and the Philippines Wm. McKinley, Rizal, Luzon). (Camp Nichols and Fort L AEDES (AEDIMORPHUS) VEXANS Meigen (fig. 21) Aedes vexans Meigen Syst. Beschr (type locality: Berlin, Germany>. near This widespread species is common in the Philippine Islands. It has a superficial resemblance to vigilax (Skuse) but details of the vertex and the entirely different male genitalia distinguish the two species. The following combination of characters will differentiate the larva from those of related species: Siphon without a subapical ring of spines, comb of lo-14 teeth in a patch or an irregular double row, antenna1 shaft with small spicules, pecten of about 20 teeth with strong basal denticles and the last 2 or 3 teeth widely spaced, head hairs B and C with several branches, and the anal segment with an almost complete ring. Biology: The larvae breed in many different situations, but particularly in temporary ground pools, roadside ditches, foul water and grassy pools. The adults are annoying biters especially during the day. Distribution: Widespread in the Nearctic, Palearctic, Australasian and Oriental Regions. Philippine records are from Mindanao, Palawan and Luzon

67 AEDES (AEDES) DUX Dyar and Shannon (figs. 47, 53) Aedes dux Dyar and Shannon Inset. Inst. Mens. 13:78 (type localitnhilippine Islands). As suggested by Causey (1939, sigmoides Barraud from the Andamans appears to be a synonym of dux. The small hairy processes anterior to the spermathecal eminence of the female genitalia (fig. 53) are characteristic. The male genitalia (fig. 47) are also unique. The species is dark, inconspicuously marked and superficially indistinguishable from macrodixoa Dyar and. Shannon and a nigrotarsis - (Ludlow). Biology: The larvae were reported by Causey (1937) as breeding in fresh and brackish water in the vicinity of Bangkok. Distribution: Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Java, Thailand and the Philippines. The U. S. National Museum has a large number of specimens from Luzon (Camp Stotsenberg, Camp Nichols and Manila). AEDES ( AEDES) MACRODIXOA Dyar and Shannon (figs. 48, 52) Aedes macrodixoa Dyar and Shannon Inset. Inst. Mens. 13:77 (type locality: Infanta, Tayabas, Luzon, P. I.>. This species is apparently identical to dux and nigrotarsis genitalia of both sexes (figs. 47, 48, 52, 53). except in the Biology: Distribution: Unknown. -I. Known only from Luzon (Camp Nichols and Infanta). AEDES ( AEDES) MARGARSEN Dyar and Shannon (figs. 51, 57),4edes markarsen Dyar and Shannon Inset. Inst. Mens. 13:77 <type locality: Camp Eldridge, Laguna, Luzon, P. I.). As suggested by Barraud (19341, this species is very similar to andamanensis Edwards. However, by comparison with Barraud s figures and descriptions of andamanensis, the more convex cowl in the female of margarsen, and the much more slender prolongation of the sidepiece in the male indicate that two species are involved. Another closely related species, Aedes uncus (Theobald) has obviously different genitalia in both sexes ( figs.56). Biology and distribution: Known only *from the type series. AEDES (AEDES) NIGROTARSIS (Ludlow) (figs. 49, 54) Pseudoskusea nigrotarsis Ludlow Can. Ent. 40:52 (type locality: Infanta, Tayabas, Luzon, P. I.>

68 Externally this species is practically indistinguishable from macrodixoa and dux. The genitalia of both sexes are diagnostic, however (figs. 49, 541. Barraud (1.934) has pointed out a similarity to indicus (Theobald) from India. In the Philippine species the male sidepiece has the inner basal process of the sidepiece triangular instead of long and slender. The larva is unknown, but that of indicus as figured by Barraud (1934) is similar to that of vexans, differing in having the comb in a fairly regular row and all of the pecten teeth with lateral.denticles. Biology: Unknown. The related species, indicus, occurs in open rainwater pools.. Distribution: Known only from the type series. AEDES (AEDES) PANAYENSIS Ludlow (figs. 46, 55) Aedes panayensis Ludlow Psyche 21:159 (type locality: Panay, P. I.>. Iloilo, The very compact male genitalia and relatively simple female genitalia are characteristic of panavensis. Also, this species has more pale scales, particularly on the venter, than in related species. Biology: Unknown. Distribution: Philippine Islands. The National Museum has a long series of specimens from Jolo, Panay (Iloilo) and Luzon (Manila). AEDES (AEDES) UNCUS (Theobald) (figs. 50, 56) Culex ~XUS Theobald MonCul. 2:53 (type locality: Selangor, Federated Malay States). The broadly black vertex margined along the eyes with a distinct pale border, and the median patch of narrow scales occurs in both uncus and margarsen. This was illustrated for uncus by Theobald in his original description. The 2. species are readily separated by the genitalia in both sexes (figs. 50, 51, 56, 57). Biology: jungle. The type females were collected amongst plantains in Klang Distribution: Malay Peninsula and the Philippines, where I have se.en female specimens from Puerto Princesa, Palawan and males from Mt. APO, Cotabato, Mindanao. AEDES (BANKSINE LLA) LINE AT OPENNIS (Ludlow) (fig. 3 7) Taeriiorhvnchus lineatopennis locality: Luzon, P. I.). Ludlow Can. Ent. 37:133 (type r -660

69 The golden lateral margins of the SC turn are distinctive. The larva has been described and figured by Barraud (19 u3 4). In general it resembles vexans but differs in having all the pecten teeth with lateral denticles, comb of- only 6-8 teeth in an irregular row, and the antenna more strongly spiculate. In most respects lineatopennis resembles species of the vexans group but differs in the subapically located clasper and apparently 2 segmented palpus in the male. Biology: pools. According to Barraud (19341, the larvae breed in open natural Distribution: Africa, Australia (Queensland), Molu&as and the Oriental Region (widespread). Philippine records are from Mindanao (Zamboanga) and Luzon (Bayambang, Los Ba?!ios, Camp Nichols and Camp Stotsenberg). Genus CULEX Linnaeus The 27 known species of Philippine Culex include 8 species which appear to be endemic, all of which belong to the subgenera Lophoceraomvia, Mochthogenes and Neoculex. Many of the species in the other subgenera have a wide geographical range. Adult Culex are characterized by the possession of well developed pulvilli, the absence of sjpiracular and postspiracular bristles, and the usually narrow scutellar scales. The larva has a well developed fan on the anal segment, antennae of moderate size, and several subposterior siphonal hair tufts which are usually in pairs. c Several of the subgenera are well marked, particularly in the male. Lutzia has 4 or more lower mesepimeral bristles. Culex usually has the tarsi and proboscis distinctly banded, and Lophoceraomvia has distinctive processes on the male antennae.. All of the Philippine species of the subgenus Culex are under suspicion as vectors of filariasis. - b7 -

70 KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF CULEX 1. Tarsi with pale bands or at least a speckling of p&e scales; proboscis usually pale marked *..*~.o... 2 Tarsi with neither pale bands nor with a speckling of pale scales; d proboscis dark.....* Tarsi with a speckling of pale scales but without distinct pale bands; pale area of proboscis indistinct or indefinite; 4 or more lower mesepimeral bristles (subgenus Lutzia).... *.* * Tarsi with some distinct pale bands; less than 4 lower mesepimeral bristles ~...* Front surface of hind femur nearly all white on basal half and with a line of pale scales on apical half; lateral plate of mesosome with a row of teeth not arranged in a definite toothed process (fig. 83) fuscanus Wiedemann Front surface of hind femur speckled with dark scalers on basal half and without a distinct line of pale scales on apical half; lateral plate Ofimesosome of male genitalia with a definite toothed process (fig. 82) *...*...*. halifaxii Theobald 4. Femora not speckled; abdomen with basal tergal bands on some segments; wings dark-scaled; proboscis sometimes with other pale marks or bands in addition to median band %*****... 5 Femora speckled with pale and dark scales; proboscis with a distinct pale median band Scutum uniformly clothed with dark brown scales; male palpus dark apically; mesosome of male genitalia with several posterior teeth of about equal length on lateral plate (fig. 76) tritaeniorhynchus Giles Scutum brown with patches of paler scales; male palpus whitetipped; lateral plate of mesosome in male genitalia with one or two long posterior teeth directed caudally in addition to a few smaller teeth (fig. 77) * vishnui Theobald 6. Scutum mainly brownish or golden-scaled with a few paler scales *... 7 Scutal scales mainly whitish or greyish, at least on anterior two-thirds * Wing speckled with numerous pale scales; abdominal tergites with yellowish apical bands, at least on VI to VIII (fig. 75) bitaeniorhynchus Giles -689

71 . Wing scales dark; abdominal tergites basally banded at least on II to IV ~ ~...~...~~ Fore tibia with a row of spots in front; abdominal bands angularlv produced on some segments. l annulirostris Skuse Fore tibia without a row of spots in front; abdominal bands evenly margined ~...~... sitiens Wiedemann 9. Abdominal tergites apically banded; scutal scales mostly pale ochreous or greyish-white on anterior two-thirds of scutum sinensis Theobald Abdominal tergites banded or spotted basally; scutal scales white on anterior two-thirds of scutum Posterior one-third of scutum entirely dark-scaled; scutellar scales golden; wing scales not unusally broad gelidus Theobald Scutal area back of wing bases variegated with whitish scales; scutellar scales at least partly whitish; some wing scales broad whitmorei (Giles) 11. Eyes bordered by narrow scales only in median area of vertex Median area of vertex with some broad appressed scales, at least along eye margins *...*... 16, Abdomen Abdomen Abdomen Abdomen banded dorsally with pale scales * unhanded....d banded apically nematoides Dyar and Shannon banded basally quinquefasciatus Say 14. Pleuron without scales; male palpus about one-sixth as long as proboscis (fig. 87) chivutoi Baisas Pleuron with some pale scales * Pleuron with horizontal reddish brown spots or stripes divided by a paler area bearing a broad horizontal stripe of pale l scales; male palpus longer than proboscis (fig. 78) fuscocephalus Theobald Pleuron almost uniformly colored, scales in irregular patches;. male palpus appearing twisted, abo-fqt five-eighths as long as proboscis (fig. 85) brevipalpis (Giles) 16. Median area of vertex with decumbent scales mainly broad; male genitalia with clasper forked; male palpus less than one-sixth as long as proboscis \ -690

72 Median area of vertex with decumbent scales mostly narrow; male clasper not forked; male palpus at least as long as proboscis Abdominal tergites dark or with ochreous basal markings; male clasper forked less than half-way to the-base (fig. 86).... e ~...~*...~... malayi (Leice ster) Abdominal tergites apically banded; male clasper forked almost to the base (fig. 84) yeageri,baisas 18. Abdomen banded ~...~..~ Abdomen unbanded *...~.~...~...~ Pleuron with a round dark spot beneath wing base; abdomen with broad basal and some very narrow apical dull pale bands; male antenna without specialized setae (figs. 80, 81) i e ~... nigr opunctatus E dwar ds Neuron without a round dark spot beneath wing base; abdomen with basal bands only; male antenna with 2 short setae on segment VII and about 4 long setae on IX, torus evenly rounded on inner surface (torus counted as first segment); male genitalia with clasper tapering towards apex, sidepiece with an indistinct inner row of 3 to 4 well separated bristles e ~...~..~. infantulus Edwards 20. Abdomen opalescent with blue and green lights as seen in dorsal view; pleuron without scales; segments VI to X of male antenna without specialized processes (torus counted as segment I) (fig. 79) ~...*... fragilis Ludlow Abdomen dark in dorsal view, somewhat opalescent as seen from other angles; pleuron usually with a few scattered translucent scales; segments VI to X of male antenna or at least segment IX with specialized processes * Torus of male antenna with a distinct blunt prominence on inner side;- no thickened setae on segment XI e Torus of male antenna evenly rounded on. inner side; male antenna1 segments VII and VIII tiith short tufts, a longer tuft on IX, and long setae on X and XI ***~*~*.~b*~...~...~ Male antenna with a few very slender setae of about equal length on segment VI, short curled tufts on VII and VIII, a longer one on IX, thick sharp setae on X about as long as those on IX; clasper of male genitalia tapering rather evenly toward apex ~ Segment VI of male antenna without setae, or with greatly thickened setae

73 23. Sidepiece of male genitalia with an inner row of 7 to 8 close-set long bristles (fig. 69) nolledoi Sidepiece with an inner row of 4 close-set long bristles mindanaoensis B;tisas Baisas _ 24. Male antenna with 5 or 6 setae of two lengths on segment VI, short tufts on VII and VIII, a longer tuft on IX, and about 6 long setae on X; male genitalia with clasper swollen beyond the middle and with a subapical crest of short bristles, sidepiece with an inner row of 7 long close-set bristles mammilifer ( Leicester) Male antenna without setae on VI, 4 slender setae on VII, a short tuft of 6 setae and a longer tuft of 2 setae on VIII, a long tuft of 4 setae on IX; clasper of male genitalia tapering toward apex, sidepiece with an inner row of 6 close-set bristles (figs. 67, 70, 71)... lavatae Stone and R Bohart 25. Male antenna with about 10 broad blunt setae of about equal length on segment VI; clasper of male genitalia not swollen subapically, sidepiece with an inner row of 3 moderate and well separated bristles (figs. 65, 72) f raudatrix (Theobald) Male antenna with sharply pointed setae on segment VI Male antenna1 segment VI with 6 slender setae; clasper of male genitalia inflated just beyound the middle, sidepiece with an inner patch (rather than a row> of about 12 bristles (figs. 66, 73) fulleri (Ludloti Male antenna1 segment VI with 3 or 4 setae; clasper somewhat curved and tapering, sidepiece with an inner row of 6 close-set bristles (fig. 68) pachecoi Baisas -71-

74 CULEX (LUTZIA) FUSCANUS Wiedemann (fig. 83) Culex fuscanus Wiedemann Dipt. Exot. 1:9 (type locality: India). Most specimens of this species can be distinguished from halifaxiiby the - femoral scaling given in the key. The slight difference in male genitalia (figs. 82, 83) is more diagnostic, however. The larva, according to specimens in the collection from India, has mouth brushes composed of strong curved setae; long single head hairs A, B and C; a row of many ventral hair tufts on the siphon; denticulate pecten teeth extending the entire length of the siphon; and the comb in a patch of 35 to 40 fringed teeth. Biology: The larvae are usually found in small natural pools of stagnant water, but also occur in such places as shallow wells and artificial containers. They are predaceous on other mosquito larvae. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region. Philippine records are from Mindanao (Zamboanga and Cotabato), Luzon (Manila, -Camp Gregg, Camp Stotsenberg, Camp Nichols, Alabang, and Los Ba?ios), Corregidor and Samar (Gandar a>. CULEX (LUTZIA) HALIFAXII Theobald (fig. 82) Culex halifaxii Theobald Mon.Cul. 3:231 (type locality: Straits Settlements). Culex aureopunctis Ludlow Can. Ent. 42:195. This species is closely related to fuscanus and the larvae are practically identical. Biology: The larvae occur in small collections of water, both na tural and artificial. Barraud (1934) records the species also from rice fields a jungle pool, and a tea-tree swamp. The larvae are predaceous, often upon Culex ouinquef asciatus. I Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental and Australasian regions. Philippine records are from Mindanao (Camp Overtbn and Parang) arid Luzon (Camp Stotsenberg, Pampanga). CULEX (NE OCULEX) BREVIPALPIS (Giles) (fig. 85) Stegomvia brevipalpis. Giles Handb. Gnats, 2nd. Ed. p. 384 (type locality: India). Culex fidelis Dyar 1920 (in part). Inset. Inst. Mens. 8:180. This species is easily recognized in the male by the shortened and twisted palpi. The larva, according to specimens from India, has a plumose antenna1 hair inserted at a constriction at the apical fourth, head hair A with 8 to 10 branches, head hairs B and C with 2 subplumose branches, prominent maxilla, comb a triangular patch of about 50 teeth, siphon very long and slender, about 5 minute evenly spaced pairs of siphonal hairs, and a complete anal ring

75 ,Riology: The larvae occur in various types of breeding places including artificial receptacles and small natural pools. They seem to prefer tree holes and bamboo holes. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region, and also recorded from New Britain and New Ireland. The only Philippine record is that of the type series of fidelis Dyar from Los BaZos, Laguna, Luzon.. CULEX (MEOCULEX) NEMATOIDES Dyar and Shannon Culex nematoides Dyar and Shannon 1925, Inset. Inst. Mens.,13:84 (type locality: Philippine Islands). The similarity of this species to a sawfly of the genus Nematus, mentioned in the original description, seems to be somewhat far-fetched. The dark tarsi, apically banded abdominal tergites, and border of narrow scales along the eyes in the median area of the vertex are diagnostic. Biology and distribution: Known only from the type series collected at Haghthorpe, Philippine Islands, August 5, CULEX (MOCHTHOGENES) CHIYUTOI Baisas (fig. 87) Culex chiyuta Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 57:176 (type locality:, Kolambugan, Lanao, Mindanao, P. I.) The very short male palpus, bare pleuron and unbanded abdomen distinguish this species. described. Unlike malayi, the clasper is not furcate. The larva has not been Biology: According to the original description, the larvae occur in tree holes. Distribution: Known only from the type locality. CULEX (MOCHTHOGENES) MALAY1 (Leicester) (fig. 86) Aedes malayi Leicester Cul. Malaya p. 184 (type locality: Kuala Lumpur, Malay Peninsula). Culex laureli Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 57:176 (new synonymy). A comparison of the male genitalia of a speciman of malayi from India with Baisas figures of laureli from Mindanao indicate that they are synonymous. The forked clasper in combination with the basal bands on the abdominal tergites characterize the species. The larva has been described by Brug (1939). Head hair A is large and plumose, B is shorter and double, C is very small and triple, d is very small and single. The antenna is constricted at the apical third, the comb has 18 to 29 scales in a patch, the siphon is 5 to 6 times as long as broad at the base, there is a large acus, the siphonal tufts are 5 in number, and there are about 10 pecten teeth

76 Biology: The larva seems to prefer small rock pools along mountain - streams. Brug (1939) records it from a stone basin in Celebes. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region, and also recorded from New Guinea. Baisas (1935c) recorded the species (as laureli) from Malaybalay, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao.. CULEX (MOCHTHOGENES YEAGERI Baisas (fig. 84) Culex yeageri Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 57:175 (type locality: xhig, Palawan). The male genitalia of this species are very similar to those of malayi (figs. 84, 861, but externally the species are readily separated by the apically banded abdominal tergites in yeageri. The larva has not been described. Biology: The type series was bred from larvae collected in a forest stream. Distribution: Known only from the type locality. CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) FRAUDATRIX (Theobald) (figs. 65, 72) Lophoceratomyia fraudatrix Theobald Ann. Nat. Mus. Hung. 3:94 (type locality: New Guinea). Culex josephinae Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 57:172 (new synonymy). The tuft of long scale-like setae on the sixth segment of the male flagellum is characteristic. It is doubtful if the species desc_ribed and figured as fraudatrix by Baisas (1935c> was correctly identified. The larva was described by Edwards and Given (1928) from Singapore. It has the following characters: Comb in a patch of about 30 scales, clypeal spines stout and straight, head hair A large and plumose, B and C long and double, antenna constricted at apical third, siphon very long and usually with a brown median ring, 3 or 4 pairs of moderately developed siphonal tufts, and 10 to 12 pecten teeth. Biology: The larvae have been recorded from a shaded leafy pool, a sunlit footprint, potholes in a mangrove area, and a clear vegetated river slew. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental and Australasian Regions. Philippine records are from Luzon (Del Carmen, Pampanga and Los Ba?ios, Laguna) and Mindanao (Parang). CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) FULLER1 (Ludlow) (figs. 66, 73) _. Oculiomyia fulleri Ludlow Can. Ent. 41:9 7 (type locality: Parang, Mindanao). This is the only species in the Philippines which has a patch of inner basal bristles on the male sidepiece. -740

77 Biology: Unknown.. Distribution: The National Museurn has a long series of specimens from Parang, Mindanao, one specimen from Tacloban, Leyte, and one from Infanta,. Tayabas, Luzon.. CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) INFANTULUS Edwards Culex Infantulus Edward Ind. Jour. Med. Res. lo:287 (type locality: Hong Kong, China). No specimens of infantulus are in the U. S. National Museum. It is the only Philippine Lophoceraomyia other than lavatae with reduced processes on the male antennae, but the latter species can easily be separated by its unbanded abdominal tergites and the prominence on the m&le torus. According to Edwards (19351, larvae from Hong Kong were very similar to those of minutissimus. The two dark rings on the siphon in most specimens distinguish the two species from other known Lophoceraomyia. Biology: Larvae have been reported from vegetated, slow-flowing streams by Baisas (1935c) and from ground pools of a mountain stream by Causey (1937). Distribution: China, Thailand and the Philippines, where it has been recorded by Baisas (1935c) from the provinces of Bulacan and Laguna on Luzon. CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) LAVATAE Stone and R. Bohart (figs. 67, 70, 71) Culex fidelis Dyar 1920 (in part). Inset. Inst. Mens. 8:180. Culex lavatae Stone and R. Bohart Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 46:220 (type locality: Los BaZos, Laguna, Luzon, P. I.) This species is the only known Philippine member of the subgenus to have greatly reduced antenna1 tufts. These were overlooked by Dyar when he assembled his type series of fidelis. Biology and distribution: Known only from the single type male specimen. CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) MAMMILIFER (Leicester) Lophoceratomyia mammilifer Leicester Cul. Malaya p. 128 (type locality: Paradeniya, Ceylon. There are no specimens of mammilifer in the U. S. National Museum collection. The larva as described by Barraud (1934) differs from fraudatrix in having no dark ring on the siphon, a pecten of about 16 teeth, anal gills not much longer than the anal segment, and the siphon about 10.5 times as long as broad at the base. Biology: The larvae have been recorded from jungle pools, rock pools, a forest creek and a bamboo stump

78 Distribution: India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo and the Philippine s. Baisas (1935c) recorded the species from Los Ba nos, Laguria, Luzon and Iwahig, Palawan. CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) MINDANAOENSIS Baisas Culex mindanaoensis Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci. 57:168 Ttabato, Mindanao). (type locality: I have seen no specimens of this species. Biology: According to the original water swamps. description, the larva breeds in fresh Distribution: Known only from the type locality. CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) NOLLEDOI Baisas (figs. 69, 74) Culex nolledoi Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci (type locality: mambugan, Lanao, Mindanao). According to Baisas (1935a) this species is separable from mindanaoensis only by the male genitalia. In addition to the key characters, nolledoi lacks the sharp teeth on the median process of the mesosome. Biology: According to th+ original description, the larva breeds in rock holes in forest creeks. Distribution: Mindanao (Kolambugan, Lanao) and Luzon &imay, Bataan). CULEX (LOPHOCERAOMYIA) PACHECOI Baisas (fig. 68) Culex pachecoi Baisas Phil. Jour. Sci (type locality: Los Bailos, Laguna, Luzon, P. I.) _ Only 1 of the 2 broad leaves on the subapical lobe of the male sidepiece, mentioned in the original description, is visible in a paratype specimen in the National Museum: Biology: According to the original semistagnant edges of forest creeks. description, the larva breeds in Distribution: Known only from the type locality. CULEX (CULICIOMYIA) FRAGILIS Ludlow (fig. 79) Culex fragilis Ludlow Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 11: 142 (type locality: Oras, Samar, P. I.) -769

79 This species has the most strongly opalescent abdominal scales of any Philippine Culex. It differs from nigroounctatus by the absence of dark pleural markings. The larva is undescribed. Biology: According to Barraud (19341, the larvae breed in tree holes. Causey (1937) reported collecting larvae in brackish water in Thailand. Distribution: India, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Borneo and the Philippines, where it is known from Samar -(Oras), Mindoro (Calapan), Mindanao (Parang) and Luzon (Camp Stotsenberg, Pampanga). CULEX (CULICIOMYIA) NIGROPUNCTATUS Edwards (fig. 81) Culex nigroounctatus Edwards Bul. Ent. Res. 17:121 (new name for annulata Theobald, preoccupied) (type locality: Kuching, Sarawak, Borneo). This species is remarkable for the velvety black spot on the -mesepimeron. The species is closely related to pullus Theobald from Australasia, which has a brown mesepimeral spot. According to Barraud (1934), the larva has head hairs B and C long and 3 or 4 branched, d small and single or double, preclypeal spines long and slender, comb of about 40 scales in a patch, siphon 9 to 10 times its basal diameter and with an unchitinized ring or false joint at the apical third, pecten of,9 to 11 teeth of which the last few are widely spaced, and 3 pairs of fairly short single or double siphonal hair tufts. Biology: The larvae have been reported as breeding in rice fields, small shady pools, and occasionally in artificial receptacles. Distribution: India, Ceylon, Thailand, Malay Peninsula Borneo, Celebes and the Philippines. National Museum specimens are from Parang, Mindanao. CULEX (CULEX) ANNULIROSTRIS Skuse Culex annulirostris Skuse (type locality: Australia) Proc. N.S. Wales (series 2) 3:1737 This species has not previously been recorded from the Philippines. The l angularly produced abdominal bands are from specimens in the National Museum characteristic. The larva, as described collected in New Hebrides, has the following characters: Preclypeal spines straight and moderate; head hairs A, B and C many-branched and plumose, d small and single; antenna constricted at apical third, the shaft spiculate; comb of about 35 scales in a patch, siphon about 6 times the basal diameter and bearing 6 pairs of moderate tufts beyond the pecten; and anal gills pointed and nearly as long as anal segment. Biology: The larvae occur in a variety of habitats, but particularly in fresh and brackish ground pools. They have also been recorded from a barrel, a coconut shell, running water, and a concrete drain. The adults are vicious biters. -77-

80 I Distribution: Australasia generally, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Lesser Sundas, Moluccas and Philippines, where I have seen specimens from Mindanao (Parang), Leyte (Tacloban) and Luzon (Manila). CULEX (CULEX) BITAENIORHYNCHUS Giles (fig. 75) Culex bitaeniorhynchus Giles Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Sot (type locality: Travancore, India). Apparently, several different color varieties of this species occur in the Philippines, but it is doubtful if they deserve formal designation. Most specimens can be readily recognized by the speckled wings and apical abdominal bands. The larva, as described from Indian specimens, has a characteristic triangular mentum which is pointed and edged with minute teeth, head hairs not plumose, A with 5 branches, B and C with. 2 to 3 branches, antenna constricted and tufted medially, comb of about 10 strong teeth, siphon about 7 times diameter at base, pecten poorly developed, and anal segment -. about &wo-thirds as long as the gills, Biology: Larvae occur in open weedy pools, including rice fields. They are usually associated with green algae. Distribution: A common mosquito in the Oriental Region. It has been recorded also from Africa, northern Aus%ralia, New Guinea, Moluccas and Japan. Philippine records are from various localities on Mindanao and Luzon. CULEX (CULEX) FUSCOCEPHALUS Theobald (fig. 78) Culex fuscocephalus Theobald Mon&%l. 4:420 <type locality: Ceylon). _-- Culex taytayensis Banks Phil, Jour. Sci. 4:545. G inelegans Dyar Inset. Inst. Mens. 8: This species is readily recognized by the pleural markings described in the key. The larva as described from Indian specimens, has the following characters: Clypeal spines slender, head hairs long and sparsely plumose, A with 5 branches, B with 2 branches, C with 3 branches, d simple, antenna with constriction. and hair tuft at apical third, comb of about 30 scales in a patch, siphon about 5 times its-basal diameter, pecten of about 10 moderate teeth, 4 pairs of weakly developed siphonal tufts, and anal gills more than twice as long as anal segment. Biology: Larvae occur in ground pools and rice fields. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region. Philippine re;ords are from Luzon (Camp Stotsenberg, Camp Nichols, Los Bazos, Taytay, and Fort William McKinley) and Mindanao (Pettit Barracks, Zamboanga). CULEX (CULEX) GELIDUS Theobald +Culex gelidus Theobald Mon. Cul. 2:20 (type locality: Selangor, Malay Peninsula). -'78-

81 . This species and whitmorei both have the anterior two-thirds of the scutum white. The absence of some pale scales on the posterior third further characterizes gelidus. The larva is very different from that of whitmorei, particularly in the form of the siphon. According to specimens from India, the larva has the following characters: Preclypeal spines moderately stout and nearly straight, head hairs long and plumose, A with 7 branches, B and C with 3 branches, d 1 single, antenna constricted and tufted at apical third, comb of about 35 scales in a patch, siphon widest subbasally and about 3.5 times as long as its basal diameter, pecten of about 10 slender teeth, 4 pairs of moderate siphonal tufts, and unequal anal gills of which the shorter are about tw+thirds as long as the anal segment,. Biology: Larvae occur in a variety of situations but particularly in permanent pools near habitations. The females are avid bloodsuckers. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region and also reoorted from New Guinea. Philippine records are from Luzon <C<mp Stotsenberg; Los BOOS, Camp Nichols, Camp Gregg and Manila), Mindanao (Pettit Barracks and Parang) and Bulacan (Malalos). CULEX (CULEX) QUINQUEFASCIATUS Say Culex auinauefasciatus Say Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 3:lO (type locality: North America). This widespread species has very distinctive male genitalia, the lateral plate of the mesosome bearing a straight, backward pointing arm and the paraproct bearing a small lateral angle instead of the usual hooked process. The larva, as described from Indian specimens, has slender preclypeal spines, many branched and plumose head hairs A to C, antenna constricted and tufted at apical third, comb of about 50 scales in a patch, siphon about 3.5 times its basal diameter, 4 pairs of moderately developed siphonal tufts, about 10 denticulate pecten teeth, and unequal anal gills of which the shorter are longer than the anal segment. Biology: Largely a domestic mosquito breeding in artificial containers and other small collections of water near habitations. Distribution: World wide. Philippine records are from many localities on Luzon, Cebu, Panay, Corregidor, Negros and Mindanao. CULEX (CULEX) SIFNSIS Theobald Cukx gelidus sinensis Theobald Mon. Cul. 3:18O (type locality: Shaohyling, China).. This rather dark species resembles some bitaeniorhvnchus but has unspeckled wings. The male genitalia is distinctive in having a simple, thumb-like mediolateral process of the mesosome. The larva, according to specimens from India, is characterized by a median antenna1 tuft, about 9 comb teeth, slender siphon with 5 small tufts and a reduced pecten, and 4 subequal anal gills which are longer than the anal segment. -79-

82 Biology: Larvae occur in rice fields and large weedy pools. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region and also reported from JP a an. Philippine records are from Luzon and Mindanao (Pettit Barracks, Zamboanga). CULEX (CULEX) SITIENS Wiedemann Culex sitiens Wiedemann Aussereur. Zweifl. Inset. 1:542 (type locality: Sumatra). This species has been confused with jepsoni _Theobald from Australasia. However, the latter has a distinctly different larva with a much more slender siphon. The larva of sitiens, according to Barraud (1934>, has the following characters: Preclypeal spines short and stout, antenna constricted and tufted at apical third, comb of about 35 scales in a patch, pecten of about 10 fringed teeth, siphon about 2.5 times as long as its basal diameter and bearing 6 pairs of moderate tufts, and anal gills subequal and only about half as long as the anal segment. Biology: The larva occurs in many different situations, including fresh and brackish water. It is particularly common in brackish pools near the ocean. Distribution: eastern Africa. Luzon. Widespread in the Oriental Region and also reported from Philippine records are from Jolo, Mindanao, Leyte, Panay and CULEX (CULEX) TRITAENIORHYNCHUS Giles (fig. 76) Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles Jour. Bombay Nat. Hi&. Sot (type locality: Travancore, India). This species is closely related to vishnui and male genitalia afford the best characters for separation (figs. 76, 77). The larva, as described from Indian specimens, has moderately stout preclypeal spines, head hairs long and plumose, A with 7 branches, B with 2 branches, C with 3 branches, antenna constricted and tufted at apical third, comb of about 40 scales in a patch, pecten of about 10 fringed teeth, siphon slender with 6 pairs of small tufts, and anal gill slightly longer than the anal segment. S Biology: Various types of ground pools including rice fields and salt marshes. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region and also reported from Japan and Africa. Philippine records are from Luzon (Camp Wilhelm, Tayabas), Leyte (Tacloban) and Jolo. CULEX ( CULEX) VISHNU1 Theobald (fig. 77) Culex vishnui Theobald 1901 (female only). Mon. Cul. 1:355 (type locality, Madras, India. -800

83 Culex summorosus Dyar Inset. Inst. Mens. 8:180. This species is best distinguished from tritaeniorhynchus by comparison of the male genitalia (figs. 76, 77). The larva is similar to that of tritaeniorhynchus but differs in having the comb of about 6 large teeth in an irregular s row, pecten teeth more curved, 8 to 9 pairs of siphonal tufts, and longer anal gills. Biology: Larvae occur in various types of ground pools, including rice fields and salt marshes. According to Causey (19371, the larvae can live in water covered with duck weeds (Lemna). Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region and also recorded from New Guinea, Japan and Mesopotamia. Philippine records are from the provinces of Bulacan, Rizal, Tayabas, Laguna, Pangasinan and Pampanga on Luzon. CULEX (CULEX) WHlTMOREI (Giles) Taeniorhynchus w-hitmorei Giles Jour. Trop. Med. 7:36? (type locality: Philippine Islands). Taeniorhynchus argenteus Ludlow Can. Ent. 37:98. The two Philippine species with extensively white scutum, whitmorei and gelidus can be distinguished by the presence of scattered pale scales on the posterior third of the scutum in whitmorei. The larvae of the two species are very distinct, that of whitmorei._.- having a much more slender siphon with much longer siphonal tufts. The essential larval characters, a.s described from Indian specimens are as follows: Preclypeal spines long and stout, head hairs long and plumose, A with about 10 branches, B and C double, antenna constricted and tufted at apical third, comb of 6 to 7 strong teeth, pecten of about 9 slender teeth, siphon about 5 times as long as its basal diameter and narrowed toward the apex, 5 pairs of long double siphohal tufts and 2 pairs of short double lateral tufts, and anal gills subequal and more than twice as long as the anal segment. Biology: The larvae occur in ground pools. Distribution: Widespread in the Oriental Region and also reported from New Guinea. Philippine records are from various localities in the provinces of Rizal, Pampanga, Pangasman and Laguna on the island of Luzon, and from Barrio Dolores on Mabalacat. -8L

84 LITERATURE CITED Baisas, F. E. 1935a. Notes on Philippine mosquitoes I. Phil. Jour. Sci. 56: Idem, Notes on Philippine mosquitoes II. Phil. Jour. Sci. 57: Idem, 1935c. Notes on Philippine mosquitoes III. Phil. Jour. Sci. 57: Idem, 1935d. N o t es on Philippine mosquitoes V. MO. Bul. Bureau of Health, Manila, P. I. 15: Banks, C. S A list of Philippine Culicidae with descriptions of new species. Phil. Jour. Sci. 1: Idem, Four new Culicidae from the Philippines. Phil. Jour. Sci. 4: Barraud, P. J The Fauna of British India. vol. 5, Diptera, Culicidae. Taylor and Francis, London. Bohart, R. M. and Farner, D. S New culicine mosquitoes from the Philippine Islands. Proc. Biol. Sot. Wash. 57: Bonne-Wepster, J The genus Taeniorhvnchus Arribalzaga in the Dutch East Indies. Part II. Subgenus C oquillettidia. Meded. Dienst. Volks. Ned.-I.ndie.l9: Idem, Notes on mosquitoes from the Netherlands Indies. Meded. Dienst.- Volks. Ned.-Indie 28: Bonne-Wepster, J. and Brug, S. L. 1932, The subgenus Stegomvia in Netherland yld9ia. Geneesk. Tijd. v. Ned.-Ind. 72 (supp1.2>:39-. Idem, Nederlandisch-Indische Culicinen. Geneesk. Tijd. v. Ned-In& 77: Brug, S. L Culiciden der Deutsshen Limnologischen Sunda-Expedition. Archiv. fur Hydrobiologie Suppl.-Bd. 9: l-42., Idem, Notes on Dutch East-Indian mosquitoes. Tkjdschrift voor Ento-, mologie, 1939, pp Causey, 0. R Some anopheline and culicine mosquitoes of Siam with remarks on malaria control in Bangkok. Am. Jour. Hygiene 25: Edwards, F. W. 1922a. A synopsis of adult Oriental culicine mosquitoes. I. Ind. Jour. Med. Res. 10: Idem, 1922b. A synopsis of adult Oriental culicine mosquitoes II. Ind. Jour. Med. Res. 10:

85 Idem l Mosquito notes. VI. Bul. Ent. Res. 17: Idem, Genera Insectorum. Culicidae. Fast. 173, pp. l-258. F. Wytsman, Brussels. Idem, Mosquito notes. XII. Bul. Ent. Res. 26: Edwards, F. W. and Given, D. H. C The early stages of some Singapore mosquitoes. Bul. Ent. Res. 18: Farner, D. S Epidemiology of diseases of military importance in the Netherlands Indies. Navmed 133: U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington. Farner, D. S. and Bbhart, R. M Three new species of Australasian Aedes. Proc. Biol. Sot. Wash. 57: King, TN. V The Philippine varieties of Anopheles &as and Anopheles lindesayi. Phil. Jour. Sci. 46: Idem; 1932a. The Philippine Anooheles of the rossi-ludlowi group. Sci. 47: Phil. Jour. Idem, 1932b. Three Philippine Anopheles of the funestus-minimus subgroup.. Phil. Jour, Sci. 48: Mackerras, I. M Notes on Australian mosquitoes. Part HI. The genus Aedomvia Theobald. Pfoc. Linn. Sot. N. S. Wales 62: Russell, P. F. and Baisas, F. E A practical illustrated key to larvae of Philippine Anopheles. Phil. Jour. Sci. 55: Idem, A practical illustrated key to adults of Philippine Anopheles. Phil. Jour. Sci. 59: Russell, P. F., Rozeboom, L. Simmons, J. S. and Aitken, T. E. and Stone, A Keys to the anopheline mosquitoes of the world. Pp. l-152. Amer. Ent. Sot., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. H. G The anopheline mosquitoes of the northern half of the Western Hemisphere and of the Philippine Islands. Stone, A. and Boha& R. M Studies on mosquitoes from the Philippine Islands and Australasia. Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 46: Swellengrebel, N. H. and Rodenwaldt, E Die Anophelen von Niederlaendisch- Ostindien. Pp. l-242. Gustav Fischer, Jena. -83-

86 EXPLANATION OF FIGVRES. Figures l-4, dorsal view of scutum; figure 5, club of male palpus; figure 6, last three segments of female palpus; figure 7, ventral view of sidepiece,of male genitalia; figure 8, last three segments of female palpus; figure 9, club of male palpus; figures 10-12, ventral view of sidepiece of male genitalia. Figures 13-22, clasper of male genitalia. Figures 23-31, clasper of male genitalia; figures 32-33, clasper of male genitalia and male ninth tergite. Figures 34-45, semi-diagrammatic scutal pattern. Figures 46-51, dorsal view of male genitalia. Figures 52-57, ventral view of female genitalia. Figures 58-64, ventral view of sidepiece of male genitalia. Figures 65-69, ventral view of sidepiece of male genitalia; figure 70, front view of left torus of male antenna; figures 71-74, segments VI to XI of male antenna Figures 75-80, ventral view of lateral plate of mesosome and paraproct (stippled) of male genitalia; figure 81, clasper of male genitalia; figures 82-83, lateral plate of mesosome of male genitalia; figure 84, clasper of male genitalia; figures 85-87, ventral view of sidepiece of male genitalia. Figure 88, diagrammatic lateral view of head, thorax and first abdominal segment of a typical mosquito; figure 89, dorsal. head bristle arrangement of a typical mosquito larva; figure 90, ventral view of typical male genitalia (diagram of Aedes,.completed only on one side); figure 91, ventral view of female genitalia in subgenus Aedes.

87 Aedes, 50 Aedes (subgenus), 64 Aedeomvia. 44 Aedimorphk (subgenus aegypti, 60 INDEX TO GENERA, SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES (The principal page reference is given first.) ).? albipes, 37 albiiarsis, 61 albolineatus, 60 albopictus, 60, 62 alboscutellatus, 62, 64 j amboinensis, 22, 23 amesii, 59 ampyx, 30 andamanensis, 65 annandalei, 33 annularis, 16, 21 annulata Leicester (Mansonia), 41 annulata Theobald (Cr 77 annulifera (Theobaldmsonia). 41, 42 annuliferus (Ludlow) (A-56 annulirostris, 77 Anopheles, 6 Anopheles. (subgenus), 12, 9 antennalis, 29 apoensis, 47, 48. aranetanus, 56 argenteotarsis, 23 argenteus, 81 argentinotus, 62 arguellesi, 33 argyropalpis, 24 argyrotarsis, Armigeres, 45 Armigeres (subgenus), 47, 45 atra, 34 aurantius, 55 aureopunctis, 72 aureosquamata, 43 aureostriatus, (Doleschall) (Aedes), 61 aurolineatus, aurostriata (Banks) (Aedes), 61 aurotaeniatus. 61 baezai, 14 balabacensis, 18 bancroftii, 13 banksi, 56 barbirostris, 13 barbumbrosus, 13 bengalensis, r 12, 15 benguetensis, 15 bitaeniorhynchus, 78, 79 breinli, 47. brevipalpis, 72 brugi, 63 caecus, 63. caeruleovittal a, 25 cairnsensis, 31 catasticta, 44 chamberlaini, 39 chiyutoi, 73 chrysogona, 43 claggi, 29 Clara, 35 C oquillettidia (subgenus), 43, 40 crassipes, 43 cristatus, 16 Culex, 67 Culex (subgenus), 77, 67 Culiciomyia (subgenus), 76 degitatus, 49 delae, 34 desmotes, 61 diaretus, 43 digitatus, 49 dux, 65 dyari, 27 eiercitoi. 47

88 elegans, 38 innotata, 34 Etorleptiomyia (subgenus), 38 insulaeflorum, 15, 12 falcipes, 36 Ficalbia, 37 f idelis, 72, 75 f ilipinae, 17 F inlaya (subgenus), 56 flavaudlow) (Anopheles), 17 flavipennis, 57 flavirostris, 20 flavus (Leicester) (Armigeres), f ormosus, 14 f ragilis, 76 f raudatrix, 74, 75 fulleri, 74. fuseanus, 72 fuscocephalus, 78 gardnerii, 61. gateri, 14 gelidus, 78, 81 genurostris, 25 giblini, 43 gigantulus, 23 gigas, 14 gracilis, 25 grata, 24 halifaxii, 72 Harpagomyia, 25 heiseri, 35 Heizmannia, 44 Hodgesfa, 30 hybrida, 38 hyrcanus, 16 imprimens, 63 indef initus, 21, 19 indiana, 42. indicus, 66 inelegans, 78 infantulus, j aponicus, 58. jepsoni, 80 -j oloensis, 48 j osephinae, 74 karwari, 17, 18 * kochi Doenitz (Aedes), 58 Bolambuganensis, i8 kuchingensis, 48 lagunensis, 35 laniger, 55 lateralis, 34 laureli, 73 lavatae, 75 Leicesteria (subgenus), 49, 45 - lesteri, 14, 15, 16 leucomeres, 57 leucosphyrus, 18 lewaldii, 23 limosus; 22 lineata, 16 lineatopennis, 66 litoralis, 19 longipaliis, 42 Lophoceraomyia (subgenus), 74, 67 ludlowae Dyar & Shannon (Uranotaenia), 35, 36 ludlowi (Blanchard) (Aedes), 56 ludlowi Brunetti (Fic&m, 39 ludlowii (Theobaldmeles), 19, 22 lutea, 57 ma (subgenus), 72, 67, 68 luzonensis,.38 macrodixoa, 65 maculatus, 20, 18 magnus, 49 malayi (Leicester) (Culex), 73, 74 malayi Leicester (Hodgz), 30 I kochi Doenitz (Anopheles), 17,

89 l. malayi (Theobald) (Armigeres), 47 mammilifer, 75 manalangi, 48, 47 mangyanus, 20 Mansonia, 40 Mansonioides (subgenus), 41, 40 margarsen, 65, mcgregori, 37 mediolineatus, 64 Megarhinus, 22 melanopterus, 57 mendiolai, 35 meronephada, 62 metallicus, 24 miachaetessus, 59 micro&la, 29, 30 Mimomyia, (subgenus), 39 mindanaoensis, 76 minima (Ludlow) (Ficalbia), 39 minimus Theobaldwhinus), 23 Mochthogenes (subgenus), 73 monetifera, 27. Mucidus (subgenus), 55. mus, 30 Myzomyia (subgenus), 16, 9 nematoides, Neoculex (subgenus), 72 nepenthicola, 30 nepenthis, 24 nigerrimus, 16 nigr itia, 60 nigropunctatus, 77 nigrotarsis, 65 nitidiventer, 28 nitidoventer, 28 nivea Leicester (Uranotaenia), 36 niveocaputis,.31 niveoscutelk, 62, 64 niveus (Ludlow) (Aedes), 58 nolledoi, 76 ochracea, 43 0 rthopodomyia, 37 ostentatio, 63 pachecoi, 76 -(Ludlow) (Aedes), 63 pagei (Ludlow) (Mansonia), 43 palawanensis, 57 pallida, 12 pampangensis, 63, 62 panayensis, 66 - parangensis (Ludlow) (Anopheles), 21 parangensis (Ludlow) (Uranotaenia), 34 persistans, 60 philippinensis, (Giles) (Tripteroides), 28 philippinensis Ludlow (Anopheles), poicilia, 58. powelli, 28 pseudobarbirostris, 13 pseudosinensis, 15 pseudotaeniatus, 56. punctifemore, 64 pullus, 77 pygmaea, 33 quadripunctis, 55 quasinigritia, 60 quadisanguinae Leicester (Hodgesia), 31 quasisanguinea Edwards (Hodgesia), 31 quasiscutellaris, 62 quinquef asciatus, 79, 72 rectirostris, 49 reyi, 36 riparis, 19 rkzali, 58 russelli, 47 obturbans, 48, 47 Ochlerotatus, (subgenus), 56 samarensis, 60 scatophagoides, 55

90 scintillans, 44 scutellaris, 62, 60 sigmoides, 65 sinensis, 79 sitiens, 80 Skusea (subgenus), 59 splendens, 24 Stegomyia (subgenus), 60 subalbatus, 48 summorosus, 81 sundaicus. 19 taytayensis, 78 tesselatus, 22 testacea, 36 Topomyia, 24 triangulata, 36 Tript&oides, 26 Tripteroides (subgenus), 27 tritaeniorhynchus, 80, 81 tubanguii, 37 uncus, 66, 65 r r uniformis, 42j 39 Uranotaenia, 31 venustipes, 44 =xans , 63, 66, 67 vigilax; 56, 64 vishnui. 80, w-albus, 61 whitmorei, 81, 79 xanthogaster, 43 yeageri, 74 Zeugnomyia,

91 ANOPHELE I. gigas. 2. insuloeflorum 3. titorolis formosus 4. kochi 5. gateri 6. minimus 7. insulaeflorum flovirostris 8. f ilipinas 9. filipinae d IO. boncroftii II. porangcnsis 12. filipinoe

92 13. onnulifero F 14. uniformis 15. ochtocea 16. giblini 17. ctossipes 18. oureosquomo 19.Aedes vigilax 20. Ficalbia I uzonensis 2I.Aedes vexans 22. Aedes pampangensis

93 AEDES 2 3. flovipennis 2 4. aronetonus 25, poicilio 26. niveus. 27. melanopterus 28. banksi 29. gordnerii 30. desmotes 31, oagypti 32. quosiscutelloris 33. albopictus

94 AEDES 34. bonksi 35. melonopterus 36. niveus 38. punctifemore 39. ostentatio 40. aegypti 42. olbolineatus 43. albodictus 44. ourotoeniotus