Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. KAMARAN SAADI MAMA B.Sc. Biology- University of Salahaddin- Erbil 1996

Transcription

1 Kurdistan Region- Iraq Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Salahaddin University- Erbil A Comparative Study on the Parasitic Fauna of the Common Carp Cyprinus carpio from Ainkawa Fish Hatchery (Erbil) and Lesser Zab River in Kurdistan Region, Iraq A Thesis Submitted to the Council of the College of Education- Scientific Departments in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology By KAMARAN SAADI MAMA B.Sc. Biology- University of Salahaddin- Erbil 1996 Supervised by Prof. Dr. SHAMALL M. A. ABDULLAH April 2012 A. D. Jamad Al- Awal 1433 Al- H. Nawroz 2712 K.

2 ( ÉΟŠÏm 9$# Ç uη q 9$# «!$# ÉΟó Î0 MΡr& y7 ΡÎ)!$oΨtFôϑ =tã $tβ ωî)!$uζs9 zνù=ïæ Ÿω y7oψ ysö6ß (#θä9$s% ÞΟŠÅ3ptø:$# ãλ Î=yèø9$# ص د ق الله ال عظ يم أية -٣٢- سورة البقرة

3 Supervisorʼs Certification I certify that this thesis was prepared under my supervision at the Department of Biology, College of Education/ Scientific Departments, University of Salahaddin-Erbil and hereby recommend it to be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree of Science in Biology/ Parasitology. Signature: Supervisor: Professor Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah Date: / / 2012 Chairmanʼs Certification In view of the available recommendation, I forward this thesis for debate by the examining committee. Signature: Name: Asst. Professor Dr. Zeerak F. A. Abdulrahman Head of Biology Department Date: / / 2012

4 Examination Committee Certification We (the examination committee) certify that we have read this thesis and as examining committee examined the student (Kamaran S. Mama) in its contents and what is related to it and our opinion it meets the standing of a thesis for the Master Degree of Science in Biology (Zoology/ Parasitology). Signature: Name: Dr. Zohair I. F. Rahemo Scientific grade: Professor Signature: Name: Dr. Wijdan M. S. Mero Scientific grade: Professor Date: / / 2012 Date: / / 2012 (Chairman) (Member) Signature: Name: Dr. Fatima S. Al-Nasiri Scientific grade: Asst. Professor Signature: Name: Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah Scientific grade: Professor Date: / / 2012 Date: / / 2012 (Member) (Member and Supervisor) **************************************************************** Approved by the Council of the College of Education/ Scientific Departments Signature: Name: Asst. Professor Dr. Edrees M. T. Harki Dean of the College of Education/ Scientific Departments Date: / / 2012

5 DEDICATION To my respectful parents, brothers and sister, lovable wife, daughters and sons, friends and to whom who have a special place in my heart. KAMARAN

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to the Lord of universe (ALLAH), and our beloved prophet Mohammad (Allahʼs blessings and piece be upon him). Deepest gratitude with great respect is due to my supervisor Professor Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah for his continuous encoragement, endless patience, precious remarks and professional advices. I am very thankful for the Ministry of Education for supporting and facilitating everything related to the accomplishment of the thesis. Also, I am deeply indebted to the Dean of College Education/ Scientific Departments (Asst. Professor Dr. Edrees M. T. Harki) and a special thank to Asst. Professor Dr. Zeerak F. A. Abdulrahman, the Head of Biology Department for their valuable advices and guidance during the period of my study. Special thanks are extended to Professor Dr. Furhan Thumad Mhaisen from Katrineholm Sweden, for providing the checklist of some parasite species. Thanks to all the staff members of the Ainkawa fish hatchery, especially Mr. Mohammad J. Ali for assisting me in the discription of the study area and giving me the fish samples. Special thanks are due to Dr. Luay A. Q. Ali for designing the map of the study area. I would like to record a word of gratitude and appreciation and thanks to Dr. Fikry A. Qadir, Mr. Salahudin I. Mohammed, Mr. Karwan S. N. Al-Margan, Mr. Samir J. Bilal, Mr. Shwan K. Rahman, Mr. Abdulkarim A. A. Shwani and Mr. Zakaria A. Shekha for their help and support. KAMARAN

7 SUMMARY A total of 360 common carp Cyprinus carpio were collected from two different environments: Ainkawa fish hatchery (artificial environment) northwest of Erbil city and Lesser Zab river (natural environment) near Alton Kupri, south of Erbil city, Kurdistan region, Iraq, during the period from August 2010 until the end of May The fishes were examined for ecto- and endoparasites. The study revealed the existence of 28 species of parasites. These included six species of protozoans (Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina acuta, T. nobilis, T. reticulata and Apiosoma amoebae), 19 species of monogeneans (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. baueri, D. deziensioides, D. extensus, D. inexpectatus, D. minutus, D. molnari, D. sahuensis, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus baikalensis, G. barbi, G. cyprini, G. elegans, G. gobioninum, G. kherulensis, G. longoacuminatus, G. vicinus and Paradiplozoon cyprini), one species of each of trematode (Diplostomum spathaceum), cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) and crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea). Five species of these parasites (D. molnari, G. barbi, G. cyprini, G. gobioninum and G. longoacuminatus) were recorded for the first time in Iraq, and nine species (T. reticulata, D. achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. baueri, D. inexpectatus, D. sahuensis, G. baikalensis, G. kherulensis and P. cyprini) were recorded in Kurdistan region. Also, C. carpio is regarded as a new host for (T. reticulata, D. deziensioides and P. cyprini) in Iraq. When comparing the parasitic infections of fishes from both locations in the present study, it was found that C. carpio was infected with 19 species of parasites, with an overall prevalence of infection of 83.8% and most of these infections were with parasites with direct life cycles (protozoans, monogeneans and crustaceans) in Ainkawa fish hatchery. However, in Lesser Zab river, the fishes were infected with 16 species of parasites, with an overall prevalence of infection of 80% and the infections varied between parasites with direct and I

8 indirect life cycles (trematodes and cestodes). The statistical analysis indicated that significant differences (P< 0.05) were noticed only in the infection with the protozoans, trematodes and cestodes of fishes from both locations. II

9 CONTENTS Subject Page No. Summary Contents List of Tables I III IV List of Figures List of Abbreviations Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Literature Review 4 Chapter Three: Materials and Methods 16 Description of the Sampling Area 16 Collection and Examination of Fishes 18 Fixation, Preservation and Staining of Parasites 18 Photos and Measurements 23 Parasitic Identification 23 Criteria of Infection 24 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 25 Protozoa 30 Monogenea 37 Digenea 64 Cestoda 66 Crustacea 66 Comparison between the Parasitic Fauna of C. Carpio from Ainkawa Fish Hatchery and Lesser Zab River Conclusions 73 Recommendations 74 References Summary in Arabic Summary in Kurdish V VI 68 A i-ii III

10 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No Parasitic fauna recorded on/ in common carp C. carpio in relation to their classification according to Hoffman (1998). The distributioin of parasites on/ in different sites of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab passing Alton Kupri district. Prevalence of infection of Cyprinus carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with the major groups of parasites IV

11 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page No. 1 A- Map of Iraq showing the Kurdistan region B- Map of Kurdistan region showing Ainkawa town and Lesser Zab river (Nelson, 2003). 17 The morphometric parameters of Trichodina sp. to Lom 2 (1958). 19 The morphometric parameters of Dactylogyrus sp. 3 according to Gussev (1985) and Jarkovskỳ et al. (2004). 21 The morphometric parameters of Gyrodactylus sp. 4 according to Galli et al. (2010) Chilodonella cyprini Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Trichodina acuta Trichodina nobilis Trichodina reticulata Apiosoma amoebae Dactylogyrus achmerowi Dactylogyrus anchoratus Dactylogyrus baueri Dactylogyrus deziensioides Dactylogyrus extensus Dactylogyrus inexpectatus Dactylogyrus minutus Dactylogyrus molnari Dactylogyrus sahuensis Dactylogyrus vastator Gyrodactylus baikalensis Gyrodactylus barbi Gyrodactylus cyprini Gyrodactylus elegans Gyrodactylus gobioninum Gyrodactylus kherulensis Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus Gyrodactylus vicinus Paradiplozoon cyprini Diplostomum spathaceum Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Lernaea cyprinacea. 67 V

12 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS a ad ap b bo br c cad cb ci cl co cv dad db dd dob dv ed hl i m ma mh mi o of os p pl pp r s sb su t vb vs anchor adhesive disc anterior part blade bothria brandesʼs organ cytopharynx central of adhesive disc connective bar cilia clamp copulatory organ contractile vacuole dimeter of adhesive disc dorsal bar dimeter of denticulate ring dimeter of body digestive vacuole epistomal disc hooklet intestine membrane macronucleus median hook micronucleus ovary oral funnel oral sucker pharynx peristomal lip posterior part ray scolex supplementary bar sucker testis ventral bar ventral sucker VI

13 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

14 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 was introduced for the first time into Iraq in 1955 from Holland and Indonesia into Al- Zaafaraniya fish farm at Baghdad city (Hamed, 1960), and the carp cultured industry had developed only during the last thirty years. Carp culture became the dominant cultured fish species in most fish farms and common in most inland water bodies of Iraq. Many fish ponds and farms had increasingly established mainly in the middle and the northern part of south of Iraq (Mhaisen, 1993). In Kurdistan region, the first batch of these fishes was cultured in Dokan lake in As recently as 2004, two million fingerlings of this species were distributed by FAO to the Dokan hatchery to enhance production, and now spread to many farms in the region (Coad, 2010). Cyprinus carpio belong to Order Cypriniformes, Family Cyprinidae. This family includes 356 genera. The genus Cyprinus includes 23 species in freshwater fish in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia (Froese and Pauly, 2011). In Iraq, this species is now widespread found in all main rivers and marshes. The common names of this fish are carp, karp and samti (Coad, 2010). Common carp has a very important place among the fish species living in inland waters of the country as regards to its economic value and breeding features, and it has an important place among cultured species due to its omnivore nature, rapid growth, ease of keeping in closed regions, live in a wider range of water temperatures 3-35 C, considerable tolerance against the lack of oxygen, disease resistant, high fertility, easy to reproduce and they reach to sexual maturity at 3-4 years of age and it is relatively tasty meat (Gül et al., 2010). Due to common carp's adaptation to a wide range of climatic and geographical condition, many of parasites have been found in wild and domestic carp. The most complete checklist of carp parasites recorded a total of 310 parasite species (Tekin-Özan et al., 2008). As a result of the development of fish 1

15 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION culture industry in the world, the parasites of pond fishes had a great deal and much attracted the attention of biologists. The importance of fish parasites is directly related to the importance of the fishes that they may infect and result in different types of injuries and damages (Amlacher, 1970). Most individual fish in wild or cultivated populations is infested with parasites but in the great majority of cases no significant harm appears to ensue. There are surprisingly few reports of parasites causing mortality or serious damage to feral fish populations, but this may be largely because such effects go unnoticed. Parasites in wild fish are usually only remarked upon when they are so obvious as to lead to rejection of fish by fishermen or consumers (Barnham, 2011). In cultured fish populations, on the other hand, parasites often cause serious outbreaks of disease. The presence of dense populations of fish kept in particular environmental conditions may favour certain parasite species, leading to increase of the parasite population to a very high level. The number of parasites necessary to cause harm to a fish varies considerably with the species and size of the host and its health status (Bauer, 1961). Many fishes disasters which occurred in fish farms were caused by different parasites, i.e. Hines and Spira (1974) stated that the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis caused mortalities of common carp in hatcheries in North American. Schmahl (1991) mentioned that the parasite Gyrodactylus salaris causing loss evaluated about 300 ton in salomon cultures in Norway. Hoffman (1998) reported that Dactylogyrus vastater caused very great damage to the gill filaments and severe mortalities of carp and goldfish in California and southern Ontario fish farm. The mention of the previous examples, does not mean that disasters does not occur in nature, for example Rutilus rutilus from Chew valley lake in England, infected with Ligula intestinalis, lost their total numbers and their juvenile stages (Wilson, 1971). 2

16 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The importance of fish parasites is related directly to the importance of the fishes that may affect them. The study of fish parasites is necessary to increase the productivity of pond farms, to improve the stocks of valuable commercial fisheries in the natural waters and to the possibility of fish acclimatization in new sites or localities (Shul man, 1961). Moreover, some freshwater fishes are known as intermediate hosts carrying the infective stages of some human parasites (Roberts and Janovy, 2005). The main objective of the present study was to know the parasites that infect C. carpio in two different environments; Ainkawa fish hatchery (artificial environment) and Lesser Zab river (natural environment) in Kurdistan region, and to make a comparison between their infections. 3

17 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

18 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW The information's about parasitic fauna of the common carp, C. carpio very tremendous in various parts of the world are very huge, and are out of the scope of this study, therefore, the present review will be limited to cover some of studies which done in the last ten years and is restricted to cover only the main groups of parasites recorded on/ in this fish. Aydogdu et al. (2001) recorded three species of parasites including Dactylogyrus extensus (Monogenea), Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Cestoda) and Ergasilus sieboldi (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Dalyan Lagoon in Turkey. Cengizler et al. (2001) isolated Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina nigra (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus vastator and Gyrodactylus elegans (Monogenea), Caryophyllaeus sp. and Schistocephalus sp. (Cestoda) and Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Seyhan river in Turkey. Galli et al. (2002) found two species of monogenetic trematodes namely Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus katharineri on C. carpio in Po river basin, north of Italy. Thilakaratne et al. (2003) recorded three species of protozoans (Ichthyobodo necator, Piscinoodinium spp. and Tetrahymena corlissi), two species of monogenean trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus spp.), and two species of crustaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio in some farms in the western and north western of Sri Lanka. Vera et al. (2003) identified three species of protozoans (Trichodina acuta, T. nigra and T. nobilis) from the skin and gills of C. carpio collected from Ečka and Uzdin fish-ponds in Banat (Serbia). Khan et al. (2003) recorded six species of parasites including Chilodonella sp. and Trichodina sp. (Protozoans), Argulus sp., Ergasilus sp. and Lernaea 4

19 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW cyprinacea (Crustaceans), and Pisciocola sp. (Annelida) from C. carpio in different freshwater habitats of Potohar region, Pakistan. Dyková et al. (2003) studied the morphology of the spore of Myxobolus longisporus on gills of C. carpio collected from Chinese lakes in the Hubei province, China. Kappe (2004) performed extensive study of the parasites of C. carpio collected from two different farms in the south of Leipzing (Saxong) in Germany. He recorded six species of the protozoans (Apiosoma piscicola, Chilodonella cyprini, Epistylis lowoffi, Icthyobodo necator, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina sp.), two species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus sp.), two species of digenetic trematodes (Diplostomum spathaceum and Tylodelphys clavata), two species of cestodes (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Khawia sinensis), one species of nematode (Capillaria brerispicula) and one species of crustacean (Argulus foliaceus). Kir et al. (2004) recorded five parasite species which included one species of monogenetic trematode (Dactylogyrus minutus), three species of cestodes (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, Caryophyllaeus laticeps and Ligula intestinalis) and one species of crustacean (Argulus foliaceus) from C. carpio collected from Karacaören I Dam lake in Turkey. Jalali and Barzegar (2005) recorded five species of monogenetic trematodes namely: Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. extensus, D. sahuensis and D. vastator on the gills of C. carpio in different localities from fish ponds, hatcheries and natural lake in Iran. Öztürk (2005) isolated Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus elegans (Monogenea), Posthodiplostomum cuticola (Digenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda) and Argulus foliaceus (Crustecea) from C. carpio from Eber lake in Turkey. 5

20 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Al-Samman et al. (2006) identified two species of monogenetic trematodes namely: Dactylogyrus anchoratus and D. extensus on the gills of C. carpio from fish farms of Orontes basin in Syrian. Jalali and Barzegar (2006) reported the existence of Trichodina pediculus (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus stankovici (Monogenea), Pseudocapillaria tomentosa (Nematoda), and Argulus sp. and Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Zarivar lake in Iran. Uzunay and Soylu (2006) recorded three species of monogenetic trematodes namely: Dactylogyrus phoxini, D. extensus and Gyrodactylus sp., one species of digenetic trematode: Diplostomum sp. and two species of cestodes: Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Caryophyllaeus laticeps from C. carpio in Sapanca lake in Turkey. Kir and Tekin-Ӧzan (2007) isolated Dactylogyrus minutus (Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Cestoda) from C. carpio in Kovada Lake in Turkey. Barzegar et al. (2008) recorded four species of parasites including one species of monogenetic trematode (Gyrodactylus stankovici), two species of digenetic trematodes (Diplostomum spathaceum and Tylodelphys clavata) and one species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio in several areas of three different zoogeographical regions (Sarmatian, Mesopotamian and Oriental) of Iran. Boane et al. (2008) detected nine species of parasites which included: Clinostomum tilapiae (Digenea), Cyclustera sp. and Pavitaenia samfya (Cestoda), Acanthogyrus tilapiae (Acanthocephala), Contracaecum sp. and Procamallanus sp. (Nematoda) and Dolops ranarum, Lamproglena monodi and Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Limpopo river and Chuẚli Lagoon in Mozombique. Tekin-Özan et al. (2008) reported one species of monogenetic trematode Dactylogyrus minutus, and two species of cestodes (Bothriocephalus 6

21 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW acheilognathiand and Caryophyllaeus laticeps) from C. carpio in Beyşehir lake in Turkey. Aydogdu et al. (2009) identified four species of parasites including Dactylogyrus anchoratus, D. extensus and Paradiplozoon homoion (Monogenea), and Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea) from C. carpio collected from fish farms in the north of lake Uluabat in Turkey. Kartal and Öztürk (2009) reported two species of monogenetic trematodes namely: Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus elegans on the gills of C. carpio in Aksehir lake in Turkey. Shamsi et al. (2009) recorded five species of monogenetic trematodes namely: Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. extensus, D. sahuensis, and D. vastator on the gills of C. carpio in some fish farms in Guillan, Mazandaran and Tehran in Iran. Dzika et al. (2009) recorded three species of monogenetic trematodes namely Dactylogyrus extensus, D. minutus and Gyrodactylus cyprini from C. carpio from a private pond in Bavaria (Germany). Han et al. (2010) studied the morphology of the scolex of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda) which was isolated from the intestine of C. carpio in north Chungcheong province of South Korea. In Iraq, the first work on fish parasites was done by Herzog (1969) who studied 16 different species of fishes collected from different location in Iraq. He reported 16 species of parasites, one of them, the crustacean Argulus foliaceus which recorded on the skin of common carp C. carpio from Al- Zaafaranya fish farm in Baghdad city. Below is an account on some important work limited to isolation and identification of parasites of C. carpio from fish farms. Ali (1985) stated that the fingerlings of C. carpio in Al-Zaafaranya fisheries research centre ponds at Baghdad city were infected by Gyrodactylus elegans and the juvenile and adult of Lernaea cyprinacea. 7

22 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Kalifa (1985) isolated the leech Hemiclepsis marginata from the skin of C. carpio in a pond near Baghdad city. Kalifa (1986) also found two species of cestodes (Bothriocephalus gowkongensis and Proteocephalus turulosus) in the intestine of C. carpio collected from several ponds near Baghdad city and Samaraa city. Ali et al. (1988c) recorded six species of parasites namely Apiosoma piscicola, Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei (Protozoa) and Ergasilus sieboldi and Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea) on the skin and gills of C. carpio from fish ponds in Suwairah and Latifiyah near Baghdad city. Ali et al. (1988b) recorded the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus kherulensis for the first time on the gills of common carp from Babylon fish farm. Mhaisen et al. (1988) described for the first time in Iraq the monogenetic trematode Dactylogyrus achmerowi on the gills of C. carpio from Al- Wahda fish hatchery at Suwaira, south west of Baghdad city and Babylon fish farm west Hilla city. Salih et al. (1988) recorded six species of monogenetic trematodes namely: Dactylogyrus arquatus, D. extensus, D. solidus, D. vastator, Gyroductylus baicalensis and G. elegans, one species of digenetic trematode Apharyngostrigea cornu, and one species of cestode Bothriocephalus opsariichthydis from the common carp which collected from fish ponds in Suwairah and Latifiyah near Baghdad city. Khalifa (1989) surveyed the parasites of four species of fish farm in Baghdad region, Sammara and in Therthar chanal during this survey, he recorded on C. carpio two species of both of protozoans (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina sp.), monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus vastator and Gyrodactylus elegans), cestodes (Bothriocephalus gowkongensis and Caryophyllacus sp.), and cructaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea 8

23 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW cyprinacea), and one species of both of digenetic trematode (Sanguinicola sp.) and leech (Hemiclepsis marginata). Mhaisen et al. (1993) found three species of ciliated protozoans (Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei), one species of sporozoan (Myxobolus preifferi), two species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus vastator and Gyrodactylus eleganus), one species of cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi), and one species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio in three fish farms in Al-Latifiya near Baghdad city. Al-Zubaidy (1998) isolated 54 species of parasites from C. carpio in Al- Furat fish farm includes: thirteen species of protozoans, twenty five species of monogenetic trematodes, one species of each of digenetic trematode and molluscan, five species of cestodes, two species of each of nematodes and acanthocephalans and five species of crustaceans. Sadek (1999) recorded 21 species of ectoparasites from the fingerlings of C. carpio in Al- Zaafaraniya fish farm south of Baghdad, including one species of both of flagellated protozoan, sporozoan and copepod crustacean, six species of ciliated protozoans and 12 species of monogenetic trematodes. Mohammad-Ali et al. (1999) stated five species of protozoans, ten species of monogenetic trematodes, one species of both digenetic trematode and cestode, and two species of crustaceans of C. carpio collected from Al- Zaafaraniya fish farm south of Baghdad. Al-Aubaidi et al. (1999) reported that the common carp from Al- Zaafaraniya fish farm in Baghdad city were infested by three species of protozoans (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Glossatella amoebae and Trichodina domerguei), nine species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. arcuatus, D. baueri, D. extensus, D. minutus, Gyrodactylus baicalensis, G. elegans and G. kherulensis), and one species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea). 9

24 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Muhammed (2000) studied the parasitic fauna of three species of fishes, collected from Al-Shark Al-Aosat fish farm in Al-Eskandariya (Babylon), and recorded three species of protozoans (Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domergnei), four species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus elegans and Diplozoon sp.), two species of digenetic trematodes (Diplostomum paraspathaceum and D. spathaceum), and one species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio. Salih et al. (2000) recorded three species of protozoans (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina domerguei and Myxobolus rhodei), seven species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. arcuatus, D. baueri, D. minutus, D. solidus and Gyrodactylus elegans), two species of digenetic trematodes (Diplostomum coleostoma and D. spathaceum), one species of each of cestode (Bothriocephalus archilognathi) and crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea) from common carp collected from Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm in Baghdad city. Al-Nasiri et al. (2002) revealed the occurrence of two species of protozoans (Trichodina domerguei and T. nigra), three species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. extensus and D. minutus), one species of nematode larva (Contracaecum sp.), two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus sieboldi and Lernaea cyprinacea), and one species of molluscan Unio pictorum of C. carpio collected from a man-made lake in north of Baghdad city. Al-Jadoaa (2002) observed five species of protozoans, six species of monogenetic trematodes, one species of both of digenetic trematode, acanthocephalan and molluscan, and two species of both of nematodes and crustaceans from C. carpio collected from Al-Furat fish farm in Babylon province. Abdul-Ameer (2004) recorded for the first time in Iraq the ciliated protozoan Trichodina cottidarum from the gills of C. carpio from a man-mad lake in Al-Zawraa park in Baghdad city. 10

25 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Hussain (2005) reported that the juvenile of C. carpio in Al-Shark Al- Awsat fish farm at Babylon province, was infected with five species of ciliated protozoans (Apiosoma minuta, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina cattidarum, T. gracilis and Tripartiella amurensis) and 12 species of monogentic trematodes (Dactylogyrus anchoratus, D. crassus, D. extensus, D. gobii, D. hypophthalmichthys, D. jamansajensis, D. lopuchinae, D. minutus, D. phoxini, D. skrjabini, Gyrodactylus markewitschi and Psudocolpenteron pavlovaskii). Jassim (2007) studied the parasites of three species of fishes from three stations in Basrah city, and recorded ten species of parasites from C. carpio namely: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. extensus and D. vastator (Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Nippotaenia sp. (Cestoda), Proleptinae gen. sp. (Nematoda) and Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustecea). In addition to the mentioned reports, there were some studies concerned with the parasites of C. carpio from natural water bodies of Iraq, among them are those of: Ali et al. (1988a) they recorded three species of protozoans (Apiosoma piscicola, Chilodonella cyprini and Trichodina domergnei), two species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus baicalensis), two species of cestodes (Bothriocephalus opsariichthydis and Valipora campylancristrota), and two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus sieboldi and Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio collected from Habbaniyah lake. Rasheed (1989) found for the first time in Iraq the monogenetic trematode Diplozoon barbi on the gills of C. carpio collected from Tigris river in Baghdad city. Balasem et al. (1993) observed two species of protozoans namely: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei on C. carpio which was collected from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya region, south of Baghdad city. Asmar et al. (1999) performed a survey for parasites which infect C. carpio from Al-Qadisiya Dam lake, and found that the common carp was infected by 11

26 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW nine species of parasites including: one species of ciliated protozoan (Trichodina domerguei), five species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. extensus, D. minutus, Gyrodactylus baicalensis and G. elegans), one species of nematode (Rhabdochona mesopotamica) and two species of crustaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Ergasilus sieboldi). Mhaisen et al. (1999) isolated for the first time in Iraq the monogenetic trematode Dactylogyrus anchoratus from the gills of C. carpio collected from Habbaniya lake. Balasem et al. (2000) recorded one species of ciliated protozoan (Trichodina domerguei), and three species of monogenetic trematodes namely Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. minutus and Gyrodactylus elegans from C. carpio collected from Hemrin Dam lake in Diyala province. Al-Salim and Al-Ali (2000) found the metacercaria of Ascocotyle coleostoma on the gills of common carp collected from Garmat-Ali river near Busrah University in Garma. Balasem et al. (2001) surveyed the parasites of eight species of freshwater fishes from two stations Diyala river namely Al-Fudalia and Al-Sudoor.They recorded from the common carp two species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus sp. and Gyrodactylus elegans) and one species of cestode (Bothirocephalus gowkongensis). Al-Jadoaa (2002) recorded three species of protozoans (Chilodonella cyprini, T. domerguei and T. nigra), two species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi and D. extensus), one species of both of digenetic trematode (Diplostomum spathaceum) and acanthocephalan (Neoechinorhynchus rutili) and two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus sieboldi and Lernaea cyprinacea) from common carp collected from Diwania river in Al-Qadisiya province. Mhaisen et al. (2003a) studied the parasitic fauna of seven species of fish collected from the drainage network at Al-Madaen region south of Baghdad and recorded five species of parasites including Trichodina domerguei, 12

27 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Dactylogyrus vastator, Gyrodactylus elegans, Diplostomum sp. and Lernaea cyprinacea from C. carpio. Mhaisen et al. (2003b) also recorded two species of monogenetic trematodes namely Dactylogyrus anchoratus and D. minutus on the gills of C. carpio which was collected from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya and Euphrates river at Al-Qadisiya Dam lake. Al-Saadi (2007) recorded five species of parasites including Trichodina domerguei (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus extensus and Diplozoon barbi (Monogenea) and Ergasilus barbi and Ergasilus sieboldi (Crustacea) from C. carpio from Al-Husainia creek in Karbala province. Al-Sa adi (2007) studied the parasitic fauna of 24 species of fish, collected from Euphrates river at Al-Musaib city, and recorded six species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. markewitschi, Diplozoon paradoxum, Eudiplozoon nipponieum and Paradiplozoon homoion) and two species of digenetic trematodes (Aspidogaster limacoides and Asymphlodora macracetabulum) from C. carpio. Al-Nasiri and Mhaisen (2009a) recorded Trichodina cottidarum (Protozoa), and Dactylogyrus vastator (Monogenea) on the gills of C. carpio from Tigris river through Tikreet city in Salah Al-Deen province. Al-Nasiri (2009) recorded three species of monogenetic trematodes namely Diplozoon barbi, Paradiplozoon bliccae and P. pavlovskii on the gills of C. carpio collected from Tigris river passing through Tikreet city, Salah Al-Deen province. In Kurdistan region, despite to the establishment of numerous fish farms in the region so, far only three studies on fish parasites were carried out. These studies are those of Abdullah (2004), who surveyed the parasites of four species of fishes (C. carpio and three species of exotic fish) from two farms in south of Erbil city, and found unknown species of sporozoan (Myxobolus sp.), three species of monogenetic trematodes (D. extensus, D. minutus and G. elegans), two species of crustacean (E. barbi and Lernaea cyprinacea) and one species of cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) from C. carpio. 13

28 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Al-Margan (2007) made a wide study of the parasites of C. carpio collected from Ainkawa fish hatchery in Erbil city, and recorded 15 species of parasites included nine specie of protozoa (Apiosoma amoebae, Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Trichodina acuta, T. domerguei, T. heterodentate, T. mutabilis and T. nobilis), four species of monogenea (Dactylogyrus arcuatus, D. extensus, D. minutus and Gyrodactylus elegans) and two species of crustaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea cyprinacea). After that, he published three research papers draw from his M. Sc. thesis (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2007; 2008; 2009). Al-Marjan and Abdullah (2010) recorded for the first time in Iraq, the ciliated protozoan Balantidium polyvacuolum in the intestine of C. carpio from three fish farms located southern of Erbil provinces. Regarding natural water bodies of Kurdistan region, there are some studies on the parasites of C. carpio performed by Abdullah (1997) recorded for the first time two species of sporozoans nemaly: Myxobolus cyprinicola and M. parvus on the gills of C. carpio from Dokan lake in Sulaimaniya provinces. Abdullah (2002) also did an extensive study of the parasites of fish collected in Lesser Zab river in near Alton-Kuprri town, south of Erbil city, and recorded 12 species of parasites from C. carpio including: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina mutabilis, Myxobolus cyprinicola and M. parvus (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus charbinensis, D. extensus, D. minutus, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. medius and G. vicinus (Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda), and Contracaecum spp. (Nematoda). After that, he published three research papers draw from his Ph. D. thesis (Abdullah and Mhaisen 2004; 2005; 2006). Abdullah and Rasheed (2004a; b) isolated four species of parasites including Dactylogyrus charbinensis (Monogenea), Bothriocephalus achielongnathi (Cestoda), Pseudolamproglena annulata and Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Dokan lake. Abdullah (2005) surveyed the parasites of 16 species of fishes from Darbandikhan lake, and recorded Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Protozoa), 14

29 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Dactylogyrus extensus, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. paralatus (Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi(cestoda) and Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea) from C. carpio. The development of acquaculture in Kurdistan region-iraq is very important in the country's development. Although one of the most important freshwater fish species culture in the country is the common carp (C. carpio) some are known about their parasites, also it is noted that knowledge concerning parasites of fish farms of Kurdistan is very scarce. In order to contribute to this knowledge study was conducted on the parasites of common carp from Erbil fish farms and Lesser Zab river near Alton-Kupri town in Kurdistan region-iraq and the results obtained are presented in this research. 15

30 CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS

31 CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of the Sampling Area In this study, fish samples were collected from two different locations, Ainkawa fish hatchery (artificial environment) and Lesser Zab river (natural environment). A- Ainkawa fish hatchery is located northwest of Erbil city, Kurdistan region, Iraq (Fig. 1) between latitudes 36º-37º south to north and longitude 46º. This project was built in 2000 on 27 hectare, it started working in In that region there are 18 ponds of different sizes, among these we have selected, pond number two for this study. In this pond fishes of various sizes were stocked for greater growth and for artificial reproduction. There were some aquatic plants spread on the edges of the pond, like Typha sp. and Phragmites sp., in addition to various types of Algae. Also, there were many types of vertebrates such as frogs. B- Lesser Zab river near Alton Kupri town in the north-east of Iraq, between latitudes 34º-36º south to north and longitude 43º-46º west to the east, 45 km south of Erbil city. This is a largest tributary of the Tigris river with a length of 400 km (Sosa, 1960). Number of plants such as Typha sp., Phragmites sp., Schoenoplcctus sp. and Sparganium sp., in addition to some of pine shrubs are distributed on the bank of the river. Also, variety of the invertebrates found in the site of sampling in the river, such as snails, crustaceans and aquatic insects, in addition to different kinds of vertebrates like some amphibians such as frogs, some reptiles like turtles, a number of aquatic birds like gulls, herons, ducks and swans. In addition to some domestic animals of the villagers like sheep, cows and dogs. 16

32 CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS 43 Turkey B Khabour Sndi Baruari Bala Gali Zakho Nerwarikan Amedi Duski Sarsang Slevani Dohuk Lake Sheruan Mazn Barzan Sumel Dohuk Mosul Lake Shekhan Mergasor Faida Nahla Sidakan Alqush Surchi Ain Sfni Qasruk Grdasin Soran Khalifan Balak Harir Tlkef Shaqlaua Mosul Iraq Tigris Salahaddin Bartla Ainkaua Greater Zab Erbil Guer Dibaga Gaiara Makhmur kilometers Qushtapa Bnaslawa Betuata Rania Naudasht Shorsh Pshdar Dukan Lake Hero Koisnjaq Bngrd Khalakan Lesser Zab Altun Kopri Dbs Kirkuk Taqtaq Haji Omeran Iran Dukan Mauat Siuail Surdash Aghjalar Sharbazher Bazian Sarchnar Chamchamal Saruchk Fig. (1): A- Map of Iraq showing Kurdistan region. B- Map of Kurdistan region showing Ainkawa town and Lesser Zab river (Nelson, 2003). 17

33 CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection and Examination of Fishes A total of 360 C. carpio (210 from Ainkawa fish hatchery and 150 from the Lesser Zab river) were collected by fishermen by using cast net and gill nets, during the period from August, 2010 until the end of June Fish were transported a live in a cool box with pond or local river water to the laboratory of parasitology, College of Education/ Scientific Departments, of Biology, University of Salahaddin. The fishes were identified according to Froese and Pauly (2011). In the laboratory, the fishes were measured (total length and standard length) and examined externally and internally for parasites. Skin, fins and buccal cavity smear were prepared by slight scraping and examined under a light compound microscope. The gill arches from both sides were separated, placed in Petri dish containing tap water then examined for ectoparasite under dissecting microscope. Whole eyes were removed then the lens was dissected and removed from each eye then inspected under dissecting microscope for parasites, the study of the internal parasites, the fishes were dissected from the ventral side. The body cavity, stomach, intestine, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, muscles, swim bladder and gonads were separated and examined carefully under a dissecting microscope for the presence of parasites or cysts (Amlacher, 1970). Fixation, Preservation and Staining of Parasites Protozoa For the study of the protozoan, most of them were identified in a direct way without any technique, by preparing smears of mucus which was scraped from the skin, fins and gills, onto a slide and spreaded carefully with a cover slip and examined, then important measurement were taken for each protozoan. If trichodinids were presente, smears were prepared and then the slides were fixed with absolute methyl alcohol for about 1-2 minutes, and then stained 18

34 CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS with Giemsa's stain (1:10 dilution) for minutes, washed and dried again and mounted with Canada balsam (Amlacher, 1970). Methods and terminology for measurements of the components of the adhesive disc, denticle (Fig. 2) and the position of the micronucleus in relation to the macronucleus were performed according to Lom (1958). Fig. (2): The morphometric parameters of Trichodina sp. to Lom (1958): A- Diagnostically important features in the adhesive disc. B- The denticle measurements. dad= dimeter of adhesive disc; dob= dimeter of body; dd= dimeter of denticulate ring. 19

35 CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS Monogenetic Trematodes A- Gills were placed in a Petri dish. Only a very small amount of water was added to the gills. Pieces of gill filaments were tiered by needle. Worms (after leaving the gills) were removed from the water by a small pipette and placed on a slide, with a very small amount of water. They were covered with a cover slip with glycerin-gelatin. A piece of melted glycerin-gelatin was dropped with cover slip onto the worms. The cover slip was dried by a blotting paper carefully, and the worms in glycerin-gelatin are cautiously thickened (Kritsky et al., 2004). The measurement of Dactylogyrus was achieved by ocular micrometer and the terms in Fig. (3) were used as recommended by Gussev (1985) and Jarkovskỳ et al. (2004). B- For skin examination, smears were taken by slide scraping, then examined directly under microscope, if monogeneans (Gyrodactylus) were present, the same procedure mentioned in part (A) used for preservation. The measurement of Gyrodactylus was achieved by ocular micrometer and the terms Fig. (4) were used as recommended by Galli et al. (2010). C- Large monogeneans were preserved in 5% formalin and stained with acetocarmine, dehydrated in series of ethanol concentrations (30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and100%), cleared in xylene and mounted in Canada balsam (Vidal- Martinez et al., 2001). 20

36 CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS Fig. (3): The morphometric parameters of Dactylogyrus sp. according to Gussev (1985) and Jarkovskỳ et al. (2004): A- Dactylogyrus overall view. B- Metric parameters of the Dactylogyrus attachment apparatus and copulatory organ. 1- total length of median hook (anchor); 2- main of median hook; 3- inner root of median hook; 4- outer root of median hook; 5- point of median hook; 6- length of hooklet (marginal hook); 7- length of connective bar; 8- width of connective bar; 9- length of supplementary bar; 10- width of supplementary bar; 11- total length of copulatory organ. 21

37 CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS Fig. (4): The morphometric parameters of Gyrodactylus sp. according to Galli et al. (2010):* A- Gyrodactylus overall view. B- Characters analysed on the hard pats of haptor. 1- total length of median hook (anckor); 2- main part length; 3- point length; 4- inner root length; 5- length of dorsal bar; 6- width of dorsal bar; 7- length of ventral bar; 8- width of ventral bar; 9- membrane length; 10- total length of hooklet (marginal hook). * Confirmed on the classification of some species of Gyrodactylus by the specialist Prof. Dr. Kritsky C. Delane, Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Campus Box 8090, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, USA. 22

38 CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS Digenetic Trematodes Metacercariae of digenetic trematodes were removed from the eyes of the infected fish, then fixed in 4% hot formalin (60Cº), stained with acetocarmine, dehydrated in concentration series of ethanol, cleared in xylene and mounted in Canada balsam (Soylu, 2005). Cestoda Live cestodes were removed from intestinal tract washed in saline solution then fixed in 4% hot formalin and subsequently stored in 70% ethanol. Stained with acetocarmine, dehydrated in series of ethanol concentrations, cleared in xylene and mounted in Canada balsam (Scholz, 1989). Crustacea The crustaceans were killed and fixed with 5% formalin for one hour and transferred to 80% alcohol. Specimen was cleared with lactic acid and stained with neutral red then mounted by using jelly glycerin (Kim, 2004). Photos and Measurements Photos were taken with Sony Syber Shot Digital camera model DSC-T9, 7.2 mega pixels. The figures were drawn by using a Camera Lucida (Drawing tube). Measurements of parasite were made with an Olympus ocular micrometer. Parasitic Identification The detected parasites were identified according to their morphology. Parasites were identified according to Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. (1962), Gussev (1985) and Galli et al. (2010). 23

39 CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS Criteria of Infection The ecological terms (prevalence and mean intensity of infection) were used here based on terminology of Margolis et al. (1982): Prevalence of infection: The percentage of number of individual of a host species infected with particular parasite species per number of host examined. Mean intensity of infection: Mean number of particular parasite species per infected host in a sample. For testing the differences in prevalence and intensity of infection of parasites C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river, t-test was conducted (Campbell, 1976). 24

40 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

41 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 360 common carp C. carpio were collected and inspected for parasites from Ainkawa fish hatchery (210) and from Lesser Zab river (150). The present study showed the existence of 28 species of parasites including six species of protozoans (Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina acuta, T. nobilis, T. reticulata and Apiosoma amoebae), 19 species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. baueri, D. deziensioides, D. extensus, D. inexpectatus, D. minutus, D. molnari, D. sahuensis, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus baikalensis, G. barbi, G. cyprini, G. elegans, G. gobioninum, G. kherulensis, G. longoacuminatus, G. vicinus and Paradiplozoon cyprini), one species of digenetic trematode (Diplostomum spathaceum), one species of cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi), and one species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea). The classification of these parasites is shown in Table (1). The distribution of the parasites, their location on or in the fish host body, the prevalence and mean intensity of infection are summarized in Table (2). The following is an account on the description and measurements of these parasites, especially those which were recorded for the first time in Kurdistan region and in Iraq. 25

42 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table (1): Parasitic fauna recorded on/ in common carp C. carpio in relation to their classification according to Hoffman (1998). Kingdom: Protista Subkingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Ciliophora Class: Ciliata Order: Phyllopharyngia Family: Chlamydodontidae Chilodonella cyprini (Moroff, 1902) Order: Holotrichia Family: Ophryoglenidae Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fauquet, 1876 Order: Peritricha Family: Urceolariidae Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961 Trichodina nobilis Chen, 1963 Trichodina reticulata Hirschmann et Partsch, 1955 Family: Scyphidiidae Apiosoma amoebae (Grenfell, 1887) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Monogenea Subclass: Monopisthocothlea Order: Dactylogyrida Family: Dactylogyridae Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gussev, 1955 Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) Dactylogyrus baueri Gussev, 1955 Dactylogyrus deziensioides Gussev, Jalali et Molnár, 1993 Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller et Van Cleave, 1932 Dactylogyrus inexpectatus Iziumova, 1955 Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwiec, 1927 Dactylogyrus molnari Ergens et Dulmaa, 1969 Dactylogyrus sahuensis Ling, 1965 Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin,

43 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Order: Gyrodactylidea Family: Gyrodactylidae Gyrodactylus baikalensis Bogolepova, 1950 Gyrodactylus barbi Ergens, 1976 Gyrodactylus cyprini Diarova, 1964 Gyrodactylus elegans Nordmann, 1832 Gyrodactylus gobioninum Gussev, 1955 Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974 Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus Zitnan, 1964 Gyrodactylus vicinus Bykhovskii, 1957 Order: Mazocraeidea Suborder: Ployoisthocotylea Family: Diplozooidae Paradiplozoon cyprini Khotenovsky, 1982 Class: Trematoda Subclass: Digenea Order: Strigeidida Family: Diplostomatidae Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud., 1819) Class: cestoidean Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Pseudophyllidea Family: Bothriocephalidae Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Crustacea Order: Copepoda Family: Lernaeidae Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus,

44 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28

45 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29

46 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Protozoa Chilodonella cyprini (Moroff, 1902) (Fig. 5) This parasite was found on the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 6.19% (Table 2). The body length µm, width µm. Body foliate, dorsoventraly depressed, dorsal side convex, ventral concave. Cilia present only ventrally in the form of several lateral parallel arched rows and large adoral band consisting of several larger cilia lying anteriorly to cytostome. Round macronucleus lies nearer to posterior end. Micronucleus lies adjacent to macronucleus. Two contractile vacuoles lie on diagonal line. The present specimens show a great similarity with the specimens of Ali et al. (1988c), who reported it for the first time in Iraq on the skin and gills of Mystus pelusius from Tigris river in Baghdad. After that it was reported on C. carpio in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm, Baghdad (Sadek, 1999), also, it was reported in Kurdistan region on the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatechery in Erbil city (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009). Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fauquet, 1876 (Fig. 6) This ciliated protozoan was found on the skin, fins and gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 8.09% and 2.66%, respectively (Table 2). Body oval to round, mm in diameter, ciliation uniform pellicle longitudinally striated. Horseshoe- shaped macronucleus visible without staining, micronucleus adhering to it in larger specimens. This parasite has been reported for the first time in Iraq from Mugil dussmien (Herzog, 1969). After that, it was reported from 23 different fish hosts including C. carpio (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan region, it was reported from different species from Darbandikhan lake, Lesser Zab river, Greater Zab river and Ainkawa fish hatchery (Abdullah, 2005; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2006; Al-Marjan and Abdullah 2009). 30

47 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (5): Chilodonella cyprini. A- Photomicrograph (650X). B- Camera lucida drawing. c= cytopharynx; cv= contractile vacuole; dv= digestive vacuole; ma= macronucleus; mi= micronucleus. Fig. (6): Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. A- Photomicrograph (50X). B- Camera lucida drawing. dv= digestive vacuole; ma= macronucleus; mi= micronucleus. 31

48 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Genus: Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1831 This genus is characterized by having circular- shape as seen from lower view, and bell-shaped as seen from the side view. Posterior end expanded and saucers-shaped to form adhesive disc or apparatus, with denticular ring which contain the teeth. The teeth constitute corona with manifest blades (or external processes) and rays (or internal processes). Blades are straight or curved, internal rod like, in the form of spines or needles of varied length. Central conical parts of teeth lacking anteriorly directed shoots. A dorsal spiral winds through are of varying length. Macronucleus and micronucleus difficulty visible (Hoffman, 1998). Three species of this genus were recorded in the present study: 1- Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961 (Fig. 7) This ciliated protozoan was recorded on the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 4.76% (Table 2). This trichodinid with flattened and disc-shaped body falls within the range of the highest dimensions as a medium-sized species. Diameter of body µm. Concave adhesive disc µm in diameter surrounded by a finely striated distinct and broad band-like border membrane. The center of adhesive disc bears a clear area containing some darker spots, especially at periphery, and encircled by a heavily impregnated and wrinkled ring of central area. The denticulate ring composed of denticles, µm in diameter. The blade of denticle relatively short and blunt like a wide sickle and the ray of denticle thorn like. Central portion of blade broad, while ray of denticle thread like and pointed. Both blade and ray of denticle arranged at the same level. Length of blade 5-6 µm, length of ray 5-7 µm and length of span µm. The description and measurements of the present specimen are similar to those referred to by Al-Marjan and Abdullah (2007), which isolated from the skin, fins and gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery, Erbil province. 32

49 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2- Trichodina nobilis Chen, 1963 (Fig. 8) This trichodinid was found on the skin and gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 5.71% (Table 2). Large trichodinid µm in diameter. Adhesive disc µm in diameter surrounded by finely striated border membranes. Diameter of denticle ring µm. The center of the adhesive disc without granule. Number of denticles The blade of denticle narrowed at the base, while flattened at the apical, length of blade 7-10 µm. The ray thread like and pointed end, length of ray 8-13 µm. Both blade and ray arranged at the same level. Length of span µm. This parasite was report for the first time in Iraq from the skin, fins and gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery, Erbil province (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2007). 3- Trichodina reticulata Hirschmann et Partsch, 1955 ( Fig. 9) This species was isolated from the skin and fins of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 3.33% and 3.33%, respectively (Table 2). Medium to large disc-shaped trichodinid diameter of body µm, adhesive disc µm in diameter, denticle ring µm. Number of denticles denticles. Inner margin of denticle blade curved and roughly angular on outside margin, with squared distal end, length of blade 6-7 µm. Central part oblong, with oblong to rounded overlapping end. Projection of central part is invisible. Ray with little taper, tip blunt to square; length of ray 5-7 µm. Length of span µm. This parasite was recorded for the first time in Iraq by Jori (2006) on the gills of Silurus triostegus from Al-Hammar marshes in Basrah city. No more hosts are known for this species in Iraq. So, C. carpio is now considered a new host for this ciliated protozoan in Iraq and the present study represents the first record of T. reticulata in Kurdistan region. 33

50 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (7): Trichodina acuta. A- Photomicrograph (600X). B- Camera lucida drawing. ad= adhesive disc; b= blade; cad= central of adhesive disc; ci= cilia; r= ray. Fig. (8): Trichodina nobilis. A- Photomicrograph (550X). B- Camera lucida drawing. ad= adhesive disc; b= blade; cad= central of adhesive disc; ci= cilia; r= ray. 34

51 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In addition to the three species of Trichodina mentioned above, 14 other species of this genus were reported in the Iraqi fishes namely: T. domerguei on eight species brought from different fish markets in Baghdad city (Shamsuddin et al., 1971), T. nigra from the gills of C. carpio and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix from Al-Furat fish farm in Babylon province (Al-Zubaidy, 1998), T. cottidarum from the gills of C. carpio cultured in a man-made lake in Al-Zawraa park in Baghdad city (Abdul-Ameer, 2004), T. gracilis from the gills of C. carpio in Al-Shark Al-Awsat fish farm in Babylon province (Hussain, 2005), T. mulabilis from the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river (Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2006), T. prowazeki from the gills of S. triostegus from Al-Hammar marshes in Basrah city (Jori, 2006), T. heterodentata from the skin, fins and gills of C. carpio collected from Ainkawa fish hatchery, Erbil province (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2007), T. borealis from the gills of Gambasia affinis in Al-Hilla river, Babylon province (Hussain, 2008), T. elegini and T. murmanica from the skin Liza abu from Tigris river, Salah Al-Deen province (Al-Nasiri and Mhaisen, 2009a), T. ranae from the skin, fins and gills of S. triostegus from Greater Zab river (Abdullah and Shwani, 2010), T. pediculus from the skin of Mastacembelus mastacembelus from Greater Zab river (Bashé and Abdullah 2010) and T. erbilensis and T. kurdistani from the skin, fins and gills of Silurus triostegus from Greater Zab river (Shwani et al., 2010). Apiosoma amoebae (Grenfell, 1887) (Fig. 10) This parasite was obtained from the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 3.80% (Table 2). Peritrich with elongated conical body, with only anterior end contractile, size of body X µm. Macronucleus conical or round, micronucleus polymorphic. The body bears two rows of cilia one at the apical end, other at the mid of the body. This species was recorded for the first time in Iraq from Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in Babylon fish farm, near Hilla city (Ali et al., 35

52 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (9): Trichodina reticulata. A- Photomicrograph (500X). B- Camera lucida drawing. ad= adhesive disc; b= blade; cad= central of adhesive disc; ci= cilia; r= ray. Fig. (10): Apiosoma amoebae. A- Photomicrograph (900X). B- Camera lucida drawing. cv= contractile vacuole; dv= digestive vacuole; ed= epistomal disc; ma= macronucleus; mi= micronucleus; of= oral funnel; pl= peristomal lip. 36

53 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1989). Later, it was recorded from C. carpio in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm, Baghdad (Sadek, 1999). In Kurdistan region reported from C. carpio in Ainkawa fish hatchery in Erbil city (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009). According to Mhaisen (2012) five species of Apiosoma were known in different freshwater fishes in Iraq namely: A. amoeba, A. cylindriformis, A. minuta, A. piscicola and A. poteriformis. Monogenea Genus: Dactyogyrus Diesing, 1850 Members of this genus are small in size (in most cases less than 2.0 mm long). The body at the anterior end is flattened and has two pairs of elongations. The majority of species has two pairs of eyes. The adhesive armament of the haptor at the posterior end of their bodies consists of 14 hooklets, one or two connecting and supplementary bar and one pair of median hooks. Intestinal trunks lack diverticula and mostly are confluent at the posterior end. The ovary is rounded in most cases, but it can be elongated and it is situated between the intestinal trunks. The single testis is situated behind the ovary or lies over it. The chitinod copulatory organ consists of a tube and an accessory piece and two prostatic glands lie near it (Price, 1967). Ten species of this genus were recorded in the present study: 1- Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gussev, 1955 (Fig. 11) This trematode was recorded on the gills of C. carpio from both Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 24.28% and 2%, respectively (Table 2). Small worms, body length 0.38 mm, width 0.10 mm. Length of hooklets mm. The total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, inner root mm and outer root mm. Total length of connecting bar X mm. The tube of copulatory organ is narrow and wavy with thick walls. Overall length of copulatory organ mm. Vaginal armament present. 37

54 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION D Fig. (11): Dactylogyrus achmerowi. A- Photomicrograph of the worm (470X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (600X). C- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (800X). D- A camera lucida drawing. cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook. 38

55 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION D. achmerowi has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio from Al-Wahda fish hatchery at Suwaira and Babylon fish farm (Mhaisen et al., 1988). After that, it was reported from 11 different fish hosts in the middle and south of Iraq (Mhaisen, 2012). Therefore this is the first record of D. achmerowi in Kurdistan region. 2- Dactylogyrus anchoratus ( Dujardin, 1845) (Fig. 12) This parasite was detected on the gills of C. carpio from both Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 1.42% and 1.33%, respectively (Table 2). Small to medium size worms. Body length up to 0.5 mm, width 0.10 mm. Length of hooklets mm. Median hooks long and thin, the total length of median hooks mm, length of main part mm, with no outer root, but with long inner root reaching about mm, in form of continuation of somewhat curved base portion and the length of pointed part is mm. One small but dense connecting bar present, about X mm. The copulatory organ almost straight cylindrical, with total length mm. Vaginal chitinoid armor absent. D. anchoratus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya (Mhaisent et al., 2003b). After that, it was reported from Aspius vorax and Carassius carassius in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm (Mohammad-Ali et al., 1999) and from Carassius auratus in the same fish farm (Salih et al., 2000). So, the present record of D. anchoratus could be considered as the first one in Kurdistan region. 3- Dactylogyrus baueri Gussev, 1955 (Fig. 13) This species was obtained from the gills of C. carpio in Lesser Zab river with a prevalence of 7.33%, (Table 2). Small worms. Body length up to 0.35 mm, width 0.07 mm. Length of hooklet mm. Median hook long and slender with a poorly- 39

56 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (12): Dactylogyrus anchoratus. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (900X). C- A camera lucida drawing. cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook. 40

57 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (13): Dactylogyrus baueri. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (800X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (1000X). C- A camera lucida drawing. cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook. 41

58 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION developed outer edge. Inner root long and flows as a continuation of the slightly curved main portion of the hook. The total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, inner root mm and point mm. The total length of connecting bar X mm. The accessory piece of copulatory organ has three pointed projection, two of them beak-shaped and bent toward each other, the total length of copulatory organ mm D. baueri has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio from Zaafaraniya fish farm (Al-Aubaidi, 1999). After that, it was reported from Carassius carassius from Al-Zaffaranya fish farm (Salih et al., 2000) and from C. auratus from three fish farms, south of Baghdad (Asmar et al., 2004). Therefore the revealing of D. baueri could be considered as the first in Kurdistan region. 4- Dactylogyrus deziensioides Gussev, Jalali et Molnar 1993 (Fig. 14) This parasite was found on the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river with a prevalence of 1.33% (Table 2). Small worms. Body length up to 0.47 mm and width 0.12 mm. Total length of hooklets mm. The total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, inner root mm, outer root mm and point part mm. Size of connecting bar X mm. The supplementary bar five- rayed, X mm in size. The copulatory organ composed of a tube and a complicated accessory piece, the total length mm. D. deziensioides has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from Barbus barbulus and Barbus xanthopterus from Lesser Zab river (Abdullah, 2002). After that, it was reported on the gills of B. kersin from Bahdinan river (Bilal and Abdullah, 2009). So, C. carpio of the present study representes a new host for this parasite in Iraq. 42

59 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (14): Dactylogyrus deziensioides. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (600X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (1100X). C- A camera lucida drawing. cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook; sb= supplementary bar. 43

60 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5- Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller et Van Cleave, 1932 (Fig. 15) This monogenean trematode was obtained from the gills of C. carpio collected from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 29.52% (Table 2). Large worm. Body length mm, width mm. Length of the hooklets mm. Total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, inner root mm, outer root mm and point part mm. Length of connecting bar X mm. The tube of the copulatory organ L-shaped the accessory piece like a simple straight plate with a spade-shaped, total length of copulatory organ mm. D. extensus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio from fish ponds in Suwairah and Latifiyah in Baghdad (Salih et al., 1988). After that, it was reported from 16 different fish hosts (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan region, D. extensus was reported on the gills of C. carpio from Dokan lake, Lesser and Greater Zab rivers, Darbandikhan lake and Ainkawa fish hatchery (Abdullah, 1990; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Abdullah, 2005; Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009) respectively. 6- Dactylogyrus inexpectatus Iziumova, 1955 (Fig. 16) This species was recovered from the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river with a prevalence of 2% (Table 2). Small worm. Body length up to 0.34 mm, width 0.08 mm. Length of hooklets mm.total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, inner root mm and point part mm. The size of connecting bar X mm. The tube of copulatory organ has thick walls and undulates, the end of the accessory piece spanner-like. The length of copulatory organ mm. D. inexpectatus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from Ctenopharyngodon idella from Suwairah and Latifiyah fish farm (Salih et al., 44

61 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (15): Dactylogyrus extensus. A- Photomicrograph of the worm (100X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). C- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (500X). D- A camera lucida drawing. cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook. 45

62 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (16): Dactylogyrus inexpectatus. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (900X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (900X). C- A camera lucida drawing. cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook. 46

63 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1988). After that, it was reported from three different fish hosts Carassius carassius, C. carpio and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Mhaisen, 2012). The present monogenean trematode shows a great similarity to the specimens which were recorded previously in Iraq. Since, there is no any previous report about recording this monogenetic trematode in Kurdistan region, the present record represents the first record of D. inexpectatus in this region. 7- Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwiec, 1927 (Fig. 17) This parasite was found on the gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 2.85% and 5.33%, respectively (Table 2). Small worms. Body Length up to 0.48 mm and width to mm. Length of hooklets mm. Median hooks relatively short, with well developed outer root and inner root recurring from base. The total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, inner root mm, outer root mm and point part mm. One large connecting bar present almost straight with rounded and enlarged ends about X mm. The tube of the copulatory organ has a lateral thickening on the expanded initial part, total length of copulatory organ mm. D. minutus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya (Mhaisen et al., 2003b). After that, it was reported from 12 different fish hosts (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan region, D. minutus was reported on the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river and Ainkawa fish hatchery (Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009) respectively. 47

64 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION C Fig. (17): Dactylogyrus minutus. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (750X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (1000X). C- A camera lucida drawing. cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook. 48

65 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8- Dactylogyrus molnari Ergens et Dulmaa, 1969 (Fig. 18) This monogenetic trematode was obtained from the gills of C. carpio from both Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 2.38% and 1.33%, respectively (Table 2). Small worms. Body length up to 0.52 mm and width 0.13 mm. Length of hooklets mm. The total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, inner root mm, outer root mm and point part mm. Size of connecting bar X mm. The accessory piece of the copulatory organ is L-shaped, the total length of copulatory organ mm. The description and measurement of the present specimen are similar to those reported by Galli et al. (2010) for D. molnari found on gill filaments of C. carpio from Kevulen and Anur river near Khabarovsk (Russia). This parasite has never been reported from any fish species in Iraq before. Therefore, the present recording considered to be the first in Iraq. 9- Dactylogyrus sahuensis Ling, 1965 (Fig. 19) This monodenetic trematode was found on the gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 0.95% (Table 2). Small worm, body length up to 0.44 mm long and width 0.14 mm. Length of hooklets mm. The total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, inner root mm, outer root mm and point part mm. Size of connecting bar X mm. The copulatory tube straight with a posterior outgrowth on the initial part, the length of copulatory organ mm. The present parasite in all characters and measurement resembles D. sahuensis, which was recorded by Al-Zubaidy (1998) for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio in Al-Furat fish farms, Babylon province. No further record was reported for D. sahuensis. So, this is first record of this parasite in Kurdistan region. 49

66 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A B C Fig. (18): Dactylogyrus molnari. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (800X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (1000X). C- A camera lucida drawing. cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook. 50

67 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (19): Dactylogyrus sahuensis. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (500X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (1000X). C- Camera lucida drawing. cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook. 51

68 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 10- Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924 (Fig. 20) This parasite was recorded in the present study from the gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 1.42% (Table 2). Large worms. Body length up to 1.25 mm and width 0.25 mm. Length of hooklets mm. Total length of median hooks mm, inner root mm and outer root mm. The total length of connecting bar X mm, the bar slightly thickened at ends. The copulatory tube has a small posterior projection, the length of copulatory organ mm. D. vastator has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from Cyprinion macrostomus from Tigris river at Baghdad city (Ali et al., 1987). After that, it was reported from 32 different fish hosts including C. carpio (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan region, it was reported from ten different species of fishes from Greater Zab river and Darbandikhan lake (Ali, 1989; Abdullah, 2005) respectively. In Iraq, a total of 72 species of Dactylogyrus (exclusive of D. molnari) were previously recorded from different species of fishes, 33 species in Kurdistan region, most of them are found on the gills of Cyprinid fishes (Mhaisen, 2012).. Genus: Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 These small, elongated worms are viviparous. The anterior end of the body bilobed and each lobe has a head organ. Eye spots are absent. The haptor armament consists of 16 hooklets (marginal hooks) and two median hooks (anchor) without outer roots but with two bars: a ventral bar with a membrane and a dorsal bar. The intestine bifurcate and lacks diverticula and the two caeca do not unite posteriorly. The copulatory organ is armed with arrow of minute spines. Ovary V-shaped or lobed, posterior or ventral to testis. Vitellaria absent or united with ovary, vagina absent. Median hooks of embryo usually visible 52

69 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (20): Dactylogyrus vastator. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (900X). C- Camera lucida drawing. cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook. 53

70 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION about midway in parent worm (Galli et al., 2010). Eight species of this genus were recorded in the present study. 1- Gyrodactylus baikalensis Bogolepova, 1950 (Fig. 21) This species was recovered from the skin of C. carpio in Lesser Zab river with a prevalence of 3.33%, (Table 2). Small worms. Body length mm and width mm. Total length of hooklets mm. Total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, point mm. Size of ventral bar X mm, membrane mm. Size of dorsal bar X mm. The parasite was recorded for the first time in Iraq from the same host from Suwairah and Latifiyah (Salih et al., 1988). After that, it was reported from eight different fish hosts (Mhaisen, 2012), but there are no any previous records for G. baikalensis in Kurdistan region. 2- Gyrodactylus barbi Ergens, 1976 (Fig. 22) This monogenean trematode was found on the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 0.9% (Table 2). Body length mm and width mm. Total length of hooklets mm. Total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, point mm, inner root mm. Size of ventral bar X mm, membrane mm. Size of dorsal bar X mm. The present species appeared to closely resemble G. barbi, which was reported by Galli et al. (2010) in the shape and measurement of the contents of haptor, but the total length of the present species is shorter than that reported by Galli et al. (2010). The possible explanation for this difference could be due to the different host, as Galli et al. (2010) recorded it on the fins of Barbus barbus, B. petenyi and B. lacerta in basins of the Black and Caspian Seas. Since no 54

71 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (21): Gyrodactylus baikalensis. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (500X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor. db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar. Fig. (22): Gyrodactylus barbi. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor. db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar. 55

72 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION previous report about recording this species is available in Iraq, the present record represents the first record of G. barbi in Iraq. 3- Gyrodactylus cyprini Diarova, 1964 (Fig. 23) This parasite was recorded in the present study from the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 2.38% (Table 2). Body length mm and width mm. Total length of hooklets mm. Total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, point mm, inner root mm. Size of ventral bar X mm, membrane mm. Size of dorsal bar X mm. The morphological data of the present specimen fall within the size range given by Galli et al. (2010) for G. cyprini found on the skin and gills of C. carpio in the Palaearctic. The present finding of G. cyprini represents the first record of this species in Iraq. 4- Gyrodactylus elegans Nordmann, 1832 (Fig. 24) This trematode was found on skin and gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river with a prevalence of 2%, (Table 2). Small worms. Body length mm and width mm. Total length of hooklets mm. Total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, point mm, inner root mm. Size of ventral bar X mm, membrane mm. Size of dorsal bar X mm. This species was reported for the first time in Iraq on the skin C. carpio and Liza abu from Al-Zaafaranya fish farm (Ali and Shaaban, 1984). After that, it was reported on 22 fish species in Iraq (Mhaisen, 2012). Also, it was reported on C. carpio from Lesser Zab river, Darbandikhan lake and Ainkawa fish hatchery in Kurdistan region (Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Abdullah, 2005; Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009) respectively. 56

73 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (23): Gyrodactylus cyprini. A- Photomicrograph of the worm (150X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). C- Camera lucida of the haptor. db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar. 57

74 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5- Gyrodactylus gobioninum Gussev, 1955 (Fig. 25) This parasite was found on the skin of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river with a prevalence of 1.33% (Table 2). Small worms. Body length mm and width mm. Length of hooklets mm. Total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, point mm, inner root mm. Size of ventral bar X mm, membrane mm. Size of dorsal bar X mm. The present specimen agreed very well with Galli at el. (2010) specimens except that the present parasite is larger, besides it was detected from a different fish host (C. carpio). While, Galli et al. (2010) found it on the fins of Gobio gobio, Romanogobio albipinnatus and Abbottina rivularis in the Danube, Elbe, Older rivers and lake Khanka. Since no previous report about recording of this species is available in Iraq, the present record represents the first record of G. gobioninum in Iraq. 6- Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974 (Fig. 26) This monogenean trematode was obtained from the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 1.4% (Table 2). Body length mm and width mm. Total length of hooklets mm. Total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, point mm, inner root mm. Size of ventral bar X mm, membrane mm. Size of dorsal bar X mm. G. kherulensis has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio in Babylon fish farm (Ali et al., 1988b). After that, it was found on the skin and gills of Ctenopharyngodon idella in Al-Furat fish farm, Babylon province (Al- Zubaidy, 1998). No further record was reported for this monogenetic trematoda. Therefore, the recording of G. kherulensis could be considered as the first one in Kurdistan region. 58

75 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (24): Gyrodactylus elegans. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (500X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor. db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar. Fig. (25): Gyrodactylus gobioninum. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (500X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor. db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar. 59

76 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (26): Gyrodactylus kherulensis. A- Photomicrograph of the worm (350X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (450X). C- Camera lucida of the haptor. db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar. 60

77 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7- Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus Zitnan, 1964 (Fig. 27) This parasite was recorded in the present study from the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 0.95% (Table 2). Body length mm and width 0.13 mm. Total length of hooklets mm. Total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, point mm, inner root mm. Size of ventral bar X mm, membrane mm. Size of dorsal bar X mm. The dimensions of the present specimens appearance of the haptor agree completely with previous description of this well characterized species reported by Galli et al. (2010) for G. longoacuminatus found on fins and skin of C. carpio, Carassis carassius and C. auratus in the Palaearctic. Recording of this species seems to be the first one in Iraq, since it has never been reported in this country before. 8- Gyrodactylus vicinus Bykhovskii, 1957 (Fig. 28) This trematode was detected on the skin and gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river with a prevalence of 4.66% (Table 2). Small worms. Body length about mm and width 0.12 mm. Total length of hooklets mm. Total length of median hooks mm, main part mm, point mm, inner root mm. Size of ventral bar X mm, membrane mm. Size of dorsal bar X mm. Previously, G. vicinus was reported in Iraq on the skin of C. carpio from Al-furat fish farm in Babylon province and Lesser Zab river in Kurdistan region (Al-Zubaidy, 1998; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004). The present monogenetic trematodes are greatly in accordance with the specimens which were recorded previously in Iraq. 61

78 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (27): Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (350X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor. db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar. Fig. (28): Gyrodactylus vicinus. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (600X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor. db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar. 62

79 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The first information on genus Gyrodactylus from the Iraq freshwater fish was given by Ali and Shaaban (1984), who recorded G. elegans from C. carpio and Liza abu from Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm in Baghdad. The following year, 13 species added to the list of this parasite namely: G. baicalensis, G. ctenopharyngodontis, G. derjavini, G. gussevi, G. kherulensis, G. malmbergi, G. makewitschi, G. menschikowi, G. medius, G. paralatus, G. salaries, G. sprostonae and G. vicinus (Mhaisen, 2012). Among this number, only five species were recorded in Kurdistan region namely: G. elegans, G. gussevi, G. medius, G. paralatus and G. vicinus. All of them (except G. gussevi) found on C. carpio (Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Abdullah, 2005; Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009). Paradiplozoon cyprini Khotenovsky, 1982 (Fig. 29) This species was obtained from the gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 7.61% (Table 2). The body has different sizes and is divided into an anterior part, which lies before the cross, and a posterior part which lies behind it. The anterior edge of the median sclerite is connected to the connivent clamp jaws by one short sclerite. A foliate anterior portion containing vitellaria and holdfast apparatus of the worm. The posterior part of the body has folds, the folds are minute. The posterior portion is differentiated into three section anterior section carrying genital glands, midsection with terminations of intestinal trunk and posterior section (attaching disc) with ventral surface bearing attachment clamps. Body length mm, anterior part mm, posterior part mm, latter has many small folds in its anterior part. Size of clamps (1: X ; 2: X ; 3: X ; 4: X mm). Length of hooks anchors mm. Diameter of suckers mm, pharynx 0.05 mm. The testis rounded or has little lobes. The first report about P. cyprini in Iraq was done by Al-Nasiri and Mhaisen (2009b) from Barbus grypus from Tigris river passing through Albu-Ajeel 63

80 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION village at Tikreet city (Salah Al-Deen provine). No, further records are available for it in Iraq. So, C. carpio is now considered as new host for P. cyprini in Iraq, and the present study represents the first record of P. cyprini in Kurdistan region. According to the shape of the posterior part of the body, members of the superfamily Diplozoinae are divided into five genera (Paradiplozoon, Eudiplozoon, Diplozoon, Inustiatus and Sindiplozoon). The determination of species is based mainly on the length of median hooks, the shape of clamp sclerites and host specificity (Gussev, 1985). The index-catalogue of parasites of fishes of Iraq includes ten species of Paradiplozoon, two species of Diplozoon and one species of Eudiplozoon (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan region, only D. barbi, D. kasimi and P. pavloskii were recorded from Dokan Lake, Lesser Zab river and Greater Zab river (Abdullah, 1990; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004). Digenea Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud., 1819) (Fig. 30) This metacercariae was found in the eye lens of C. carpio in the Lesser Zab river with a prevalence of 1.33% (Table 2). Body broad, leafy shaped, unencysted white color and feebly mobile. Body length mm, width mm. Lateral suckers (Pseudosuckers) distinct and length of it mm. Diameter of ventral sucker mm, oral sucker mm. Intestinal caeca not branched, X mm. Brandes organ round. The above descriptions are similar to those of Abdullah (1990), who recorded D. spathaceum for the first time in Iraq from eye lens of B. luteus, C. macrostomum and C. carpio from Dokan Lake. According to Mhaisen (2012) a total of 26 fish host species were so far known for D. spathaceum in Iraq. Other species of Diplostomum were reported from freshwater fishes of Iraq namely: D. indistinctum, D. pungiti and D. yogenum from Barbus esocinus from 64

81 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (29): Paradiplozoon cyprini. A- Photomicrograph (30X). B- Camera lucida drawing. ap= anterior part; cl= clamp; o= ovary; p= pharynx; pp= posterior part; su= sucker; t= testis. Fig. (30): Diplostomum spathaceum. A- Photomicrograph (140X). B- Camera lucida drawing. br= brandesʼs organ; i= intestine; os= oral sucker; p= pharynx; vs= ventral sucker. 65

82 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tigris river in Mosul city (Al-Alousi et al., 1988). D. commutatum and D. phoxini from Aspius vorax and Mystus pelusius from Tigris river in Baghdad city. (Al-Moussawi, 1997). D. paraspathaceum from C. carpio and Ctenopharyngodon idella in a fish farm in Al-Eskandaryia region, Babylon province (Muhammed, 2000), and D. flexicaudum from Mastacembelus mastacembelus from Greatar Zab river in Kurdistan region (Bashé, 2008). Cestoda Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (Fig. 31) Many specimens of larvae and adults of this cestode were found in intestine of C. carpio in the Lesser Zab river with a prevalence of 2% (Table 2). Body length mm and width 5-10 mm. Scolex heart shaped with a relatively undeveloped terminal disc, and two anterolaterally directed bothria (slit-like openings) which are short and deep. It has no neck; instead the proglottids begin directly behind the scolex. This parasite was recorded for the first time in Iraq by Khalifa (1982) from C. carpio in some fish farms in Baghdad. Later, it was reported from 19 fish hosts in Iraq (Mhaisen, 2012). Two other species of Bothriocephalus were reported in Iraq namely: B. gowkongensis in intestine of four species of fishes and B. opsariichthydis in intestine of six species of fishes (Mhaisen, 2012). Molnár (1977), Scholz (1989) and Hoffman (1998) considered both of B. gowkongensis and B. opsariichthydis as synonyms of B. acheilognathi. Crustacea Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758 (Fig. 32) This parasite was found on the skin and gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 7.14% and 2.66%, respectively (Table 2). 66

83 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. (31): Bothriocephalus acheilognathi. A- Photomicrograph (25X). B- Camera lucida drawing of the anterior end. bo= bothria; s= scolex. Fig. (32): Lernaea cyprinacea. A- Photomicrograph (5X). B- Camera lucida drawing. a= anchor; i= intestine. 67