Coastal fish nurseries: the need for a wide vision at habitat and ecological function scales
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1 Les Embiez 27 avril 2014 COLLOQUE DRIVER-SUBLIMO Restauration écologique des petits fonds côtiers de Méditerranée Coastal fish nurseries: the need for a wide vision at habitat and ecological function scales Pr Patrice Francour Dr Adrien Cheminée; ECOMERS Laboratory (francour@unice.fr)
2 Mediterranean coastal areas: Highest fish diversity Highest cumulative impacts (Coll et al., 2012)
3 Threats Coastal-based impacts Pollution Trawling and dredging disturbance Exploitation of marine resources by fisheries Maritime activities Impacts of climate change coastal development with destruction of shallow areas (harbors, dykes, etc.) invasive species fish farming organic/inorganic pollution sediment areas as secondary reservoirs habitat (3D) destruction overfishing by-catch habitat modifications (trophic cascades) commercial shipping lanes benthic oil rig structures sea surface temperature anomalies acidification How to limit them? limitation/restoration control/mpas (top predators) limitation sewage treatment plants sediment restoration/capping prohibition/limitation habitat restoration limitation/quotas/prohibition regulation/adaption of gears MPAs/restoration regulation? Regulations at large scales (political actions) (modified and updated from Coll et al., 2012)
4 Threats Coastal-based impacts Pollution Trawling and dredging disturbance Exploitation of marine resources by fisheries Maritime activities Impacts of climate change coastal development with destruction of shallow areas (harbors, dykes, etc.) invasive species fish farming organic/inorganic pollution sediment areas as secondary reservoirs habitat (3D) destruction overfishing by-catch habitat modifications (trophic cascades) commercial shipping lanes benthic oil rig structures sea surface temperature anomalies acidification How to limit them? limitation/restoration control/mpas (top predators) limitation sewage treatment plants sediment restoration/capping prohibition/limitation habitat restoration limitation/quotas/prohibition regulation/adaption of gears MPAs/restoration regulation? Regulations at large scales (political actions) Impacts are cumulative, the solutions to limit them are (single) impact-oriented (modified and updated from Coll et al., 2012)
5 Impacts are cumulative, the solutions to limit them are (single) impact-oriented How to solve this dilemma? i.e. how to take into consideration these cumulative impacts with solutions designed for a single impact? example, the fish assemblages
6 Fish assemblages: different life cycle strategies Cheminée A., Feunteun E., Clerici S., Cousin B., Francour P Management of infralittoral habitats: towards a seascape scale approach. in: Underwater seascapes - From geographical to ecological Perspectives. Musard O., Le Dû-Blayo L., Francour P., Beurier J.P., Feunteun E., Talassinos L. (eds). Springer Science & Business Media:
7 ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT (EFH) is a habitat identified as essential to the ecological and biological requirements for critical life history stages of fish species, and which may require special protection to improve long term sustainability.
8 ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT (EFH) is a habitat identified as essential to the ecological and biological requirements for critical life history stages of fish species, and which may require special protection to improve long term sustainability. SENSITIVE HABITATS (SH) are fragile habitats that are recognized internationally as ecologically important and which support important assemblages of fish species and which may require special protection (e.g. Posidonia beds).
9 Cheminée A., Feunteun E., Clerici S., Cousin B., Francour P Management of infralittoral habitats: towards a seascape scale approach. in: Underwater seascapes - From geographical to ecological Perspectives. Musard O., Le Dû-Blayo L., Francour P., Beurier J.P., Feunteun E., Talassinos L. (eds). Springer Science & Business Media:
10 Impacts are cumulative, the solutions to limit them are (single) impact-oriented How to solve this dilemma? i.e. how to take into consideration these cumulative impacts with solutions designed for a single impact? example, the fish assemblages: EFH confined (rarely) or separated (most generally) Displacements are then necessary: connectivity
11 Common two banded sea breams life cycle (from Di Franco et al., 2012, 2013; 2014) larvae settlers eggs reproduction adults recruits
12 Common two banded sea breams life cycle (from Di Franco et al., 2012, 2013; 2014) open coastal sea larvae settlers special microhabitats in shallow waters eggs reproduction adults recruits rocky reefs in deep waters rocky reefs in shallow waters
13 Common two banded sea breams life cycle (from Di Franco et al., 2012, 2013; 2014) Different EFHs have to be present open coastal sea larvae settlers special microhabitats in shallow waters eggs reproduction adults recruits rocky reefs in deep waters rocky reefs in shallow waters
14 Common two banded sea breams life cycle (from Di Franco et al., 2012, 2013; 2014) Different EFHs have to be present open coastal sea larvae Pollution Coastal development Overfishing Trophic cascades settlers special microhabitats in shallow waters eggs reproduction recruits adults rocky reefs in deep waters rocky reefs in shallow waters
15 Impacts are cumulative, the solutions to limit them are (single) impact-oriented How to solve this dilemma? i.e. how to take into consideration these cumulative impacts with solutions designed for a single impact? example, the fish assemblages: EFH confined (rarely) or separated (most generally) Displacements are then necessary: connectivity Threats (single/cumulative) impact generally several habitats and then several functions
16 MPA network perspective (from Di Franco et al., 2012, 2013; 2014)
17 MPA network perspective (from Di Franco et al., 2012, 2013; 2014) EFHs (at least for juveniles) have to be present along the pathway
18 Impacts are cumulative, the solutions to limit them are (single) impact-oriented How to solve this dilemma? i.e. how to take into consideration these cumulative impacts with solutions designed for a single impact? example, the fish assemblages: EFH confined (rarely) or separated (most generally) Displacements are then necessary: connectivity Threats (single/cumulative) impact generally several habitats and then several functions EFHs have to be present at a large scale to ensure sustainability of fish assemblages
19 Seascape: a mosaic of nested spatial units, allowing different ecological functions + Ecosystem Biotopes Habitats Area Micro-habitats Complexity
20 Seascape: a mosaic of nested spatial units, allowing different ecological functions + Seascape proprieties > Unit proprieties Ecosystem Biotopes Habitats Area Micro-habitats Complexity
21 Seascape: a mosaic of nested spatial units, allowing different ecological functions + Ecosystem Seascape proprieties > Unit proprieties Units are spatially/temporally connected Biotopes Habitats Area Micro-habitats Complexity
22 Impacts are cumulative, the solutions to limit them are (single) impact-oriented How to solve this dilemma? i.e. how to take into consideration these cumulative impacts with solutions designed for a single impact? example, the fish assemblages: EFH confined (rarely) or separated (most generally) Displacements are then necessary: connectivity Threats (single/cumulative) impact generally several habitats and then several functions EFHs have to be present at a large scale to ensure sustainability of fish assemblages Seascape scale has to be considered to deal with fish assemblage sustainability
23 1 impact = 1 management/action Traditional management of impacts in coastal areas main triggers: natural value (species, ecosystem), economical importance; rarely to sustain an ecological function (e.g. nursery) consequences: coastal fish nurseries are frequently not considered to implement a management plan or a MPA
24 1 impact = 1 management/action Traditional management of impacts in coastal areas main triggers: natural value (species, ecosystem), economical importance; rarely to sustain an ecological function (e.g. nursery) consequences: coastal fish nurseries are frequently not considered to implement a management plan or a MPA Management of impacts to adopt in coastal areas Integrity of seascape = all the ecological functions are available Good Ecological Health: (1) diversity of Essential Habitats, (2) 3D structure, (3) connectivity between nested units and also surrounding areas Approaches by management of juvenile habitat and not only management of adult stocks and habitats (Cheminée et al., 2014)
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27 Management of juvenile habitats due to their shallow distribution, juvenile habitats are probably the most threatened EFHs restoration of this crucial EFH could be mandatory to sustain the whole life cycle restoration have to be considered as restoration of a function consequently, the traditional (political) restoration process following the ratio of surfaces has to be prohibited (destruction of H hectares; restoration of H x R hectares) the restoration process will be considered as efficient if, and only if, the ecological functions are restored: assessment of the nursery value
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