Fisheries Management Glossary

Transcription

1 Fisheries Management Glossary March, 2007 Yokohama International Center Japan International Cooperation Agency

2 age at recruitment age at the first capture allowable biological catch aquaculture rights, demarcated right Basic Law for Fisheries biological minimum size Fisheries Management Glossary The age at recruitment is age when it grows and recruits to fishing ground as catchable population. The recruitment doesn't always happen at the same time at same age, and it is usual to happen over years. It is age of fish to become a real catchable size. Even if fish reaches an age at recruitment in the same fishing ground where the adult fish are, they are not always target of fishing right after the recruitment because of mesh size used at the time and place. The upper limit of biological allowable catch for a species or species group based on the reproduction potential. It is a right to engage in aquaculture with using part of public water surface. Most of the cases, the right is given to fishery cooperative as license, but in some cases, for example, license for pearl culture is issued to manager of private aquaculture farms. The declaratory act was promulgated in 2001aiming at sustainable use of fishery resources, stable supply of fishery products to Japanese nationals and development of fishery industry. It also clarifies new policy concepts and its basic direction in fishery sector. The minimum size of animal which has gonad maturation. by-catch, incidental catch It means non-target fish is incidentally captured in addition to the target species towards which fishing effort is directed. The by-catch of small sized fish which is monitoring species for fishery management, dolphin, seal, seabird, etc has become the international issue. -1 -

3 caching efficiency, fishing efficiency, efficiency of fishing catch per unit of effort (CPUE) central wholesale market CITES, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora coastal fisheries coastal fishery structure improvement project coastal fishing ground improvement and development project (works) The number of caught fish out of target fish which encounters fishing gear. CPUE is a value of amount of catch divided by fishing effort used. The CPUE in a fishing ground can be an indicator shows density of resource in the time of fishing operation. It is possible to calculate the trend of resource condition from the change of CPUE. The central wholesale market is an institution established for wholesale business mainly on perishables. There are licensed dealers, intermediate wholesaler and buyers in the market, where price forming is done through various activities such as collection of cargo on consignment and purchasing, selling by bidding, tendering and face-to-face trade. Local government with 200 thousand or more population can establish the central wholesale market with permission of the minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. CITES is Washington Convention. It aims to control international trade in specimens of endangered wild animals and plants and conserve them by international cooperation. Fisheries are administratively classified into distance water fisheries, offshore fisheries and coastal fisheries. In general, coastal fishery is capture fishery in coastal area using fishing vessel up to 10 ton. It also includes the fisheries without vessel, set-net fisheries and beach seine fisheries. Many of the fisheries are operated in common fishery right area. Environment conservation, propagation and resource management are necessary since the fishing ground is close to land and vulnerable to pollution. The "Coastal Fishery Structure Improvement Project" is a Japanese government project, started in 1962 which aimed at improvement of coastal fisheries productivity, modernization of fishing village, improvement of employment structure. The "Coastal Fishing Ground Improvement and Development Project" based on Coastal Fishing Ground Improvement and Development Law which was established in The project is setting artificial reef, fishing ground reclamation and artificial formation of seaweed bed etc. -2 -

4 cohort analysis common fishery right, common fisheries right common right, common fishing right, right of common conservation area CPUE Cohort is a population with its same birth year. In fishery, the population is called as population of year class. Cohort analysis is a method to estimate recruitment quantity by each year class based on catch data assuming certain natural mortality index. The method including tuning VPA method etc. is one of the most widely used ones in the world. Common fishing right is regulated by Fisheries Law. It is to engage in fishery which is specified from the first fishing right to the fifth fishing right. Common fishery right is given to fisheries cooperative etc., and it is the right that members of cooperative, who qualified in regulation for fishery right exercise, can fish exclusively. A right that residents live in a certain area can jointly gain from certain water area or forest land under customary regulation or law. In capture fishery, fishing ground with common right is made, where other fisher owns the right by making a fishing right contract with the person. It is a conservation area established based on Fisheries Resources Conservation Law. The law aims at protection of fishery resources and recruitment of larvae for the resources propagation. See catch per unit of effort. DeLury's method demersal fish designated fisheries It is a method to estimate abundance of resources with only statistics of catch and fishing effort. It is assumed that catch per fishing effort is in proportion to abundance of resources, when the stock decreases only by fishing and no recruitment arises in the stock. It is a method to estimate initial stock abundance of fishing season. It is fish lives in close relation with sea bottom and depending on it. The stock of demersal fish is relatively stable. However it is susceptible to over-fishing. The fisheries by fishing vessels specified in a government decree, it includes offshore trawl fisheries, distant water trawler fisheries, skipjack and tuna fisheries on distant water and large-and medium-scale purse seine fishery. -3 -

5 discard catch, trash fish early reduction, mortality at the early life stage environmental carrying capacity, carrying capacity exclusive economic zone (EEZ) exercise regulation for fishery right, Fishing Right Management Rules exploitation rate It is unused fish and disposal out of catches. Disposal of useful small fishes is a problem from aspect of fish resource conservation. It means natural reduction of population in the early life history. In general, prolific aquatic species are vulnerable in the early life history, and the extent relates with the stock fluctuation. The reduction factors are considered to be starvation, predation and physical environment etc. It represents the maximum number of a species that can maintain the population under average environmental condition in a certain space. Generally, it is determined by food, habitat and its own density. It is the upper K of logistic curve on population growth. It is water zone under national jurisdiction (up to 200 nautical miles : about 370 km from coastal line) declared in line with the provisions of United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. Coastal countries have the right to explore and exploit fishery resources and non-living resources representing mineral resources, and the same has the responsibility to conserve and manage those living and non-living resources and take measures for water pollution protection at the same time. Of the fishing right fisheries, common fishing right and aquaculture right are called "fishery cooperative management fishing right". Fishing right is given to fishery cooperative. The members have exclusive right to fish under the management of the cooperative. It is called as fishery exercise right and the internal voluntary regulation of the cooperative is called as exercise regulation for fishery right. The ratio of catch in number to stock number in beginning of fishing season. F.C.A. Law See Fisheries Cooperative Association Law. fisheries cooperative association (F.C.A.) Members of F.C.A. are individual fisherman (self-employed and employed) and companies under certain scale operate fishery. F.C.A. provides economic activities such as sales, purchase, credit, etc. and teaching activities for the members. A local F.C.A. holds fishing right and lets the members use fishing -4 -

6 right according to the exercise regulation for fishing right. Fisheries Cooperative Association Law Fisheries Law Fishery Adjustment Commission The Law provides for a legal framework for Fishery Cooperative Associations, Fishery Cooperative Association Federation, Mutual Aid Society for F.C.A., Fishermen's Production Associations, Fishery Products Processing Cooperative Associations, and Mutual Aid Society for Fishery Products Processing Cooperative Associations. It is one of the most important fisheries laws together with Fishery Law in Japan. It is a basic law of capture fishery promulgated in It regulates contents of fishing right fisheries which is a basic system of fishery production and licensed fishery, legal characters of fishing right, concept of exercise regulation for fishing right, and scheme of fisheries adjustment, etc. In 1901 the unified fishery legal code was promulgated and in 1910 it was revised, then called Meiji Fisheries Law. The part of practice act from Edo era still remains in the current law. See "Sea-area Fishery Adjustment Commission" fishery census, census of fisheries fishery license This is a basic survey conducted in every 5 years about basic productive structure of fishing and employment structure, etc. (complete census) See "licensed fisheries" fishing coefficient, fishing mortality coefficient fishing effort It is catching rate of a fish per unit hour (usually 1 year). It is often indicated by 'F'. Fishing coefficient F is defined in the next formula: F=1/Nt dct/dt. Ct is accumulative number of the catches during certain time period from time o to time T. And Nt is number of the catches at time T. The amount of effort used for fishing. The unit indication of fishing effort is different from types of fishing, such as net-drawing time, net length, number of hook in case of long line, etc. -5 -

7 fishing ground reclamation, creation of fishing ground fishing right, fishery right food chain free fisheries gonad-somatic index governor licensed fishery, prefectural licenses fishery habitat segregation index of stock abundance individual quota system It is improvement or building of fishing grounds by setting artificial reef, laying fieldstone, building offshore breakwater, traing dike, water-route, and soil dressing in order to increase fishing production. It is a right for fishing exclusively in certain fishing ground by specified fishing method under governor s authorization. It is defined by Fisheries Law and is considered as real rights. It consists of common fisheries right, set net fishery right and aquaculture right. It is predator-prey relationships in nature. For example, phytoplankton is eaten by zooplankton or larva, they are also eaten by small fishes, and small fishes are eaten by larger fishes. The inter-relations amongst the above players is called food chain, since they ranged as a shape of chain. In Japan, the fishing is generally under the ban except fisheries based on fishing right and licensed fisheries. Free fisheries are an exceptional case in Japan. A few type of fishing doesn't use fishing net are classified into this category only. It is an index indicates degree of gonad maturation. It is calculated as gonad weight divided by body weight. The fishery that Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries establishes a total frame, and the governor gives license. There are medium scale purse sein fishery, small scale trawl fishery, small salmon long line fishery, and it is said with governor management fishery. Also called governor managed fisheries. It is a phenomenon that similar species with their close lifestyle and environmental demand separate their habitat in space or time. Absolute value cannot be used in case of resources which are difficult to evaluate. The index is used to show the relative quantity in such a case, instead. A quota of a total allowable catch (TAC) assigned to an individual fisher. -6 -

8 individual transferable quota system Individual vessel quota initial stock abundance, virgin stock, unexploited stock input control landing market Law of the Sea licensed fisheries, license fishery A type of quota (a part of a TAC) allocated to individual fisher, which can be transferred to others. A system allocates TAC to individual fishing vessel. Ireland suffered from cod war in 1950's. Therefore Ireland bared England ships from its fishery zone in 1975 and introduced IVQ for herring in 1976, then introduced ITQ in A stock in its natural condition before anyone has fished it. Resource with only natural mortality (without fishery mortality) is called virgin stock. Natural mortality equals in number of recruits in some certain level of the stocking quantity, and the stock is stable. The stocking condition is called to be initial stock abundance. It means control of fishing efforts. In Japanese fisheries management, fishing permit and license are adopted. They mostly introduce input control such as limitation of the number of fisher and/or fishing vessel, seasonal and/or areal closure of fishing. It is a market at the fish landing port. It often combines local wholesale market. F.C.A. establishes most of the markets. F.C.A levies a commission at market from fish landing and pricing activities. It is officially known as United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, also called simply the Law of the Sea). It was adopted in 1982 in the third convention as a comprehensive treaty on law and order of the sea. It entered into force in The treaty provided new universal regulations about sea strait used for international vessel navigation and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in addition to the Geneva Law of the Sea regulates territorial sea, public sea, and continental shelf. A concept of fair distribution of marine resources was clarified in UNCLOS and coastal countries' jurisdiction was enlarged to 200 nautical miles'. Licensed fishery is permitted to certain applicants under certain conditions only for the case of fishery prohibited usually for resource conservation and/or fishery adjustment. It consists of governor licensed fishery and minister licensed fishery. The former is given the license by governor and latter by Minister of -7 -

9 Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. maximum economic yield MEY) maximum net economic yield maximum sustainable yield MSY) mesh regulation MEY It is important to assess fisheries as not fish catch but profit on the basis that the fisheries are economical activities. MEY is the yield maximizes the benefit subtracted cost from the catch amount. Appropriecy of fishing effort (cost) is important in the concept of MEY.. If the fishing pressure (or fishing coefficient F ) is law, the fish catch is also law. However, high fishing pressure exceeding a certain level causes the decrease in resource and fish catch. MSY is the highest theoretical equilibrium yield that can be continuously caught from a stock under existing environmental conditions. It is shown concretely using population dynamics model. One of the fisheries management methods. It regulates the mesh size of fishing net in order to avoid the capture of small fish and non-target fish. See "maximum economic yield" Minister licensed fisheries MSY It is the fishery that Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries gives permission by ship and the same is called designated fisheries. 16 kinds of fishery such as offshore trawler fisheries, large-and-medium scale purse seine fishery, skipjack and tuna fisheries on distant water etc., are appointed by a government ordinance. See "maximum sustainable yield" natural mortality coefficient The rate at which the numbers in a population decrease with time due to all causes except fishing. M=1/N t dd t /dt in which M is natural mortality coefficient; D t, natural mortality cumulative between the time 0 and time t; N t, number of individuals at time t. -8 -

10 number of recruits It is the number of fish which newly recruits the resource during certain period (usually one year). Olympic game style (of resource management) optimum yield output control over fishing, over exploitation pelagic fish poaching pool account of fishing production population A resource management method which each fisher catches freely and when total catch reachs to limit (TAC), every fisher stop fisheries. The optimum catch for a species that achieves the greatest overall benefits, taking economic, social and biological conditions into consideration. OY was used as criticism for MSY and MEY, however it is notional and little-used currently. Output control is the inclusive term of controls on catch volume. TAC system is well known and commonly adopted in resource management in U.S and Europe. It is the situation that decreasing amount of resource is more than natural increasing amount due to excessive fishing. Fish that spend most of their life swimming in the the sea surface layer. They are sardine, mackerel, scad, yellowtail, skipjak and tuna, for example. Poaching is violative catch of aquatic plants and animals against laws and regulations relevant to fisheries. It is also poaching, if fisherman violate against exercise regulation for fishery (?fishing) right. In capture fishery, it is a method of equal distribution by a certain standard. Each fisher manages the catch and shares the benefits. It is a kind of co-business management system. Recently, the method attracts attention from aspect of stability of fisheries business management and optimization of fishing ground utilization. A group of individuals of the same species shares same areal inhabiting space. Genetical, ecological and geographical features of the population is mostly differed from the population of the same species, if the population inhabits in different areas. Fishery resources as population are usually described. -9 -

11 recognized fisheries recreational fishing reproduction curve (model) rotational harvesting Sea-area Fishery Adjustment Commission self-regulative and reproductive resources small scale trawl fishery, small trawl net fishery The fisheries with an endorsement from minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in the area in which designated fisheries are not permitted. It includes Pacific saury fishery, large-and-medium scale squid jigging fishery, squid drift net fishery etc. It is undertaking to attract tourists with fishing experience (fishing such as beach seine, set net), aquarium, marine park, fishing pond etc, uniting tourism and fishing. Against a study of condition that recruitment is constant, the reproduction model describes the relation that the number of recruits affected by spawning stock. The reproductive curve is a curve shows relations between spawning stock (X axis) and number of recruits (Y axis). It is one of the systems to utilize fishing grounds and maintain resources. It divides a fishing ground into several sections, and allows to fish in a section and bans to fish in the other sections in a certain season. In general, each sea area (one prefecture) has a Sea-area Fishery Adjustment Commission. The commission is comprised of fifteen members; nine people are chosen by election of fishermen, four academic experts and two representative interests are appointed by governor. It has judicial or semi-governmental powers on issues such as licensing fishery right issued by governor, reporting and proposing formulation or elimination of fishery adjustment regulation, notification of fishing ground and fishery limitation and ruling fishing right. In general, fisheries resource decreases due to various reasons such as fisheries and predation by other animals. On the other hand, it is maintained and renewed by reproduction. Fisheries resource also has a nature that can adjust its density according to the fluctuation of environmental carrying capacity which has a certain limitation. Sustainable use of the resource can be achieved through this function. Small trawl net fishery is done by fishing vessel up to 15 ton. It is the governor licensed fishery

12 spawning biomass per recruit (SPR) stock assessment Spawning Potential per Recruit (SPR) is total fish quantity (weight) of spawner per recruitment of a fish. SPR enables setting of the management goal that gives an importance on fish reproduction. Examining condition of resources is called stock assessment. stock enhancement, sea farming study on population dynamics It is large-scale releasing of aquatic living animals into coastal fishery resources. It is a resource propagation method utilizing natural production capability and adding the recruitment. It is to analyze of fishing data, survey data in order to plan for fisheries resource management and/or assess the impact of the management. subpopulation, local stock Subpopulation is a unit for resources. Strain group or race is used as nearly same meaning. There is highly independent local stock in the same species population if its spawning ground, distribution and migration are different. This local stock is called subpopulation. However, some researchers question the existence of subpopulation. sustainable yield Production yield allows sustainable catch. It means a theoretical point in which the catch equivalent to natural increase. Sustainable yield is changeable depending on the resources conditions on the occasions. sustainable yield See SY TAC system See total allowable catch. The Tragedy of the Commons The tragedy of the commons is a title of the article published by in, biologist in the Science in It means that overfishing of common resources anybody can utilizes causes overexploitation of the resources. In reality, the tragedy of the commons comes about only if the common land is in open access. If the land is local commons -only intended for use of the local community-, the tragedy of the -11 -

13 commons does not come about because of suppress of extreme use and mutual-beneficial use. total allowable catch (TAC) total mortality coefficient, instantaneous total mortality rate transplantation type 1 fishing right Von Bertalanffy model year class, cohort Total catch allowed to be caught from a resource in view of amount of resource and social/economical factors. Total allowable catch (TAC) is generally set based on allowable biological catch (ABC). If some countries set EEZ based on UNCLOS, they need to set TAC of each fish species in a year. Total mortality coefficient is the ratio of decrease of population during a period to the initial abundance of resources of the same period. It is usually expressed by Z. Z=M+F in which Z is total mortality coefficient; M, natural mortality coefficient; F, fishing coefficient. It is sometimes adopted in case of useful fishery resources. It means transfer of adult, young, larva or fertilized egg of a species from one place to other places where the same species doesn't inhabit or inhabits in low density. The right of fisheries targeting benthic aquatic species such as seaweeds and shellfish, spiny lobsters etc., which is designated by minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The model is used to describe the growth of fish. The growth per unit time decreases in propotion to time passed, and fish body length reaches closely to a asymtonic value. L (1-exp[-k(x-x 0 )]) in which lx is body length at time x; L, an asymptotic length;, time when body length is zero. It is population born in the same spawning season. Year class is the same meaning as cohort. yield per recruitment (YPR) YPR is yield in life per recruitment of a fish. YPR is determined by age at the first capture, fishing coefficient, natural mortality coefficient and growth. Since age at the first capture and fishing coefficient can be changed by humans, therefore it is possible to set the management goal which maximizes YPR

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