FIELD REPORT No. 5 FISH AGGREGATING DEVICE (FAD) SITE SURVEYS AND FAD DEPLOYMENTS FOR POHNPEI STATE, FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

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1 Secretariat of the Pacific Community FIELD REPORT No. 5 on FISH AGGREGATING DEVICE (FAD) SITE SURVEYS AND FAD DEPLOYMENTS FOR POHNPEI STATE, FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA 7 to 30 October 2000 by Steve Beverly Fisheries Development Officer Secretariat of the Pacific Community Noumea, New Caledonia 2001

2 Copyright Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2001 AlI rights for commercial/for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. The SPC authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, educational or research purposes, provided the SPC and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and/or translate in whole, in any form, whether for commercial/for profit or non-profit purposes, must be requested in writing. Original SPC artwork may not be altered or separately published without permission. Original text: English This field report forms part of a series compiled by the Fisheries Development Section of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community's Coastal Fisheries Programme. These reports have been produced as a record of individual project activities and country assignments, from materials held within the Section, with the aim of making this valuable information readily accessible. Each report in this series has been compiled within the Fisheries Development Section to a technical standard acceptable for release into the public arena. However, they have not been through the full Secretariat of the Pacific Community editorial process. In March 2000 the Capture Section became the Fisheries Development Section, to better reflect the actual work undertaken by the Section. At that time, the Unpublished Reports produced by the Capture Section ceased, and this new series of Field Reports commenced. The names have changed; the Section, the reports and the functions continue. Secretariat of the Pacific Community BPD Noumea Cedex New Caledonia Tel: (687) Fax: (687) fishdev@spc.int Prepared at Secretariat of the Pacific Community headquarters, Noumea, New Caledonia, 2001 ii

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Secretariat of the Pacific Community acknowledges with gratitude the cooperation and assistance of Mr Francis Itimai, Head of Fisheries Section, FSM Department of Economic Affairs; Mr Adelino Lorens, Acting Administrator Pohnpei State Office of Economic Affairs; Mr Denson Salomon, Station Manager Pohnpei Artisanal Fisheries Support Station; and Mr Yoster Henry and the staff at the Artisanal Fisheries Support Station. SPC would also like to acknowledge the following: Mr Gerry Russo, Chief Operating Officer at Micronesian Longline Fishing Company; Mr Tim Park, Tuna Biologist at Micronesian Maritime Authority; Mr Bob Gillett and Mr Mike McCoy of Gillett-Preston.Associates; Mr Milan Kamber, General Manager of Caroline Fisheries Corporation; Capt Mark Tickell; Mr Killion Isisaki Fisheries Surveillance Officer; Mr Mikaere Namakin, Chief Engineer of National Fisheries Corporation; and the captain and crew of M/V Lien Dekehtik. SPC especially thanks Mr Robert Taulung, Administrator Kosrae Fisheries Development Division and Mr Tony Abraham, Administrator Kosrae Marine Surveillance Division, for providing some FAD materials to Pohnpei State for the project. AusAID provided funding for the fieldwork carried out during this project, and SPC acknowledges with gratitude the support of the Australian Government. iii

4 Units used C degrees Centigrade HP horsepower KHz kilo Hertz (cycles per second) Km kilometre Kw kilowatt M metre Mm millimetre Nm nautical mile VDC volts direct current 4

5 SUMMARY Pohnpei State (Federated States of Micronesia) requested that SPC s Fisheries Development Section provide technical assistance in FAD site surveys, FAD rigging, and FAD deployments to assist their planned FAD programme. This was part of a larger request involving Yap and Kosrae States. SPC s Fisheries Development Adviser, Lindsay Chapman, visited FSM during November 1999 to plan a project to be undertaken by Fisheries Development Officer, Steve Beverly, who visited Pohnpei during October The Yap and Kosrae components of the project will be reported in separate documents. Three FAD site surveys were conducted using SPC-supplied electronic equipment and Pohnpei State Government s 7 m outboard vessel. The surveys were conducted following guidelines in SPC s FAD Manual Volume III. Bottom contours were drawn by hand using data from the surveys. Three FAD sites were chosen: one just north of Pohnpei Passage, one northwest of Palikir Passage, and one on the west side of the island near Tauak Passage. One FAD was deployed at the Palikir Passage site. Marine Resource counterparts were trained in survey techniques, FAD mooring, and FAD deployment techniques and should be able to carry on and deploy FADs at the other two chosen sites using materials on hand. Pohnpei State has materials to rig and deploy several additional FADs but will need to obtain suit able rafts and other materials, including safety shackles, Nylite rope connectors, and pressure floats. They should also make use of local expertise and assistance to enhance their FAD programme and continue to use M/V Lien Dekehtik for deployments. To reduce future costs, Marine Resources should fabricate their own anchor blocks following SPC guidelines. v

6 RÉSUMÉ Dans le cadre d une demande d assistance générale concernant également les États de Yap et de Kosrae, l État de Pohnpei (États fédérés de Micronésie) a sollicité l aide technique de la section Développement de la pêche de la CPS pour la réalisation d études de site, le montage et le mouillage de DCP à l appui du programme de DCP. Le conseiller de la CPS pour le développement de la pêche, Lindsay Chapman, s'est rendu aux États fédérés de Micronésie en novembre 1999 afin d élaborer un projet dont la mise en CEuvre incomberait au chargé du développement de la pêche, Steve Beverly. Celui-ci a effectué cette mission à Pohnpei en octobre Les activités du projet qui ont été menées à Yap et à Kosrae feront l objet de rapports distincts. Trois études de site de DCP ont été réalisées à l aide du matériel électronique fourni par la CPS et du navire hors bord de 7 mètres mis à disposition par les autorités de l État de Pohnpei, et suivant les conseils figurant dans le volume III du Manuel du Secrétariat général de la Communauté du Pacifique sur les dispositifs de concentration du poisson. Des cartes bathymétriques reprenant les données émanant de ces études ont été tracées à la main. Trois sites ont été choisis pour le mouillage de DCP : le premier est situé juste au nord de la passe de Pohnpei, le deuxième au nord-ouest de la passe de Palikir et le troisième à l ouest de l île, à proximité de la passe de Tauak. Un DCP a été mis à l eau sur le site de la passe de Palikir. Les homologues du département Ressources marines ont été formés aux techniques de relevés de site, d amarrage et de mouillage de DCP et devraient être capables de poursuivre la mise à l eau de DCP sur les deux autres sites choisis, à l aide du matériel dont ils disposent. Les autorités de l État de Pohnpei ont le matériel et les éléments d accastillage nécessaires pour monter et mouiller plusieurs DCP supplémentaires mais il leur faudra obtenir des radeaux et d autres pièces d accastillage appropriés, notamment des manilles de sécurité, des cosses en nylite et des bouées incompressibles. Elles devraient également utiliser les moyens locaux en hommes et en matériel pour poursuivre le déploiement de DCP et continuer d utiliser le navire de la Marine marchande Lien Dekehtik pour les opérations de mouillage. À l avenir, pour réduire les coûts, les agents du département Ressources marines devraient fabriquer eux-mêmes leurs propres corps morts en suivant les instructions du manuel de la CPS. vii

7 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Previous FAD programme in Pohnpei 3 2. FAD SURVEYS: MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES The survey vessel Electronic equipment Survey techniques 4 3. FAD SURVEY AREAS, BOTTOM CONTOURS, AND FAD SITE SELECTION Palikir Passage Pohnpei Passage Tauak Passage 6 4. FAD DEPLOYMENTS 7 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions Recommendations Tauak Passage Pohnpei Passage General REFERENCES 12 ix

8 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.1 Federated States of Micronesia The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) consists of over 600 islands spread out over 2,780,000 km 2 of the western and central Pacific Ocean. This chain of islands runs east and west and was formerly known as the Caroline Islands (Figure 1). FSM lies between the equator and 14 N latitude and between 135 E and 166 E longitude. The islands range from high volcanic islands to low-lying coral atolls. The total land area is only 700 km 2 and only about 60 of the islands are inhabited. The climate is tropical with relatively uniform annual temperatures of 27 C. Most of FSM has a definite wet season and dry season with annual rainfalls varying from 2700 mm in the west to 6500 mm in the east (Smith 1992). Politically, FSM consists of four states. Going from west to east the states are Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae. The administrative head of FSM is in Palikir on Pohnpei. There are three levels of government in FSM: national, state, and municipal. Each state has a marine resources division or a fisheries division, which falls under the National Fisheries Section. The National Fisheries Section falls under the Department of Economic Affairs. Three states Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap requested assistance from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community in developing a FAD programme. Chuuk was not included in the requests. SPC s Fisheries Development Adviser, Lindsay Chapman, visited FSM during 1999 to make arrangements for a Fisheries Development Officer to conduct FAD site surveys, FAD riggings, and FAD deployments in the three states. The visit to Yap was the first part of the project, Kosrae was second, and Pohnpei was the final component. The work in Pohnpei was conducted from 7 to 30 October Kosrae and Yap will be reported on in separate documents. 1

9 1.2 Pohnpei Pohnpei (formerly spelled Ponape, formerly called Senyavin Island), along with several outlying reefs and atolls, including Kapingamarangi Atoll, make up Pohnpei State (Stanley 1992). At 334 km 2 Pohnpei is the largest island in FSM (Figure 2). The highest point on Pohnpei is Nahnalaud at 772 m. The interior is mostly rainforest and the island is skirted by mangrove swamps. There are some beaches, but only on the small islets on the outer reef. Average annual rainfall is 4917 mm. January and February are the dry months while April and May are the wettest. The island is surrounded by a fringing reef that has several natural passes, some leading to harbours. The main population and commerce centre on Pohnpei is in Kolonia. The international airport and the main harbour and commercial fishing centre are located on Takatik Island, which can be reached by a causeway from Kolonia. The seat of FSM s National Government is in Palikir, a few kilometres out of Kolonia. Most of the state offices are also located in Kolonia, and at the time of this project, were undergoing name changes and changes in personal (post election). The SPC liaison for the project was with the State s Artisanal Fisheries Support Station, located in Kolonia. 2

10 1.3 Previous FAD programme in Pohnpei Pohnpei State Marine Resources Department ran a FAD programme in the 1980s under the auspices of the Pacific Tuna Development Foundation (pers comm, Dick Croft), which deployed several FADs around Pohnpei. The positions of these FADs are indicated on Chart No Senyavin Islands- Pohnpei (Defence Mapping Agency Hydrographictropographic Centre). There are about ten 'float' or 'payao' positions indicated on the chart, ranging in depth from 1000 to 2000 m and distances from shore from three to eight nautical miles. According to Croft, former Director of Marine Resources Department, there was no formai report written on the programme but he remembered that the FADs did not survive for very long. Some lasted several months while others were go ne in a few weeks. Vandalism was suspected in most cases. In any event, the FADs that were considered to be the most productive were the two or three that were deployed on the northwest side of the island. This was also confirmed by Mike McCoy (pers comm), who fished the FADs from his own boat, F/V Kimeji. McCoy (1988) stated that, Attempts...were made to troll around payaos (FADs) set near Pohnpei during 1984 and 1985 by the Pohnpei Marine Resources Department and Economic Development Authority. None of these payaos lasted more than a few months. Seueral were set too far from land to be accessible and were soon lost. Those set within three miles of the reef were much more successful. Fishing around those closer payaos was carried out during the winter months when mahi mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) and wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) tend to be present in large numbers. The best day s catch at one payao during the wahoo season resulted in a catch of 33 small wahoo aueraging 10 lbs (4.5 kg), and another 100 lbs (45.4 kg) of mahi mahi, small skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), and small yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) combined. About 100 FADs were deployed in Pohnpei waters by a Philippine purse-seine fishing company (Mar Fishing Company), under contract to a Pohnpei purse-seine fishing company, Caroline Fisheries Corporation, during the la te 1980s (pers comm, Milan Kamber, General Manager CFC). The FADs were all of the design used in the Philippines and Papua New Guinea to enhance purse-seine catches of skipjack and yellowfin tunas. They were rigged with three-strand polypropylene rope, galvanised wire cable, and simple foam floats. Most of these FADs were deployed in waters surrounding Kapingamarangi Atoll, which lies at about 010 N and 1550 E. The programme was considered to be a failure as most of the FADs had very short lives. It is believed that they were cut loose, either by local artisanal fishermen who did not appreciate the competition, or by other purse-seine companies who wanted to utilise them as drifting FADs. Caroline Fishing Corporation has materials on hand for several more FAD deployments but has no immediate plans to reinstate their FAD programme. They were helpful with the current project, however, in allowing us to use their yard and wharf. 2. FAD SURVEYS: MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES Several improvements have been made in FAD site survey techniques and in FAD designs and rigging since the 1980s. Survey techniques and recommended FAD mooring designs for this project followed methods and specifications outlined in SPC s two practical FAD manuals (Gates et al and Gates et al. 1998). 2.1 The survey vessel The vessel used for the surveys was a 7 m, fibreglass Tohatsu runabout equipped with a 115 HP Yamaha outboard engine (Figure 3), which was donated to Pohnpei State by Japan to be used as a fisheries surveillance vessel. 3

11 2.2 Electronic equipment igure 3: Survey vessel, 7 m Tohatsu with 115 HP outboard SPC supplied the main electronic equipment for the FAD site surveys: an echo sounder and a GPS with plotter. The echo sounder was a JRC (Japan Radio Corporation) model JFV-120 (24 VDC, 3 kw) that came equipped with a 28 khz transducer. The echo sounder was capable of sounding to depths of 3000 m. The transducer for the echo sounder was mounted on a portable housing that consisted of a streamlined aluminium box attached to a galvanised steel pipe. The pipe was bolted to a length of 50 x 400 mm timber using U-bolts, which was then lashed to the portside of the boat using rope lashings (Figure 4). The monitors for the echo sounder and GPS plotter were mounted in the small cabin en a plank bench where they could be se en easily by the operator. 2.3 Survey techniques Figure 4: Transducer mounted on survey vessel The techniques used to conduct the site surveys were identical to those outlined in SPC s FAD Manual Volume III (Gates et al. 1998). Once the vessel was in the survey zone, it was set on an east-west course following lines of latitude in 0.25 nm increments. At every 4

12 0.25 nm interval of longitude along the latitudinal transect, a depth sounding was read and then recorded next to the appropriate position in a logbook. For example, at the position of ' N latitude and ' E longitude in the Palikir Passage survey area, the depth was 1135 m. Approximately 100 readings were taken for each survey area. After several square nautical miles of area had been covered, the depth data were plotted using a sheet of A3 graph paper as plotting. Isobath lines (lines connecting places with the same depth) were drawn at every 100 m interval. One hundred metre intervals were interpolated from adjacent numbers on the plotting sheet. For example, for two adjacent positions in one survey, the depth readings were 1045 m and 1118 m. The 1100 m interval would fall somewhere between these two positions but closer to the 1118 m reading. After all of the points were drawn for one interval, the dots were connected to make a smooth contour line. One of these contour lines was drawn for each 100 m isobath. After all of the isobath lines were plotted, a suitable FAD site was selected. The most suitable FAD site, considering depth only, is in an area where the depth is approximately 1000 m and where the isobaths are wide apart, indicating a relatively flat and uniform bottom. Other considerations for selecting a FAD site are accessibility to the artisanal fishing fleet, avoidance of major shipping lanes, and advice from local fishermen and fisheries officers. 3. FAD SURVEY AREAS, BOTTOM CONTOURS, AND FAD SITE SELECTION 3.1 Palikir Passage The Palikir Passage survey area was located at ' N to ' Nand ' E to ' E, an area of approximately 6 nm 2. The area was chosen because of its proximity to two frequently used passages: Jokaj and Palikir Passages; and because of its proximity to one of the most productive historical FAD sites. DMA chart No shows a payao at approximately ' Nand ' E. This was reportedly one of the most productive FAD sites during the 1980s. A relatively large flat area (wide spaced isobath lines) was found in the survey area with depths ranging from 1100 to 1200 m. The chosen FAD site is near the centre of this flat area at ' Nand ' E in about 1200 m (Figure 5). Figure 5: Palikir Passage survey showing FAD site, raft drop position, anchor drop position, and watch circle 5

13 3.2 Pohnpei Passage The Pohnpei Passage survey area is roughly bounded by ' N to ' N and ' E to ' E. This area was chosen because of its proximity to Pohnpei and Jokaj Passages, and because the chart also shows a 1980s FAD in this area. DMA chart shows a float at ' Nand ' E. The survey revealed a relatively flat area with depths ranging from 1000 to 1100 m. The chosen FAD site is on the eastern side of this flat area at ' Nand ' E in 1100 m (Figure 6). Figure 6: Pohnpei Passage FAD survey showing FAD site, raft drop position, anchor drop position, and watch circle 3.3 Tauak Passage The Tauak Passage survey is roughly bounded by ' N to ' Nand ' E to ' E. This area was chosen because of its proximity to a frequently used passage and because it is on the western, or leeward, side of Pohnpei. The area is reportedly a popular fishing area for the artisanal fleet. During the survey, several small skiffs were seen trolling for tuna in the general vicinity of the survey area. The survey revealed a flat area lying between two rises (seamounts) on the northwest and southeast sides of the chosen FAD site. The seamounts are at 962 m and 785 m, straddling a depth of about 1100 m. The FAD site is at ' Nand ' E in 1100 m (Figure 7). 6

14 Figure 7: Tauak Passage FAD survey showing FAD site, raft drop position, anchor drop position, and watch circle 4. FAD DEPLOYMENTS Due to a shortage of materials (FAD rafts) during the project, only one FAD was deployed. The Palikir Passage site was chosen as the best of the three sites and a FAD was deployed there on 24 October The mooring consisted of 22 mm polypropylene three-strand rope, 19 mm nylon three-strand rope, 22 mm galvanised proof-coil chain for the lower mooring, 19 mm galvanised proof-coil chain for the upper mooring, galvanised eye-to-eye swivels (19 mm and 22 mm), and galvanised safety shackles (19 mm and 22 mm). These materials were donated by a previous Japanese grant-in-aid scheme. Pohnpei State had ample mooring materials in storage for several more FAD deployments. Three, oneton concrete anchor blocks had been manufactured by a local contractor to specifications outlined in SPC s FAD Manual Volume II, pages One of these was used for the mooring. What was lacking, however, were FAD rafts and Nylite rope connectors. A raft was donated by Kosrae State Fisheries Division and Nylite rope connectors were supplied by SPC. The raft was a hard plastic buoy with rope bridle, which had been part of a Japanese grant-in-aid scheme for Kosrae. The mooring was rigged at Caroline Fisheries Corporation s net yard following specifications given in SPC s FAD Manual Volume II. The splices used to connect the 200-m coils of rope were all double splices (Figure 8). The mooring was rigged for 1200 m depth following the table in SPC s FAD Manual Volume II, page 37. The nylon (sinking rope) portion of the mooring was 375 m long and the polypropylene portion (floating rope) was 1125 m. No supplementary buoyancy was necessary. 7

15 Figure 8: Double splice The Nylite rope connectors used at the top and bottom ends of the rope section of the mooring had to be drilled to a larger size to accommodate one-inch shackles (25 mm the 22 mm safety shackles would not fit on the rope connectors). Unfortunately, the only one-inch shackles available on Pohnpei were screw pin shackles, which are not usually recommended. To ensure there would be no problems, the screw pin shackles were seized with stainless steel wire (Figure 9). The raft was connected to the mooring by tying the upper mooring chain through the eyes of the rope bridle on the FAD raft (Figure 10) and then linking the chain with a shackle. Once all rigging was completed, the mooring was flaked down (Figure 11) to remove kinks and hockles in the rope before it was loaded onto M/V Lien Dekehtik. The line was flaked down a second time when the mooring was loaded onto the vessel (Figure 12). The anchor block was then loaded and connected to the mooring. The anchor block was lashed securely to the deck using Spanish windlass knots before the vessel departed for the FAD site. Figure 9: Rope connector with screw pin shackle 8

16 Figure 10: Upper chain attached to rope bridle Figure 11: FAD mooring flaked down on wharf Figure 12: FAD mooring loaded onto deployment vessel 9

17 The deployment method used was the raft first, straight-line method as outlined in SPC s FAD Manual Volume III, pages The vessel steamed past the survey area and then turned so as to be steaming up current towards the intended site. In this case the vessel steamed in an easterly direction as the prevailing current runs westerly on the north side of Pohnpei. The raft was dropped at a position equal in distance to about 2/3 of the mooring length (about 1000 m) to the west. Rope was paid out as the vessel steamed away from the raft (Figure 13). The FAD site was passed over until the vessel reached a position equal in distance to about 1/3 of the mooring length (about 500 m). The anchor was dropped at this site. The idea is that the anchor will be pulled back towards the intended site by the drag of the rope and raft. With luck the anchor should land near the chosen site. All of these positions are indicated on Figure 5 as well as the watch circle. The watch circle is the area that the FAD raft could be found in after deployment. For the Palikir Passage site, this is a circle of approximately one nautical mile in diameter. Figure 13. Deploying the FAD 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions The survey vessel used for this project was adequate but not ideal. The intended vessel (15 m Yanmar) was broken down during the project, but would have been more suitable for survey work and possibly could have been used as a deployment vessel as well. There seems to be ample suitable bottom around Pohnpei Island, especially on the west side, for several FAD sites. Pohnpei State has the necessary materials on hand, with the exception of FAD rafts, to rig and deploy 15 to 20 more FADs (depending on site depths), although only three or four should be in the water around Pohnpei at anyone time. Pohnpei s artisanal fishing fleet could benefit from an ongoing FAD programme. There seems to be room for growth in small-scale artisanal fisheries as a new local market complex was just about ready to open at the time of this project. The market is right next to the Artisanal Fisheries Support Station in Kolonia. Local individuals and companies, including MLFC (Gerry Russo), CFC (Milan Kamber), FSM Fisheries Surveillance Officer (Killion Isisaki), NFC (Mikaere Namakin), and Captain Mark Tickell offered support for the current FAD project and would likely help out in a future FAD programme. 10

18 Counterpart staff at the Artisanal Fisheries Support Station were very helpful and eager to learn all aspects of FAD site surveying, FAD rigging, and FAD deployment. With the help of some of the above-mentioned people, they should be able to conduct further site surveys and FAD deployments. In any case, they should be able to deploy FADs at the Pohnpei and Tauak Passage sites using the survey information in this report. 5.2 Recommendations Tauak Passage It is recommended that a FAD be rigged and deployed using the formula for a depth of 1100 m. Following the guidelines in SPC s FAD Manual Volume II would require using 355 m of nylon rope, 1020 m of polypropylene rope, and supplementary buoyancy Pohnpei Passage It is recommended that a FAD be rigged and deployed using the formula for a depth of 1100 m at this site also. Care must be taken, however, in deploying a FAD at this site as there is a steep drop-off on the northwest side of the survey area General It is recommended that Pohnpei State: Repair the Yanmar boat as soon as possible so it can be used in the FAD programme; Purchase several steel or aluminium spar buoy FAD rafts, or purchase materials to make several Indian Ocean type FAD rafts for future deployments (following guide lines in SPC s FAD Manual Volume II); Purchase several Nylite (or similar) plastic rope connectors of the appropriate size; Request Marine Resources to fabricate their own anchor blocks following SPC guide lines; Use the above materials, along with all materials on hand, to rig and deploy several more FADs around Pohnpei, or use them to replace the existing FAD(s) when necessary; Notify all relevant agencies (e.g. shipping companies, government offices, fishing companies, fishing clubs, media) of all FAD deployments giving position, physical description, distance from passage, and compass bearings from passage; Monitor the Palikir FAD, and any new FADs, on a regular basis and carry out any necessary maintenance work; Keep records of all FAD-caught fish; Encourage the use of ice for all artisanal fishermen fishing around FADs; Promote safety at sea for all artisanal fishermen; Ensure that copies of all SPC FAD manuals and related videos are available to the public; Use local expertise and companies to assist in the FAD programme whenever possible; and Request assistance from Kosrae Fisheries Development Division in running one or more FAD fishing skills workshops in Pohnpei. 11

19 6. REFERENCES Gates, P., P. Cusack and P. Watt South Pacific Commission fish aggregating device (FAD) manual. Volume II: Rigging deep-water FAD moorings. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 43 p. Gates, P, G. Preston and L. Chapman Secretariat of the Pacific Community fish aggregating device (FAD) manual. Volume III: Deploying and maintaining FAD systems. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 43 p. McCoy, M Report on operation of F/V Kimeji, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia Fisheries Newsletter No. 45. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. pp Smith, A Federated States of Micronesia Marine Resources Profile. FFAReport No. 92/17. Forum Fisheries Agency, Honiara, Solomon Islands. 91 p. Stanley, D Micronesia handbook: guide to the Caroline, Gilbert, Mariana and Marshall Islands. Moon Publications Incorporated, Chico, California, USA. pp