Movements of satellite-tagged false killer whales around the main Hawaiian Islands: implications for management
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1 Movements of satellite-tagged false killer whales around the main Hawaiian Islands: implications for management Robin W. Baird 1, Gregory S. Schorr 1, Daniel L. Webster 1, Daniel J. McSweeney 2, M. Bradley Hanson 3, and Russel D. Andrews 4 1 Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, WA USA 2 Wild Whale Research Foundation, Holualoa, HI USA 3 Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA USA 4 Alaska SeaLife Center and University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK USA Deron Verbeck
2 Funding support Southwest Fisheries Science Center Northwest Fisheries Science Center Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center U.S. Navy (via WHOI, SWFSC, Scripps) Wild Whale Research Foundation Dolphin Quest Other assistance/photos J. Aschettino, J. Barlow, A. Bendlin, T. Cullins, M. Deakos, A. Douglas, A. Gorgone, D. Holzer G. Legay, E. Oleson, D. Perrine, D. Roberts, M. Sakai, D. Salden Deron Verbeck
3 Background on false killer whales in Hawai i Smallest abundance estimate of 18 species of odontocetes in Hawaiian waters (Barlow 2006) Two genetically isolated populations (islandassociated and open-ocean; Chivers et al. 2007) Island-associated population small (estimated 123 individuals, CV = 0.73; Baird et al. 2005) Multiple lines of evidence suggest the islandassociated population has declined substantially over the last 20 years (Reeves et al. 2009) Causes unknown, but. Deron Verbeck
4 Feed primarily on large game fish that are the target of commercial and recreational fisheries Regularly take fish off lines Prey observed taken in Hawai i: Skipjack tuna Wahoo/Ono Mongchong Yellowfin tuna Mahimahi Threadfin jack Swordfish Both insular and offshore Jamie Barlow/PIFSC
5 Evidence for fishery interactions Three individuals from insular population (3.75% of catalog) with major dorsal fin disfigurements Disfigurement rates in 13 populations of 8 species ranged from 0.0 to 0.85% (median = 0.0%), indicating Hawai i insular population rates of fishery interactions high (Baird and Gorgone 2005)
6 Year Hawaiian longline fishery Largest fishery in Hawai i Rapid expansion in late 1980s/early 1990s # longline vesels # longline vessels
7 Hawaiian longline fishery Largest fishery in Hawai i Rapid expansion in late 1980s/early 1990s Only fishery with observer program - 20% observer coverage in deep-set (tuna) fishery since 2001, 100% in shallow-set (swordfish) fishery since # longline vesels ~4% # hooks (millions) # longline vessels # hooks total (million) Year
8 Hawaiian longline fishery Fishery exclusion zone put in place in 1992 Boundary contracts 4 months of the year ~25% of boundary within km during October through January 24 Latitude (degrees N) Year-round long-line Oct-Jan long-line Feb-Sep long-line exclusion boundary 19 EEZ boundary Longitude (degrees W)
9 Bycatch in the longline fishery Latitude (degrees N) Hawaiian Islands EEZ Johnston Atoll EEZ Longitude (degrees W) Palmyra Atoll EEZ False killer whale serious injuries, mortalities, and nonserious injuries in longline fishery False killer whale most frequently taken species Bycatch rates have exceeded sustainable level (PBR) since first available (2000) Estimated 124 killed in Hawai i EEZ waters from Bycatch underestimated: some individuals not identified to species, and lost gear Bycatch by foreign vessels outside of U.S. waters
10 What do we know about movements? Island-associated individuals move regularly among islands (rate unknown) Nothing known about movements/use of windward sides Furthest offshore island-associated population documented 32 km 22.5 Kaua'i O'ahu Latitude (degrees N) Maui Hawai'i Longitude (degrees W) Offshore population (known or suspected) Insular population (known) Sightings and effort from surveys , 52,320 km effort
11 Three main questions Examine movements of false killer whales to assess: what biases might exist for mark-recapture estimates using photo-identification data from different islands? do individuals from the insular population move far enough offshore to interact with the offshore long-line fishery? does the range of the insular population overlap with the offshore ( pelagic ) population? 24 Latitude (degrees N) Year-round long-line Oct-Jan long-line Feb-Sep long-line exclusion boundary 19 EEZ boundary Longitude (degrees W)
12 Tag design based on Andrews et al Wildlife Computers Spot 5 ARGOS-linked location only 42 grams Medical grade titanium darts Transmitting 7-18 hours/day Deployed by pneumatic rifle Dorsal fin or dorsal ridge Range 2-10 m
13 After tagging Photos compared to long-term catalog to confirm population identity Tag data processed through Douglas Argos-Filter to remove unrealistic locations (based on rate and bearing of movements) Filtered data processed in Arc GIS to assess habitat use (depth, distance from shore, distance from 200 m isobath) on windward and leeward sides and among islands
14 False killer whales satellite tagged Period tagged # individuals # days span # days locations Population identity Aug Insular Jul Insular Dec Insular Oct * 45* 45 Insular Apr Offshore *Three still transmitting Doug Perrine
15 Movements of false killer whales (1 per group) Period tagged Distance from shore (km) Median (range) Depth (m) Median (range) Minimum distance traveled (km) Maximum distance moved from tagging location (km) Aug ( ) Jul ( ) Dec ( ) Apr ( ) Doug Perrine
16 Movements of false killer whales (1 per group) Period tagged Distance from shore (km) Median (range) Depth (m) Median (range) Minimum distance traveled (km) Maximum distance moved from tagging location (km) Aug ( ) 597 (46 4,833) Jul ( ) 827 (46 4,767) Dec ( ) 1,052 (94 4,847) Apr ( ) 3,844 (1,474 4,747) Doug Perrine
17 Movements of false killer whales (1 per group) Period tagged Distance from shore (km) Median (range) Depth (m) Median (range) Minimum distance traveled (km) Maximum distance moved from tagging location (km) Aug ( ) 597 (46 4,833) 2,612 Jul ( ) 827 (46 4,767) 3,010 Dec ( ) 1,052 (94 4,847) 5,653 Apr ( ) 3,844 (1,474 4,747) Doug Perrine
18 Movements of false killer whales (1 per group) Period tagged Distance from shore (km) Median (range) Depth (m) Median (range) Minimum distance traveled (km) Maximum distance moved from tagging location (km) Aug ( ) 597 (46 4,833) 2, Jul ( ) 827 (46 4,767) 3, Dec ( ) 1,052 (94 4,847) 5, Apr ( ) 3,844 (1,474 4,747) Doug Perrine
19 Offshore false killer whale satellite tagged in April 2008 Latitude (degrees N) May 5 Long-line fishery boundary Apr 24 Apr 25 Apr 23 Jaggar Seamount PcTag4 Apr 22 AM Apr 22 PM Haw ai'i Tagged km offshore Locations on 5 days over 15 day span Closest point to shore 62.1 km Furthest distance offshore 210 km Moved inshore of longline fishery boundary Longitude (degrees W) Group genetically confirmed as offshore population
20 Distance from deployment (km) Distance from deployment (km) Distance from deployment (km) HIPc Days since deployment 400 HIPc Days since deployment Dec Feb Days since deployment Jul-Sep 2008 Aug/Sep 2007 Latitude (degrees N) Latitude (degrees N) Latitude (degrees N) Year-round long-line Year-round long-line Year-round long-line Oct-Jan long-line Longitude (degrees W) Oct-Jan long-line Oct-Jan long-line Longitude (degrees W) Feb-Sep long-line exclusion boundary Longitude (degrees W) Feb-Sep long-line exclusion boundary Feb-Sep long-line exclusion boundary
21 Individual tagged during longline boundary contraction moved closest to boundary (~16 km) 23 Dec 2008 Feb Oct-Jan long-line Feb-Sep long-line exclusion boundary Latitude (degrees N) Year-round long-line Longitude (degrees W)
22 Depth (m) HIPc272 Individuals use different habitats off different islands Hawai'i only Other islands only 5000 HIPc Depth (m) Hawai'i only Other islands only D. Perrine/SeaPics.com
23 The longline boundary contracts on the windward side, so do they use windward and leeward sides of the islands differently? Leeward (west) sides 58% of time Median depth = 674 m Median distance from shore = 14.0 km Windward (east) sides 42% of time Median depth = 608 m Median distance from shore = 11.1 km 24 Latitude (degrees N) Year-round long-line Oct-Jan long-line Feb-Sep long-line exclusion boundary 19 EEZ boundary Longitude (degrees W)
24 October individuals tagged off O ahu, 5 different days, 3 still transmitting link by association to insular population ~1.5 days of movements through November 4, 2 AM HST Acting as four different groups
25 October days of movements 3 individuals 9 days of movements 1 individual 8 days of movements 1 individual All groups move among islands Movements among islands rapid Furthest offshore ~110 km
26 Take-home messages Movements among islands rapid and frequent, thus biases from using photos from different islands probably not important in mark-recapture analyses The offshore individual moved to 62 km from shore, thus populations likely overlap All groups of island-associated individuals tagged did different things, therefore sample size insufficient to characterize island usage All groups of island-associated individuals moved far ( km) offshore, furthest distance offshore during contraction of longline fishery exclusion boundary, thus island-associated population likely overlaps with longline fishery
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