ÕNNELIK KALA LAYMAN S REPORT

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1 ÕNNELIK KALA LAYMAN S REPORT Saving life in meanders and oxbow lakes of Emajõgi River on Alam-Pedja NATURA 2000 area LIFE+ 07 NAT/EE/000120

2 Emajõgi, vanajõed, kalad ja projekt Happyfish LIFE+ projekt Elustiku kaitse Emajõe vanajõgedes Alam-Pedja NATURA 2000 kaitsealal tegeles väärtuslike veeliste elupaikade taastamise, ohustatud Natura 2000 kalaliikide kaitse korraldamise ning tõugja taasasustamisega. Alam-Pedja Natura 2000 ala paikneb Eesti keskosas Emajõe ülemjooksu piirkonnas. Tegemist on hektarilise erinevat tüüpi soode, metsade, lamminiitude ja jõgede ühtse maastikukompleksiga, mille teeb eriti väärtuslikuks elu paikade ja liikide suur mitmekesisus. Alam-Pedja Natura 2000 ala on hindamatu ökosüsteemi teenuste pakkuja kohalikul, riiklikul ja rahvusvahelisel tasemel. Valdavat osa kaitsealast katavad sood ja soometsad ning aru-, lammi- ja soostunud metsad. Lamminiidud ja rohumaad hõlmavad umbes kümnendiku kaitsealast. Alam-Pedja loodusala luhad on ühed Eesti ja kogu Euroopa boreaalse biogeograafilise regiooni esinduslikumad. Kaitsealal on 12 vooluveekogu kogupikkusega 114,5 km ja 55 vanajõge kogupikkusega 50,6 km. Alam-Pedja looduskaitseala loomastik on väga esinduslik kaitsealuste ja ohustatud liikide ja rühmade osas. Siin elutseb 35 magevete River Emajõgi, oxbow lakes, fish and the project Happyfish LIFE+ project Saving life in meanders and oxbow lakes of Emajõgi River on Alam-Pedja NATURA 2000 area concentrated on restoring valuable wetlands and organizing the protection of fish species protected under Natura 2000, and reintroduction of asp. The Natura 2000 site of Alam-Pedja is situated in central Estonia, in the upper course of River Emajõgi. It is a complex landscape covering ha consisting of different types of marshlands, forests, flooded meadows and a stretch of river, rendered especially valuable by high diversity of habitats and large number of species. The protected area of Alam-Pedja is valuable provider of ecosystem services in local, national and international level. The majority of this site is under swamps and swamp forests, but also some dry forests, riverside forest and forests in the process of paludification occur. Riverside meadows and grasslands cover about one tenth of the protected area. The meadows of Alam-Pedja are among the most prominent of their kind not only in Estonia, but also in the whole boreal region of Europe. The site has 12 watercourses with total length of 114,5 km, and 55 oxbow lakes with total length of 50,6 km. The protected and endangered species and groups are well represented in Alam-Pedja 2000 area. It is a habitat for 35 species Saarmas. Otter. 2

3 Tabel 1. Alam-Pedja looduskaitsealal esinevad, Loodusdirektiivi II lisasse kantud veekogudega seotud liigid. List of species associated with water bodies listed in Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive of freshwater fish, while about 460 macrolepidoptera species and 32 dragon fly species have been found from this area. At least 50 per cent of all the insect species recorded in Estonia have been found from this site. 196 bird species have been observed here, 153 of them nesting. The number of mammal species is 43. To preserve this great variety of species and habitats, the site of Alam-Pedja is protected under the guidance of several international agreements: it is a wetland of international importance protected by Ramsar Convention, and a bird area of international importance (IBA, BirdLife). Alam-Pedja is rich in habitat types and species of all-european importance. Of the species whose habitats should be protected, as listed in the Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), this site has 14, mainly species associated with water bodies (table 1). Of the species listed in Birds Directive, 48 have been encountered, including 23 of the species listed in Annex 1. Alam-Pedja is enlisted as bird site of Natura 2000 (EE ) and as a special area of conservation (EE ). An important factor in formation and preservation of diversity is the network of various water-bodies covering this site, of which River Emajõgi with its oxbow lakes is central. River Emajõgi (or Great Emajõgi) is the second largest river in Estonia by its volume of water. Its basin, covering 9740 Suur-rabakiil. Yellow-spotted whiteface. Paksukojaline jõekarp Suur-rabakiil (Unio crassus) (Leucorrhinia pectoralis) Thick-shelled river mussel Yellow-spotted whiteface Laiujur (Dytiscus latissimus) Water beetle Lai-tõmmuujur (Graphoderus bilineatus) Water beetle Ojasilm (Lampetra planeri) Brook lamprey Tõugjas (Aspius aspius) Asp Vingerjas (Misgurnus fossilis) Weatherfish Võldas (Cottus gobio) Bullhead Hink (Cobitis taenia) Spined loach Tiigilendlane (Myotis dasycneme) Pond bat Saarmas (Lutra lutra) Otter Kobras (Castor fiber) Beaver Eestil on nende liikide kaitseks leevendus / Estonia has reduction on restrictions concerning these species kalaliiki, suurliblikate arv on hinnanguliselt 460, kiililiike on leitud 32. Kaitsealal on esindatud vähemalt 50 % kõikidest Eestis registreeritud putukaliikidest. Kaitsealal on kohatud 196 liiki linde, neist haudelinde 153 liiki. Imetajaliike on teadaolevalt 43. Alam-Pedja looduskaitseala on suure liigi- ja elu paigarikkuse hoidmiseks kaitse alla võetud mitmete looduskaitseliste rahvusvaheliste lepete alusel: tegemist on rahvusvahelise tähtsusega märgala ehk Ramsari alaga ning rahvusvahelise tähtsusega linnualaga (IBA, BirdLife). Üleeuroopalise tähtsusega kaitstavaid elupaigatüüpe ja liike esineb Alam-Pedjal rikkalikult. Loodusdirektiivi (92/43/EMÜ) II lisas loetletud liike, mille isendite elupaiku kaitstakse, on 14, neist enamus on seotud veekogudega (tabel 1). Linnudirektiivis (79/409/EMÜ) loetletud linnuliike esineb siin kokku 48, sealhulgas 23 direktiivi I lisas nimetatud liiki. Alam-Pedja on registreeritud nii Natura 2000 linnualana (EE ) kui ka loodusalana (EE ). Oluline osa mitmekesisuse kujunemisel ja säilimisel on ala katval ulatuslikul erinevate veekogude võrgustikul, mille keskseks osaks on Emajõgi koos vanajõgedega. Emajõgi (Suur Emajõgi) on veerikkuse poolest Eesti suuruselt teine jõgi. Peaaegu tervikuna Eestis 3

4 paiknev Emajõe valgla (9740 km 2 ) moodustab 1/5 riigi pindalast. Emajõgi on 100 km pikkune, jõe laius on ülemjooksul 35 m ja suudmes kuni 145 m, sügavus kõigub enamasti 2-3,5 m vahel. Emajõgi on Eesti kõige väiksema languga jõgi 3,6 cm/km. Väike langus (3,6 m) ja pinnase eripärad on põhjustanud jõesängi tugevat meandeerumist, mille tulemusel on kujunenud arvukalt vanajõgesid pärisjõest kõrvale jäänud ja nüüd omaette veekogusid moodustavaid endisi sängiosi. Emajõgi ühendab kahte Eesti suuremat ja kalanduslikult olulisemat järve Peipsi järve (Euroopas pindala poolest neljandal kohal) ja Võrtsjärve. Emajõe peamine kalamajanduslik tähtsus seisneb selles, et ta on kogu valgla kaladele oluline rändetee ja koelmu ala. Tähtsaim koelmute piirkond on Alam-Pedja looduskaitseala piiresse jäävad vanajõed ja üleujutatavad luhad. Tänu ulatuslikult üleujutatavatele luha aladele ja arvukatele vanajõgedele rändab siia piirkonda kudema palju Peipsi ja Võrtsjärve kalu. Emajões Alam-Pedja kaitseala piires esineb 35 kalaliiki. Loodusdirektiivi II lisa liike on neli tõugjas, hink, vingerjas ja võldas, arvukamad töönduskalad on on särg, latikas, säinas ja haug. Mitmed Emajõe lisajõed on lõhilaste kudemis- ja elupaikadeks. km 2, is about 1/5 of the territory of Estonia and it is situated almost entirely within Estonia s borders. The length of River Emajõgi is 100 km, its width is 35 m in upper course and up to 145 m in lower course, the depth is usually between 2 to 3,5 m. River Emajõgi with its fall of 3,6 cm per km has the lowest fall among the rivers in Estonia. This low fall together with ground characteristics has caused strong meandering of the riverbed, which has yielded numerous oxbow lakes former meanders separated from the true river and forming separate water-bodies. River Emajõgi connects two of the biggest and most important fishing lakes in Estonia Lake Peipsi (by area the fourth largest in Europe) and Lake Võrtsjärv. For fishing industry the main importance of this river is being migration route and spawning area for the fish of the whole basin. The most important spawning grounds are the oxbow lakes and flooded meadows situated within Alam-Pedja protected area. Due to vast area of flooded meadows and numerous oxbow lakes many fish from the lakes Peipsi and Võrtsjärv arrive here during the spawning period. In the river within Alam-Pedja protected area, 35 fish species occur, among these four species listed in Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive asp, spined loach, weatherfish and bullhead. The most common commercial species are roach, bream, ide and pike. Several tributaries of River Emajõgi form habitats and spawning grounds for some species of salmon family. vanajõgi oxbow lake settevall sediments Joonis 1. Suudme ristlõige. Cross-section of the oxbow lake mouth. settevall sediments III KAEVAND Veepind Waterlevel Vana maapind Old ground vanajõgi oxbow lake Emajõgi River Emajõgi Uus maapind New ground 4

5 Oxbow lakes River Emajõgi has 55 oxbow lakes within the protected area and their total length is considerably longer and their area bigger than that of the present course of the river here. Those oxbow lakes vary greatly in size and shape, but their average width is m and depth 2-4 m. Many of these lakes are connected to the main course of the river, but many have lost the link. Local people have cleaned the mouths of several of these lakes. According to some information, the cleaning of mouths of the lakes considered important for fishing has been taking place for about a hundred years at least. In the old times, the dredging was carried out by local fisher men with the help of spades. The major earthmoving works of the last century took place in 1959 and 1960, when 2 m deep canals were dug between the river and 28 larger lakes on the flooded meadow. Vanajõgedest Emajõel on kaitseala territooriumil 55 vanajõge, nende kogupikkus ja pindala siin on tunduvalt suurem kui praegusel jõesängil. Vanajõed on oma kujult ja mõõtmetelt väga erinevad, nende keskmine laius on m ja sügavus 2-4 m. Paljud vanajõed on Emajõega ühenduses, suurel osal neist on aga ühendus jõega kadunud. Mitmete vanajõgede suudmeid on pika aja jooksul inimese poolt regulaarselt süvendatud. On andmeid, et kalanduslikult olulisemate vanajõgede suudmete süvendamine on toimunud vähemalt saja aasta jooksul. Varasemad süvendamised toimusid labida tööna kalurite ühistegevusena. Eelmise sajandi suuremad kaevetööd viidi läbi aastail , kui 28-st suuremast luhaveekogust kaevati masinatega jõkke 2 m sügavused kanalid. The need for dredging the mouths and maintaining of the flooded meadows In the mouths of the oxbow lakes with standing water, intensive sediment formation takes place. Thus the mouths of many of these lakes have become narrower, and within the last decades, several have lost or are losing permanent connection with River Emajõgi. This means inevitable damage to the fish life of these lakes, mainly due to loss of spawning grounds and massive loss of animal life due to insufficient oxygen. Natural defense mechanism for the fish would be to flee from the uninhabitable oxbow lakes and swim into the oxygen-rich River Emajõgi. Unfortunately, this is Suudmete süvendamise ja luha hooldamise vajadus Läbivooluta vanajõgede suudmetes toimub intensiivne setete ladestumine. Paljude vanajõgede suudmed on ahenenud, mitmetel on pidev ühendus Emajõega viimaste aastakümnete jooksul kadunud või kadumas. Sellega kaasneb paratamatult suur kahju kalastikule, eelkõige koelmualade kaotuse ja hapnikudefitsiidi poolt põhjustatava veeloomastiku massilise hukkumise kaudu. Loomulik kaitsereaktsioon kaladele oleks elukõlbmatuks muutunud vanajõest hapnikurikkasse Emajõkke põgenemine. Paraku ei ole see alati võimalik. Madala veega perioodidel võib vanajõgede veeühendus Emajõega suudmete ummistumise tõttu katkeda. 5

6 Hapnikuta vanajõkke lõksu jäänud kalad võivad hukkuda. Selle ära hoidmiseks tuleb vanajõgede suudmed avada, sinna kogunenud setted tuleb eemaldada. Avatuse korral paraneb lisaks rändevõimalusele ka vanajõgede veevahetus, mille tulemusena tõuseb veekvaliteet. Uuringud on näidanud, et paljud kord Emajões kudenud kalad tulevad ka järgmistel aastatel, pärast talvitumist teistes veekogudes, uuesti just Emajõkke kudema. Värsked andmed näitavad, et koelmutruudus on ka vanajõe-spetsiifiline, see tähendab, et koetakse alati ühes ja samas vanajões. Seega on iga vanajõe kalastik ainulaadne, iga vanajõe kui koelmu hävimisega hävib unikaalne kalakooslus. Teiseks Alam-Pedjal paljunevate kalade jaoks tõsiseks probleemiks on luhal asuvate koelmualade võsastumine. Kuna võssa kasvanud luhad kudemiseks ei sobi, toimub pidev koelmute ahenemine. Tulemuseks on kalavarude vähenemine - ja seda terves Alam- Pedjalt pärinevast järglaskonnast sõltuvas suures Emajõega seotud veekogude süsteemis. Probleemi not always possible. During the periods of low water, link between the lake and the river may be disjoined due to clogging of the mouth. Fish trapped in this oxygen-poor lake may die. To avoid this situation, the mouths of the lakes must be kept open by removing all the clogging sediments. When links to the river are open, in addition to better mobility for the fish, also the water circulation is improved and thus the water quality is better. Studies have shown that many fish that have spawned once in the River Emajõgi will come again after spending the winter in other bodies of water. Fresh data indicate that this kind of fidelity to some spawning ground is also lakespecific, meaning that the fish spawns always in the same oxbow lake. Therefore, the fish community of every oxbow lake is unique, and if one lake is not suitable for spawning any more, this unique community perishes. Another severe problem for the fish reproducing within the site of Alam-Pedja is the overgrowing of spawning grounds situated on the meadows. As the overgrown meadows are Tutkad. Ruffs. 6

7 not suitable for spawning, the spawning grounds are constantly shrinking. The consequence is decreasing fish resources within the whole big network of water-bodies linked to River Emajõgi and depending on offspring from Alam-Pedja. The solution is easy spawning grounds should always be kept free of overgrowth. Obtaining good health of fish benefits other protected species as well: The drier and higher mounds formed during the dredging the mouths of the lakes are good resting places for the migratory birds, but also for the local bird-life. These spots are suitable nesting places for the lapwings, common terns and little plovers, as well as for several duck species. On these mounds the density of little plovers was really remarkable, but also their active occupation by ruffs during their mating rituals. And the meadow of Aiu oxbow lake is most probably one of the largest areas suitable for the great snipe. These lakes provide food also for the birds feeding on fish. Especially important are is their role for the white-tailed sea-eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla), for whom the easy catch of fish spawning in oxbow lakes form an important food source, when they are feeding their nestlings. There are also numerous grey herons (Ardea cinerea) feeding in oxbow lakes, and lately some great egrets (Ardea alba) have joined them. The numerous otter population of Alam-Pedja also feed in the oxbow lakes. Otter (Lutra lutra) is listed in Annex 2 and Annex 4 of the Habitats Directive. And aslo pond bat (Myotis dasycneme) listed in Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive, whose population is the largest in Europe, feeds on various invertebrates (such as caddisflies) living in oxbow lakes. lahendus on iseenesest lihtne, koelmuid tuleb võsast puhastada. Kalade hea seisundi tagamine on oluline ka paljude teiste kaitstavate loomaliikide jaoks: Vanajõgede suudmete lahtikaevamisel tekkinud, ümbruskonnast kuivemad ja kõrgemad ladestusalad on peatuskohad läbirändavatele linnuliikidele ning puhkealaks ümbruskonna linnustikule. Sobivaks pesitsuspaigaks on need alad kiivitajatele, jõgitiirudele ja väike-tüllidele, samuti erinevatele partidele. Muljetavaldav oli väiketüllide asustustihedus ladestusaladel ning alade aktiivne hõivamine tutkaste poolt nende pulmamängul. Aiu vanajõe luht on tõenäoliselt üks suuremaid rohunepi elupaiku Baltikumis. Tagatud on kalast toituvate lindude toidubaas. Eriti oluline on see merikotkaste (Haliaeetus albicilla) puhul, kellele vanajõgedes kudemisperioodil kergesti tabatavad kalad on poegade üles kasvatamisel oluliseks toiduallikaks. Vanajõgedes toituvad arvukalt hallhaigrud (Ardea cinerea), viimastel aastatel on lisandunud ka hõbehaigrud (Ardea alba). Vanajõgedes toitub Alam-Pedja looduskaitseala arvukas saarmapopulatsioon. Saarmas (Lutra lutra) on kantud Loodusdirektiivi II ja IV lisasse. Vanajõgedes osa oma elutsüklist veetvatest selgrootutest (näiteks ehmestiivalistest) toitub Loodusdirektiivi II lisa liik tiigilendlane (Myotis dasycneme), kelle asurkond alal on Euroopa suurimaid. Mida projekti käigus tehti: Vanajõgede suudmete taasavamine. Projekti Happyfish käigus eemaldati settevallid 10 vanajõe ja Emajõe ühenduskohtadest. Kaevamistöid tehti kokku 720 m ulatuses, mille tulemusel paranesid kalade elu- ja rändetingimused vanajõgedes kogupikkusega ligi 15 km (tabel 2). Seega, suhteliselt väikese ulatusega töödel on väga suur positiivne mõju. Tööde tegemisele eelnesid põhjalikud uuringud ja projekteerimised ning hoolika ettevalmistusega saavutati oodatud tulemused õigeaegselt ja eeskujuliku tehnilise ning ökoloogilise tasemega. Aladele juurdepääsuks ja tööde teostamiseks kasutati ka ujuvat tehnikat. Eeldatavasti tagavad tehtud tööd kalade vaba liikumise Emajõe ja vanajõgede vahel järgmised aastat. 7

8 140 CPUE (isendeid/specimen) Joonis 2. Vanajõgede suudmete süvendamise ja võrgupüükide saagikuse vaheline seos. Correlation between the abundance of fish and re-opening of oxbow lakes Avatud vanajõed Re-opened oxbow lakes 100 Ülejäänud vanajõed Rest of oxbow lakes 60 The mouths of the oxbow lakes were reopened. Within the project Happyfish, sediment walls were removed from 10 connecting points between the lakes and River Emajõgi. 720 m of digging were done, resulting in improved habitats Luhtade niitmine ja võsa eemaldamine koelmute taastamiseks. Projekti tulemusena taastati ja hoolo2 (mg/l) dati luhakoelmuid 56,58 12 hektaril. Eeltööde käigus valiti välja kaks olulisemat 10 ala - Samblasaare vanajõe 8 luht ja Teilma oja luht, kus 6 tööd teostati allhankijate 4 poolt hetkel parimat ja 2 sobivamat tehnikat kasutades. Lisaks puhastati koostöös vaba tahtlikega talgutööde ja projekti partneri Looduskaitseühingu Kotkas poolt korraldatud õppelaagrite käigus väiksemaid alasid Palupõhja küla ümbruses. Projekti alade edaspidiseks hooldamiseks tehti ettepanekud liita need riikliku luhtade majandamise kavaga, mille ettevalmistamisel projekti meeskond aktiivselt osales What was done during this project: Joonis 3. Vee hapnikuolude ja vanajõgede suudmete avatuse vaheline seos. Correlation between oxygen content and depth of the oxbow lake mouth 0,6m 0,1m 2,1m and migrating conditions in the oxbow lakes with total length of 15 km (table 2). Therefore, quite small-scale earth-moving works may have had large positive impact. Before the earth moving started, thorough research and planning took place, and with proper preparation the planned results were obtained with timely and excellent technological and ecological level. In some places, Tõugjapopulatsiooni tugevdamine taasasustamise ja ökoloogia uurimise kaudu. Tõugjas on P ed e j õg Meleski soo Palupõhja Rõngaskoold i Alam-Pedja Suu r-e m Natura 2000 ala aj Melgi i õg Kupu Samblasaare Lustivere Sangla soo 8 Jõesuu Puhja

9 floating machines were used for approaching the sites and carrying out the work. We presume that the work done would enable the fish free approach to the oxbow lakes for the next 50 or 60 years. üks neljast Loodusdirektiivi II lisas nimetatud kaitsealusest kalaliigist, kelle elupaiku Alam-Pedja Natura 2000 alal kaitstakse. Tõugjapopulatsioon vajab heas seisundis püsimiseks väga erinevaid elupaiku - ta koeb käreda vooluga jõelõikudes, toitub nii jões, vanajõgedes kui ka järvedes, talvitub järvedes või jões sügavates hauakohtades. Tõugjad rändavad sobivate elupaikade otsingul palju, kuid enne projekti algust põhjalikumad teadmised selle suure ja atraktiivse kala harjumustest puudusid, isegi koelmukohtade paiknemises oli palju selgusetut. Selgema ülevaate saamiseks viidi läbi tõugja rännete uuringud innovaatilist meetodit telemeetriat kasutades. Kalad varustati signaale saatvate märgistega ja nende liikumist Cutting the grass and shrubs in order to restore the spawning grounds. During this project, 56,58 ha of spawning grounds on the flooded meadows were restored and maintained. During the planning stage, two major areas were chosen the meadow of Samblasaare oxbow lake and the meadow of Teilma brook where works were carried out by subcontractors using the best and most suitable equipment. In addition to that, smaller areas around the village of Palupõhja were cleaned using volunteers, and in Sooküla Ai u j õ g i Kärevere Karisto soo Lempsi Pudru Sibula IV kaevand Hobuseraua Võllinge Reku Soova soo Vanaviht III kaevand Kõverik Väike Kullassaare Kärkna re K ä re ve II kaevand Nasja a I kaevand luht Albri Rõhu Avatud vanajõgede suudmed Re-opened oxbow lakes a jõ g i Elv 9

10 jälgiti spetsiaalse aparatuuriga. Uuringute tulemused annavad täpsema pildi tõugja harjumustest ja võimaldavad teha ettepanekuid kaitse korraldamiseks ja pikemas perspektiivis loodetavasti püügipiirangute leevendamiseks. Emajõe süsteemi tõugjapopulatsiooni tugevdamiseks asustati siia kahel aastal kokku noort tõugjat. Tõugja kunstlik paljundamine oli keerukas, paljude tundmatutega tundlik protsess, mis õnnestus väga hästi. Tõugja telemeetria ja kunstliku paljundamise kogemused on väga väärtuslikud ja leiavad kindlasti kasutamist ka tulevastes töödes. Avalikkuse teavitamine. Avalikkuse teavitamine on tähtis looduskaitse ja Natura 2000 põhimõtete edendamisel ning projekti tulemuste jätkusuutlikkuse tagamisel. Eraldi esiletõstmist väärivad projekti partneri Looduskaitseühing Kotkas poolt Palupõhjas korraldatud neli lastele ja noortele mõeldud õppelaagrit. Üle 120 noore said ekspertide juhendamisel nii teoreetilisi teadmisi kui ka praktilisi oskusi Alam-Pedja looduskaitseala rikkaliku looduse keskel tegutsedes. Projekt tutvustas korduvalt Natura 2000 ja LIFE programmi rolli ning võimalusi erinevates trükiväljaannetes, raadios ja televisioonis. Välja antud Alam-Pedja hoiuala voldik oli populaarne infoallikas. Oluline on suhtlus ning koostöö professionaalsete kalurite ja harrastuskalastajatega ning nende seas läbiviidav teavitustöö. Põhjalik on olnud informatsiooni edastamine ka ekspertidele, ametnikele ja otsustajatele, kellelt cooperation with nature protection organization Kotkas during their education camps. To continue management of these areas, a proposal was made to include these areas into the governmental management plan for flooded meadows, as the team of this project was actively participating in preparing this plan. Strengthen the asp population through reintroductions and studying its ecology. Asp is one of the four fish species listed in Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive whose habitats are protected in Alam-Pedja site of Natura The population of asp needs diverse environment for maintaining good health this fish spawns in the river with rapid flow, but feeds in other parts of the river, but also in oxbow lakes and real lakes, and spends the winter in the lakes or in deeper places in the river. Asps travel a lot in searching for suitable habitats, but before this project we had no deeper knowledge about the habits of this big and attractive fish, even the location of its spawning grounds were not entirely clear. To obtain better picture about this fish, its migration was studied using a novel method telemetry. For that, some fish were equipped with tracers sending signals, and their movements were monitored using special equipment. The results give us better picture about the behaviour patterns of asp and would enable us to make proposals for organizing is protection, hopefully resulting in moderating the catch limitations. To strengthen the asp population in the River Emajõgi network of waterbodies, around 53,000 young asps were released into these waters. Breeding of asp was a complicated process with many unknown factors, but it was very successful. 10

11 Telemetry and breeding of asp were extremely valuable experiences and would undoubtedly be used in a future projects. Public information. Informing the public is important for propagating the principles of nature protection and aims of Natura 2000, but also to guarantee the sustainability of our project. Special attention should be called to the four youth and children camps organized in Palupõhja by our partner, nature protection organization Kotkas. In these camps more than 120 young people received both knowledge and practical skills through various activities carried out under the supervision of the experts in the middle of rich nature of the protected area. This project introduced the role and possibilities of Natura 2000 and LIFE repeatedly and in printed press as well as in radio and television. Published booklet was popular among the visitors of Alam-Pedja protected area. Another important aspect was communication and cooperation with professional fishermen as well as with hobby anglers. Experts, officials and decision-makers were supplied with thorough information, and the feedback has always been very positive. The results obtained and monitoring plan proposed are available for wider audience of experts and interested parties through the state environmental register managed by the associated beneficiary Estonian Environment Information Centre. Excellence of the results obtained through this project is witnessed by the project being named Pro Environment Feat 2011, which is the highest acclaim in the field of nature conservation and environment protection in Estonia. Our international activities include presentations in the LIFE Houting conference in Denmark and in the scientific conference Ecology and Conservation of Freshwater Fish in Portugal. This project is also a good example of following the principles of the Habitats Directive, and of the positive impact of Natura 2000 sites on the richness of nature and species diversity. According to the principles of Habitats Directive, the diversity of nature and species is warranted by protecting saadud tagasiside on alati olnud väga positiivne. Projekti tulemused ja koostatud seirekava on kättesaadav laiemale ekspertide ja huviliste ringile projekti teise partneri, Keskkonnaministeeriumi Keskkonnateabe Keskuse poolt hallatavas riiklikus keskkonnaregistris. Tehtud töö õnnestumise kohta annab tunnistuse projektile aastal Eesti aasta keskkonnateo tiitli omistamine, mis on kõrgeim tunnustus loodus- ja keskkonnakaitseliste tegude hindamisel. Rahvusvahelisel tasemel tutvustasime projekti ettekannetega Taanis toimunud LIFE Houting-projekti konverentsil ja Portugalis korraldatud teaduskonverentsil Ecology and Conservation of Freshwater Fish. Projekt on hea näide Loodusdirektiivi põhimõtete järgimise ja Natura 2000 alade loomise positiivsest mõjust loodusrikkuste ja liikide mitmekesisuse säilimisele. Loodusdirektiivi põhimõtete kohaselt tagab looduse mitmekesisuse ja liikide säilimise erinevate elupaigatüüpide kaitse. Direktiivis nimetatud liikide elupaikade hea seisundi tagamisega tagatakse ühtlasi ka tavaliste, mittekaitsealuste liikide elujõulise asurkonna säilimine. Paljudele inimestele tundmatute ja tähtsusetute kalade nagu hink, vingerjas ja võldas esinemine näitab, et tingimused kalastiku ja ka muu vee-elustiku säilimiseks on tagatud. Takistuste eemaldamine vanajõgede suudmetest võimaldab kaladel käituda vastavalt looduses 11

12 toimuvatele protsessidele. Ebasobivate tingimuste ilmnemisel või vajadusel liikuda sobivamasse elupaika saavad kalad vabalt vanajõest lahkuda. Projekti seire näitas, et hapnikuolud vanajõgedes sõltuvad oluliselt suudme füüsilistest parameetritest. Hapnikurikka veekihi suurus on seda suurem, mida avatum on suue (Joonis 3). Seireandmed näitavad selgelt, et vanajõgedes, mille suudmed avati, muutus kalastik kiiresti rikkalikumaks. Juba esimeste aastatega suurenes kalaliikide arv, kasvasid kalade arvukus ja biomass (Joonis 2). Paljud positiivsed muutused ilmnevad edaspidi, pikema aja jooksul, nende hoolikas seire jätkub pärast projekti lõppemist. Kui varem ei olnud teada, kui olulised vanajõed tõugja elupaigana on, siis seire tulemused näitavad nende vajalikkust puhke- ja toitumisalana, eriti kevadel pärast kudemist. Lisaks projekti ökoloogiliste tulemuste hindamisele viidi läbi ka sotsiaal-majanduslike mõjude uuring tingliku hindamise (ingl. k. contingent valuation) meetodil, mida rakendatakse uuritava öko süsteemi teenuse rahalise ekvivalendi väljaselgitamiseks. Uuringu tulemused näitavad, et Eesti inimesed on projektist teadlikud ja neid huvitab väga Emajõe ja selle vana jõgede hea seisund. Selgus, et inimesed oleksid valmis Emajõe vanajõgede hea seisundi tagamise eest maksma 7,8 miljonit eurot, mis ületab vastava tegevuse tegeliku maksumuse mitme kordselt. Järelikult on projekti Happyfish raames läbi viidud tegevused sotsiaalselt väga kasulikud ja inimeste heaolu tõstvad, neil on suur väärtus tarbijale. Emajõe vanajõgede suudmete avamist tuleb Joonis 4. Keskmine maksevalmidus Emajõe vanajõgede suudmete avamise eest, vanuse järgi, eurot aastas. Average willingness to pay for opening of the oxbow lake mouths of River Emajõgi, by age, euro annually. 8% 6% 4% 2% various habitat types. But by guaranteeing sound habitats for the species listed in this directive we also guarantee the healthy populations of ordinary species not specially protected. The presence of unimportant and not very well known fish, such as spined loach, weatherfish and bullhead, show that living conditions are good for fish life as well as for other water organisms. By removing the obstacles from the mouths of the oxbow lakes we let the fish to behave according to their nature. If environment turns unfavourable or some other cause necessitates the change of the location, the fish are free to leave the oxbow lakes. Monitoring showed that oxygen availability in oxbow lakes do depend on the parameters of the link it has to the river. The wider the mouth the bigger the oxygen-rich layer in the lake (Fig 3). Monitoring also showed clearly that in those oxbow lakes whose mouths were opened the fish life quickly improved. Already within the first year the number of fish species and the abundance of fish had increased (Fig 2). However, many positive changes will be apparent in the future, within longer period, therefore the monitoring will be continued after the end of this project. It was not known beforehand, how important are the oxbow lakes for the asp, but the monitoring showed their importance as a resting and feeding area, especially after spawning in spring. In addition to evaluating the ecological results of this project, we also used contingent valuation method to obtain the monetary equivalence for the studied ecosystem service for evaluating its socio-economical impact. The results show that Estonian citizens know about this project and they care about good health of River Emajõgi and its oxbow lakes. It appears that people are willing to pay 7.8 million 7,4 7,4 7, , , , , >70 12

13 euros for restoring the health of the oxbow lakes, which is several times the real costs of the project. Thus, the activities carried out within the framework of the project Happyfish are really useful for the society and improve the well-being of the citizens, who value this project. The nature conservation actions are therefore highly profitable from the social-economical viewpoint. This project has significantly improved the ability of Alam-Pedja protected area to supply us with ecosystem services. pidada sotsiaalmajanduslikult väga kasumlikuks. Projekti elluviimisega on oluliselt parandatud Alam-Pedja loodusala võimet pakkuda ökosüsteemi teenuseid. Tabel 2. Süvendatud vanajõgede iseloomustus. Properties of oxbow lakes deepened Süvendatud lõigu pikkus (m) Length of deepened stretch (m) Eemaldatud setted (m 3 ) Sediments removed (m 3 ) Vanajõe pikkus (m) Length of oxbow lake (m) Vanajõe pind (ha) Area of oxbow lake (ha) Samblasaare ,7 Kupu ,8 Võllinge ,3 Pudrukoold ,5 IV Kaevand ,2 III Kaevand ,7 II Kaevand ,1 I Kaevand ,8 Kärkna ,9 Rõhu ,2 Kokku / Total ,2 13

14 Natura 2000 kalaliigid Alam-Pedjal Tõugjas, Aspius aspius on suurim Eesti omamaistest karpkalalastest ning ainuke röövtoiduline nende hulgas. Esineb arvukamalt Peipsi järves, Suur-Emajões ja Narva jões. See soojalembene kala toitub aktiivselt vaid maist oktoobrini. Suguküpseks saab 5-7-aastaselt (emased). Koeb kevadel, kiirevoolulistes jõelõikudes kivisele- kruusasele põhjale. Esimesel eluaastal toitub tõugjas peamiselt zooplanktonist, hiljem on tema toiduks kalad, enamasti viidikas. Eesti tingimustes elab tõugjas kuni 10 aastat, kasvades 7-8, tõenäoliselt kuni 10 kiloseks. Tõugjas on harrastuskaluritele huvipakkuv kala, kuid Eestis on tema püük alates aastast keelatud. Ohutegurid: koelmute mudastumine, rändetõkked, süvendamine, kraavitamine. Liigi kaitse seisukohalt on esmatähtis tagada kudealade säilimine ja rändeteede avatus. Alam-Pedja loodusalal esineb Emajões ja Emajõe lisa jõgedes (Pedja, Põltsamaa Laeva ja Elva jões), kus tõenäoliselt leiduvad ka koelmud. Vanajõgedesse sooritab toitumisrändeid ja taastub peale kudemist. Vingerja, Misgurnus fossilis keha on angerjataoline, külgedel pikitriibud. Suu ümber viis paari poiseid. Vingerjas on peidulise eluviisiga ja raskesti tabatav liik. Elab mudase põhjaga taimestikurikaste hästi läbisoojeneva madala veega kohtades. Eestis on vingerja leviku põhjapiir. Hoidub põhja (mutta), kasutab fakultatiivselt õhuhingamist, talub väga hästi hapnikupuudust. Koeb aprilli lõpust juunini. Öise eluviisiga kala leiab tänu poisetele isegi täielikus pimeduses ja väga sogases vees üles toidu surusääsklaste ja teiste putukate vastsed ja põhjaloomad. Praegune inimtegevus Alam-Pedja kaitsealal otseselt vingerjat ei ohusta. Negatiivne inimmõju on võimalik eelkõige veetaseme reguleerimise ja kaldajoone muutmise (õgvendamise) kaudu. Peipsi vesikonna seisuveekogud, eriti Alam- Pedja loodusalale jäävad Emajõe vanajõed, Narva jõe struugad ja kohati Peipsi rannik on vingerjale väga soodsaks elupaigaks, mistõttu selle liigi arvukus on siin kõrge. Esineb kõigis Alam- Pedja loodusala vanajõgedes Natura 2000 fish species in Alam-Pedja Asp (Aspius aspius) is the biggest of Estonian native cyprinids and the only predator among these. It is highly abundant in Lake Peipus, Suur-Emajõgi River and Narva River. Asp is a thermophilic fish whose most active feeding occurs from May to October. It becomes sexually mature at the age of 5 7 years (females) and spawns in spring in rapid river sections on pebble or gravel bottom. It feeds on zooplankton in the first year and later on other fish, common bleak above all. In Estonia the lifetme of asp is up to 10 years. It grows up to 7 8 kg in weight, occasionally reaching 10 kg. Asp is an attractive species for hobby fishermen but its catch is prohibited in Estonia since Main threats to asp include silting of spawning grounds, migration barriers, river deepening and cut-offs. Spawning ground preservation and open migration routes are the key conservation measures. In Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve the asp occurs in Emajõgi River and it s tributaries (Põltsamaa, Pedja, Laeva and Elva River), where are probably also it s spawning sites. It migrates to oxbow lakes for feeding and nursery. The current project aims to explain the migration pattern and spawning areas of asp. European weatherfish (Misgurnus fossilis) is a fish with anguillyform body with stripes on the sides and five pairs of barbels around its mouth. Weatherfish is a secretive species and therefore difficult to capture. It favors shallow water bodies with muddy bottom and rich vegetation. Estonia is the northernmost natural distribution area for the European weatherfish. It burrows into mud and as a facultative air-breather is capable of tolerating oxygen deficiency. The spawning season lasts from late April to July. Owing to its barbels the nocturnal fish is able to feed on chironomids, larvae of other insects and zoobenthos even in the dark and in extremely muddy water. European weatherfish is not currently threatened by human activities in Alam-Pedja protected area. Negative impacts can be mainly brought about by water level regulation and river-straightening. Water bodies of the catchment basin of Lake Peipus, oxbow lakes of Emajõgi river in the Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve and of Narva River in particular, as well as the shores of Lake Peipus provide 14

15 suitable habitats for the European weatherfish and thus, are rich in this species. European weatherfish is found in all oxbow lakes of the Alam-Pedja reserve and here and there in the niches along the banks of Emajõgi River, Elva River and Pedja River. Spined loach (Cobitis taenia) is a small benthic fish reaching a length of 11 cm. Its mouth is furnished with three pairs of small barbels. The spines below its eyes become erect for defence when there is a threat from the predator fish or bird. Spined loach lives both in rivers and lakes and favors clear water and sandy or clay bottom slightly covered with silt and detritus. Spined loach spawns in June and July, depositing its eggs onto the leaves, roots and stems of plants both alive and dead. The fish is capable to change color along with the color of the bottom substrate. With poor swimming skills, the spined loach stays close to the bottom, hiding itself between the vegetation or burying in the bottom and leaving only the head exposed. It is highly resistant to living without food for up to five months. Similar to the European weatherfish, the spined loach possesses the ability of intestinal breathing. The oxbow lakes and waters near river banks in the Alam-Pedja area and at Palupõhja in Emajõgi River have high seosonal abundance of spined loach. To enhance its preservation, comprehensive research on the migration pattern of this fish is needed. The spined loach is mainly threatened by water level regulations in lakes as well as in rivers where also deepening and straightening pose threat to the population. European bullhead (Cottus gobio) is fish with a club-shaped body and a wide flat head. Its naked skin without scales is covered with small spines. It mainly inhabits river sections with pebble and gravel in the bottom. It can be found also in Lake Peipus, Lake Võrtsjärv and in the coastal sea. European bullhead prefers cool oxygen-rich sites. In Estonia it becomes sexually mature at the age of two years. Spawning takes place in late April or in early May when the water temperature has raised to 5 9 ºC. Bullhead is a benthic species hiding itself underneath a particular stone. It protects the area surrounding its shelter against other bullheads. Main human threats to the European bullhead include deterioration of water quality due to pollution and eutrophication, as well as deepening, straightening and damming of rivers. In the Alm-Pedja reserve it is known to live in River Emajõgi, Pedja, Põltsamaa and Laeva rivers and in oxbow lakes of Ringkoolu and Lustivere. ja kohati Emajõe, Elva jõe ja Pedja jõe kaldasoppides. Hink, Cobitis taenia on väike bentiline kala, pikkus kuni 11 cm. Suu ümber on 3 paari väikeseid poiseid. Silmade all on tal liikuvad kahetipulised ogad, mille ta ohu korral, nt. röövkala või linnu rünnakul, kaitserelvana laiali ajab. Esineb nii jõgedes kui ka järvedes, eelistab selgeveelisi liivase või savise põhjaga kohtasid, mis on pealt veidi mudastunud või kaetud detriidiga. Koeb juunis-juulis madalas vees elusate või surnud taimede lehtedele, juurtele või vartele. Hink võib oma värvust muuta vastavalt veekogu põhja värvusele. Hink hoidub põhja lähedale, on halb ujuja ning peitub enamasti taimede vahele või uuristub põhja, jättes ainult pea välja. Hink on väga vastupidav kala, ta võib elada ilma toiduta kuni viis kuud. Nagu vingerjalgi, on ka hingul arenenud lisahingamine soole abil. Alam- Pedja loodusalal esineb vanajõgede suudmetes ja jõgede kaldavööndis, Emajões Palupõhja ümbruses hooajati väga arvukalt. Hingu rändemuster vajaks kaitse tõhustamiseks kindlasti põhjalikke uuringuid. Peamiseks ohuteguriks järvedes on veetaseme muutmine, jõgedes lisaks veetaseme muutmisele ka nende süvendamine ja sirgeks kaevamine. Võldas, Cottus gobio on tõlvja keha ning laia ja lameda peaga kala. Soomused puuduvad, nahk on kaetud väikeste ogadega (katsudes kare). Võldase peamiseks elupaigaks on jõed, kus esineb enamasti kivisekruusase põhjaga lõikudes. Esineb kohati ka rannikumeres ning vähearvukalt Peipsis ja Võrtsjärves. Eelistab hapnikurikkaid ja jahedaveelisi kohti. Eestis saab suguküpseks kaheaastaselt. Koeb aprilli lõpus või mai alguses, kui vee temperatuur on tõusnud 5-9 ºC-ni. Võldas on paikse varjatud põhjaeluviisiga kala. Igal isendil on tavaliselt oma kindel varjupaik (kivialune) ning selle ümber territoorium, mida ta teiste võldaste vastu kaitseb. Peamisteks ohuteguriteks on vee kvaliteedi halvenemine (reostumine, eutrofeerumine), jõgede süvendamine, paisutamine ja sirgeks kaevamine. Alam-Pedja loodusalal esineb teadaolevalt Emajões, Pedja ja Põltsamaa jões, Laeva jões ning Ringkoolus ja Lustivere koolus. 15

16 K E S K KO N N AT E O A A S TA I N D AU H 2011 Fotod / photos: Eesti Loodushoiu Keskus, Tiit Hunt, Arne Ader, Jüri Ketner, Urmas Sellis, Lea Saar Joonised / drawings: Urmas Lombiots, Ain Tavita Tekst / text: Eesti Loodushoiu Keskus Kujundus / layout: OÜ Bubo The project is financed by the European Community s Financial Instrument for Environment LIFE Co-financer: Environmental Investment Centre

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