1. Bonspiel - David Teniers (II) - Peasants playing a bollen game, Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam)

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1 EARLY GAMES List of illustrations 1. Bonspiel - David Teniers (II) - Peasants playing a bollen game, Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam) Text 1. The wooden bol was rolled over land towards a target.

2 2. Bonspiel Six krulbollen (14th century), Archeologisch depot SCEZ (Middelburg) Text 2. A set of six similar round wooden bollen with flat sides. Wooden pegs could be inserted in the flat side as a handle to push the bol over the ice in wintertime.

3 3. Bonspiel - Pieter Bruegel - Winter Landscape with Skaters and a Bird Trap (detail) Text 3. During winter the bollen game was taken to the frozen canals and waterways; the bol was laid on its flat side and pushed over the ice using an inserted wooden handle.

4. Bonspiel - Robert de Baudous, Cornelis Claesz. van Wieringen - Winter (1591-1618), Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam) Text 4. A game of bollen played on ice during wintertime.

4 4. Bonspiel - Robert de Baudous, Cornelis Claesz. van Wieringen - Winter ( ), Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam) Text 4. A game of bollen played on ice during wintertime. A wooden handle is inserted in the bol and is pushed towards a target on the ice. Also a besom is used to brush the ice. In the foreground two colf players doing their own thing.

5 5. Caets A game of caets, Book of hours (June) - Adélaïde de Savoie, Duchess of Burgundy (c1460), Musée Condé (Chantilly) Text 5. A game of caets (handball) played between two opposing teams of three players. Traditionally the roof above the gallery was used to serve the ball.

6 6. Caets - Crispijn van de Passe - Students of the University of Leiden playing at caets, Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam) Text 6. Playing caets with rackets on an inside walled court; the ball is played over a cord and the gallery on the right is an integral part of the court.

7 7. Caets - Sofinisba Anguissola - Portrait of a young noble boy (c. 1570), Christie's Text 7. The boy is holding a racket (strung with dried and twisted sheep gut) and a stuffed leather ball. The ball is similar to those used for the game of colf and golf until ca

8 8. Colf - Book of hours (November) - Adélaïde de Savoie, Duchess of Burgundy (c1460), Musée Condé (Chantilly) Text 8. Two opposing teams of colf players contesting a larger leather ball, possibly with a pig bladder to inflate the ball. The club is usually a single piece carved wooden stick.

9 9. Colf - Book of hours (February) - Adélaïde de Savoie, Duchess of Burgundy (c1460), Musée Condé (Chantilly) Text 9. Two groups of colf players playing a wooden ball on grass towards a pole in the ground as target. The club used is normally a wooden jointed two piece mallet. In the background a group of three men in an alley playing a colf ball towards a hole in the ground.

10 10. Colf - Game of colf near Antwerp, Flemish School, Book of Hours (16th century), Museo Patriarca (Valencia) Text 10. Two groups of three colf players on land and two accompanying arbiters. Two players are in full swing, another is playing towards the hole. In the background the city of Antwerp.

11 11. Colf - Colf players, Flemish Book of Hours (September) illustrated by Simon Bening (ca. 1520), The British Library (London) Text 11. Three players playing wooden colf balls towards a hole as target overlooked by an arbiter and the innkeeper in the background.

12 12. Colf - Avercamp, Hendrick - Winter landscape near a city (ca. 1620), Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam) Text 12. A typical and very popular winter landscape scene in 17th century northern Low Countries (Dutch Republic) with various winter amusements on ice of the ordinary burgher and wealthy nobility alike. On the left a party of the House of Orange on horse sleighs. On the right royal onlookers, identified as Princess Elisabeth Stuart, alias the Winter Queen, and family. In the middle a group of fancy dressed colf players.

13. Colf - Adriaen van der Velde Colf players near Haarlem (detail), National Gallery (London) Tekst 13. A group of two colf players. The player on the left is dressed in Scottish kilt.

13 13. Colf - Adriaen van der Velde Colf players near Haarlem (detail), National Gallery (London) Tekst 13. A group of two colf players. The player on the left is dressed in Scottish kilt. The two onlookers would normally be arbiters as the wagers could be substantial. The clubs are traditional Dutch one piece colf clubs made of ash with a leaden cover over the clubhead as additional swingweight.

14 14. Colf - Feathery golf ball (ca. 1850), British Golf Museum (St Andrews) Tekst 14. A typical leather golf ball stuffed with feathers. Similar colf balls were used in the Low Countries and exported in large quantities to Scotland in the 15-17th centuries. Most probably the leather ball made a cross-over from caitche (caets) to golf (colf) in Scotland due to the popularity growth of the game.

15 15. Colf - Hendrick Avercamp - Winterlandscape on the River IJssel near Kampen, 1615 (detail) 15. A group a colfers playing on ice during wintertime in the northern Low Countries surrounded by arbiters and helpers. Clearly visible is that a long nosed jointed wooden club and a leather stitched ball is used, both common in Scotland, is used by the player ready to hit the ball. The ball is teed up on some snow. Players in Holland would play with a single club only, whereas in Scotland players would have on average four clubs to use, carried by a caddie.

16 16. Colf - Jan Steen - Three Kings feast (detail), Royal Collection (London) Text 16. A typical scene feasting citizens. The boy is holding a traditional one piece Dutch colf club, made of ash wood and lead covering the head of the club.

17 17. Colf - Jan Steen - Feast of St Nicholas (1663), Museum Boijmans (Rotterdam) Tekst 17. The boy is happily holding up his Scottish long nosed golf club in his hand and showing a leather ball in his other.

18 18. Bartholomeus van der Helst - Portrait of a young boy with a colf club (ca. 1653), private collection (RB) Text 18. Portraits by famous Dutch masters of young children were popular in circles of the wealthy burghers of the 17th Dutch Republic. The colf club was an allegoric attribute, an important metaphor for a good education. De club pictured is a traditional Dutch single piece ash wood club with leaden cover. The boy himself thought to be the young three year old boy William III may be a symbol of the Golden Age prosperity and of the alliance of the burghers with the House of Orange, especially with William III the Prince of Orange, the later Stadholder of Holland and King of England and Scotland.

Early Games The formation of the Lallans language and culture

Early Games The formation of the Lallans language and culture Early Games The Flemish impact on the cultural development of Scotland has been felt through influences on games such as bonspiel, caets and colf, the forerunners of curling, tennis and golf respectively.