The Use of Prohibited Substances in Competition Horses

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1 Dr Ghazi Yehia OIE Regional Representative for the Middle East The Use of Prohibited Substances in Competition Horses 7-9 November 2017 (Beirut Lebanon)

2 Global vision Economic prosperity, social and environmental welfare of populations Protecting animals allow the management of risks to terrestrial and aquatic animal health and welfare 2020 Preserving our future Delivering timely, high quality information and services to minimise associated dangers to human health protect the environment and biodiversity in a One Health approach 2

4 Agenda Equine Health and Welfare The Uniform Classification Forbidden Practices Testing and Detection Conclusion: The Ugly Truth about Doping World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 4

5 Equine Health and Welfare World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 5

Article 7.12.1. WELFARE OF WORKING EQUIDS Chapter 7.

Working equids may be of direct or indirect use in production and commercial activities.

6 Article WELFARE OF WORKING EQUIDS Chapter 7.12 Introduction In many countries, working equids, used for transport and traction, contribute directly and indirectly to households' livelihoods and benefit communities as a whole. Working equids may be of direct or indirect use in production and commercial activities. Specifically, they contribute to agricultural production and food security by transporting, for instance, water and fodder for other livestock, firewood and other daily needs to the homestead and agricultural products to the market. They provide draught power for agricultural work and transport. They may supply manure, milk, meat and hides for household use or income. Article Scope This chapter applies to horses, donkeys and mules that are destined, used for or retired from traction, transport and generation of income. Equids used in sports or competitions, leisure activities, research or kept solely for the production of meat or biopharmaceuticals, are excluded. For the purposes of this chapter, harness means all parts of the driving harness, saddle, bridle and bit that are used to control the working equid, act as a braking system when pulling a cart, hold loads in place and transfer power to attached carts or agricultural implements World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 6

Federation Equestre Internationale Code of Conduct

equestrian sport to adhere to the FEI Code of

times the welfare of the Horse must be paramount.

7 Federation Equestre Internationale Code of Conduct The FEI requires all those involved in international equestrian sport to adhere to the FEI Code of Conduct and to acknowledge and accept that at all times the welfare of the Horse must be paramount. Welfare of the horse must never be subordinated to competitive or commercial influences. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 7

8 a) Fitness and competence FEI Code of Conduct / Fitness to compete Participation in Competition must be restricted to fit Horses and Athletes of proven competence. Horses must be allowed suitable rest period between training and competitions; additional rest periods should be allowed following travelling. b) Health status No Horse deemed unfit to compete may compete or continue to compete, veterinary advice must be sought whenever there is any doubt. c) Doping and Medication Any action or intent of doping and illicit use of medication constitute a serious welfare issue and will not be tolerated. After any veterinary treatment, sufficient time must be allowed for full recovery before Competition. d) Surgical procedures Any surgical procedures that threaten a competing Horse s welfare or the safety of other Horses and/or Athletes must not be allowed. e) Pregnant/recently foaled mares Mares must not compete after their fourth month of pregnancy or with foal at foot. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 8

9 The Uniform Classification of Forgien substances World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 9

10 RCI Drug Classification Categorization principles The RCI Drug Classification Scheme is based on: Pharmacology. Drugs that are known to be potent stimulants or depressants are placed in higher classes, while those that have (or would be expected to have) little effect on the outcome of a race are placed in lower classes. Drug Use Patterns. Some consideration is given to placement of drugs based on practical experience with their use and the nature of positive tests. For example, procaine positives have in the past been associated primarily with the administration of procaine penicillin, and this has been taken into consideration in the placement of procaine into Class 3 instead of Class 2 with other injectable local anesthetics. Appropriateness of Drug Use. Drugs that clearly are intended for use in equine therapeutics are placed in lower classes. Drugs that clearly are not intended for use in the horse are placed in higher classes, particularly if they might affect the outcome of a race. Drugs that are recognized as legitimately useful in equine therapeutics but could affect the outcome of a race are placed in the middle or higher classes. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 10

11 The Uniform Classification Guidelines The Uniform Classification Guidelines are intended to assist stewards, hearing officers and racing commissioners in evaluating the seriousness of alleged violations of medication and prohibited substance rules in racing jurisdictions. Practicing equine veterinarians, state veterinarians, and equine pharmacologists are available and should be consulted to explain the pharmacological effects of the drugs listed in each class prior to any decisions with respect to penalties to be imposed. The ranking of drugs is based on their pharmacology, their ability to influence the outcome of a competition, whether or not they have legitimate therapeutic uses, or other evidence that they may be used improperly. The facts of each case are always different and there may be mitigating circumstances which should always be considered. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 11

12 Uniform Classification Guidelines (Continued) Where the use of a drug is specifically permitted by a jurisdiction, then the jurisdiction s rule supersedes these penalty guidelines. Regulators should be aware that a laboratory report may identify a drug only by the name of its metabolite. The metabolite might not be listed here, but the parent compound may be. These classes of drugs are intended only as guidelines and should be employed only to assist persons adjudicating facts and opinions in understanding the seriousness of the alleged offenses. These drug classifications will be reviewed periodically. New drugs will be added or some drugs may be reclassified when appropriate. Found substances or drugs not included in these guidelines should be treated as Class 1 violations warranting a Class A penalty unless otherwise advised by consultation with Racing Commissioners International (RCI) and/or the Racing Medication and Testing Consortium (RMTC). World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 12

13 The RCI List Rationale The list includes most drugs that have been reported as detected by racing authority laboratories in many developed countries, and other Association of Official Racing Chemists (AORC) laboratories. It does not include those which would seem to have no effect on the performance of the horse or drug detectability. Such as antibiotics, sulfonamides, vitamins, anthelmintics, or pangamic acid, all of which have been reported. The list contains many drugs that have never been reported as detected. Usually, these are representatives of chemical classes that have the potential for producing an effect, and in many cases, for which at least one drug in that chemical class has been reported. Most drugs have numerous effects, and each was judged on an individual basis. There are instances where there is a rather fine distinction between drugs in one category and those in the next. This is a reflection of a nearly continuous spectrum of effects from the most innocuous drug on the list to the drug that is the most offensive. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 13

14 Classification definitions Class 1 Stimulant and depressant drugs that have the highest potential to affect performance and that have no generally accepted medical use in the competing horse. Many of these agents are Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) schedule II substances. These include the following drugs and their metabolites: Opiates, opium derivatives, synthetic opioids and psychoactive drugs, amphetamines and amphetamine-like drugs as well as related drugs, including but not limited to apomorphine, nikethamide, mazindol, pemoline, and pentylenetetrazol. Though not used as therapeutic agents, all DEA Schedule 1 agents are included in Class 1 because they are potent stimulant or depressant substances with psychotropic and often habituative actions. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 14

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16 Classification definitions Class 2 Drugs placed in this category have a high potential for affecting the outcome of a race. Most are not generally accepted as therapeutic agents in the racing horse. Many are products intended to alter consciousness or the psychic state of humans, and have no approved or indicated use in the horse. Some, such as injectable local anesthetics, have legitimate use in equine medicine, but should not be found in a racing horse. The following groups of drugs are placed in this class: A. Opiate partial agonists, or agonist-antagonists. B. Non-opiate psychotropic drugs. These drugs may have stimulant, depressant, analgesic or neuroleptic effects. C. Miscellaneous drugs, which might have a stimulant effect on the CNS. D. Drugs with prominent CNS depressant action. E. Anti-depressant and antipsychotic drugs, with or without prominent CNS stimulatory or depressant effects. F. Muscle blocking drugs - those that have a direct neuromuscular blocking action. G. Local anesthetics that have a reasonable potential for use as nerve-blocking agents (except procaine). H. Snake venoms and other biologic substances that may be used as nerve-blocking agents. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 16

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22 Classification definitions Class 3 Drugs placed in this class may or may not have an accepted therapeutic use in the horse. Many are drugs that affect the cardiovascular, pulmonary and autonomic nervous systems. They all have the potential of affecting the performance of a racing horse. The following groups of drugs are placed in this class: A. Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system that do not have prominent CNS effects, but which do have prominent cardiovascular or respiratory system effects. Bronchodilators are included in this class. B. A local anesthetic that has nerve-blocking potential but also has a high potential for producing urine residue levels from a method of use not related to the anesthetic effect of the drug (procaine). C. Miscellaneous drugs with mild sedative action, such as the sleep-inducing antihistamines. D. Primary vasodilating/hypotensive agents. E. Potent diuretics affecting renal function and body fluid composition. F. Anabolic and/or androgenic steroids and other drugs. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 22

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26 Classification definitions Class 4 Drugs in this category comprise primarily therapeutic medications routinely used in racehorses. These may influence performance, but generally have a more limited ability to do so. Groups of drugs assigned to this category include the following: A. Non-opiate drugs that have a mild central antipyretic effect. B. Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system that do not have prominent CNS, cardiovascular, or respiratory effects: 1. Drugs used solely as topical vasoconstrictors or decongestants. 2. Drugs used as gastrointestinal antispasmodics. 3. Drugs used to void the urinary bladder. 4. Drugs with a major effect on CNS vasculature or smooth muscle of visceral organs. C. Antihistamines that do not have a significant CNS depressant effect. This does not include the H2 blocking agents, which are in Class 5. D. Mineralocorticoid drugs. E. Skeletal muscle relaxants. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 26

27 Classification Definitions Class 4 (continued) F. Anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs may reduce pain as a consequence of their anti-inflammatory action. 1. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). (Aspirin-like drugs). 2. Corticosteroids (glucocorticoids). 3. Miscellaneous anti-inflammatory agents. G. Less potent diuretics. H. Cardiac glycosides and antiarrhythmic agents. 1. Cardiac glycosides. 2. Antiarrhythmic agents (exclusive of lidocaine, bretylium, and propranolol). 3. Miscellaneous cardiotonic drugs. I. Topical Anesthetics - agents not available in injectable formulations. J. Antidiarrheal drugs. K. Miscellaneous drugs: 1. Expectorants with little or no other pharmacologic action. 2. Stomachics. 3. Mucolytic agents. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 27

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31 Classification Definitions Class 5 This class includes those therapeutic medications for which concentration limits have been established by the racing jurisdictions as well as certain miscellaneous agents and other medications as determined by the regulatory bodies. Included specifically are agents that have very localized actions only, such as anti-ulcer drugs, and certain antiallergic drugs. The anticoagulant drugs are also included. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 31

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33 Non-Classified Substances World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 33

34 Prohibited Practices. A) The possession and/or use of a drug, substance or medication, specified below, on the premises of a facility under the jurisdiction of the regulatory body for which a recognized analytical method has not been developed to detect and confirm the administration of such substance; or the use of which may endanger the health and welfare of the horse or endanger the safety of the rider or driver; or the use of which may adversely affect the integrity of racing: 1) Erythropoietin 2) Darbepoietin 3) Oxyglobin 4) Hemopure B) The possession and/or use of a drug, substance, or medication on the premises of a facility under the jurisdiction of the regulatory body that has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in many countries. C) The practice, administration, or application of a treatment, procedure, therapy or method identified below, which is performed on the premises of a facility under jurisdiction of a regulatory body and which may endanger the health and welfare of the horse or endanger the safety of the rider or driver, or the use of which may adversely affect the integrity of racing: World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 34

Testing and Detection Screening tests The Introduction of ELISA testing (1988) A screening technique called thin layer chromatography (TLC) is not particularly sensitive, In 1988 ELISA testing was

35 Testing and Detection Screening tests The Introduction of ELISA testing (1988) A screening technique called thin layer chromatography (TLC) is not particularly sensitive, In 1988 ELISA testing was introduced to racing by a group at the University of Kentucky. It soon became the primary technique employed in equine drug testing. ELISA is an acronym for Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay. Simply put, an ELISA test is a variant on the home pregnancy test technology. It requires a drop of urine, can be performed relatively rapidly, is highly sensitive, and test results can be read by eye. Initially, the ELISA tests were "one-step" tests meaning that urine was added to the test well followed by the addition of antibody for the test. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 35

36 Testing and Detection Confirmatory Testing While ELISA screening or testing is fast and fairly sensitive, it is far from specific. The second and absolutely critical step in the drug testing process is confirmation of positive ELISA tests using more sophisticated techniques such gas or liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS, LC/MS, or LC/MS/MS). Mass spectrometry is the gold standard drug identification. It is also extremely sensitive. Some drug testing laboratories have moved toward using the more specific mass spectrometric techniques as their primary screening and testing technique. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 36

37 Zero Tolerence testing. Zero Tolerance Testing Zero tolerance testing is not testing down to "zero" molecules, which no chemist can accomplish, but rather testing to the limit of detection (LOD) of the best available technology. In other words, "zero tolerance" refers to the racing regulators' philosophy in regulating drug use in race horses even trace amounts of drugs are not tolerated. [17] While detecting trace amounts may be an entirely appropriate approach for performance altering substances which have no approved veterinary use, it is not considered appropriate for therapeutic medications which may be present in trace amounts having negligible or no pharmacological activity. Therapeutic medications are approved substances used to maintain the health and welfare of horses. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 37

38 Thresholds and Withdrawal. Thresholds, including no effect thresholds (NETs) The equine blood concentration of a medication below which pharmacologic activity is insignificant. Withdrawal time The length of time after the administration of a medication required for the metabolism and elimination of the medication. After this time the medication no longer present or has insufficient concentration to produce a pharmacological effect. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 38

39 Equine Diseases. World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 39

40 The Ugly Truth about Doping (Video) World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 40

41 Transport and Handling Equine biological products Bio threat of equine pathogens Equine vaccines and Diagnostic tests World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 41

42 انسى البشر ما لنا الا بعض World Organisation for Animal Health Protecting animals, Preserving our future 42

شكرا Dr. Ghazi Yehia Regional Representative for the Middle East g.yehia@oie.int Regional Representation for the Middle East 18 Damascus St.

43 شكرا Dr. Ghazi Yehia Regional Representative for the Middle East Regional Representation for the Middle East 18 Damascus St., Ministry of Agriculture bldg Furn El Chebbak, Beirut P.O. Box 268 Hazmieh - Lebanon T: , rue de Prony, Paris, France media@oie.int - oie@oie.int

Section 8 - Drugs Policy

Section 8 - Drugs Policy THE AUSTRALIAN STOCK HORSE SOCIETY LIMITED ABN 35 001 440 437 P O Box 288, SCONE NSW 2337 1 DRUGS POLICY 1.1 Nil Prohibited Substances Phone: 02 6545 1122 Fax: 02 6545 2165 Website: www.ashs.com.au Email: