Arabian Horse letter

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1 letter horse NEWS After the great success of last year s premiere, preparations are underway for the 2nd Kuwait National Championships. Superb exhibitis and well-known international judges will make this another event to remember. horse Culture What does type mean, and is there really one type or several? Dr. Hans-Joachim Nagel examines the historical evidence for a different development of type in different parts of Arabia. horse Health There are many problems and complications that can occur during pregnancy and foaling. An experienced veterinarian describes what is normal, what the problems are, and what to do when things go wrong. horse RESEARCH The Saqlawi strain is one of the best-known, oldest and most influential strains in Egyptian breeding. Its roots lie in the early 19th century, when Abbas Pasha collected the best of these horses for his famous stud. This issue is sponsored by Read more on page 2-3 Read more on page Read more on page Read more on page Become a bait al Arab Friend! Become a part of this exciting project. Support it with your passion and join one of the membership categories!* (*see back side) ANSATA HEJAZI: Legend and Legacy Ansata Hejazi is one of the most prominent and successful sires in Kuwait. His breeder Judith Forbis tells his story from the breeders point of view, describing the path from vision to reality and the relevance of the past for the future. Read more on page 4-7

2 letter letter News KUWAIT ARABIAN HORSE European Conference of Arab s Organization (ECAHO) New Regulations 2nd NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP KUWAIT 2011 The European Arab Show Commission (EAHSC) whose main object is to protect the horses welfare and to protect the interests of the breeders and the exhibitors, has decided about the following new important rules and regulations which were finally approved at the General Assembly of ECAHO which are mentioned hereafter: In halter classes horses may be fully or partly body clipped, subject to eye lashes being left uncut, hair inside the ears left unshaved, tactile hair left intact around the nose, muzzle and the eyes. Removing the hair around the eyes by shaving or any other means and the artificial coloring of the skin in the area are not permitted. not fulfilling the criteria will not be allowed to participate. This regulation was already published in the so-called Blue Book of 2010 under the Rules for Conduct of Shows. These rules will be applied for the 2nd National Championship Kuwait 2011 which Bait Al Arab is planning to organize on 16th 18th February 2011(date not yet finalized) ADVICE FROM THE DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE (DC) ACTING AT THE 1ST NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP KUWAIT In Feb the 1st National Championships were held in Kuwait with great success. Some 220 horses were entered and most of them were presented at a show for first time. ECAHO rules and regulations were introduced to the horse owners well in advance via the schedule and official invitation and every exhibitor was aware of the basic regulations like providing the passports to the DC members to check the identity based on information about color and markings, check the vaccination record and to have the horses inspected for clipping of the hair inside the ears, tactile hair around eyes and muzzle, shaving hair around the eyes to create the so-called Panda Bear look. The DCs recorded the results of their examination and recommended in their report as follows: Ensure that passports of all exhibiting horses are forwarded to the DC. To check the identity of the horses and their vaccination record etc (see above mentioned information), the person who is responsible for the exhibitor needs to be available. Ensure that the rules and regulations of ECAHO regarding vaccination are fulfilled. Be aware that all Rules for Conduct of Shows mentioned in the Blue Book are strictly to be followed, especially rules regarding disguising of exhibits, cruelty and veterinary matters need to be strictly adhered to. Exhibitors should be aware of this and follow the instructions as per the list of ECAHO website org Rules for Conduct of Shows and the IV addendum / Equine Influenza vaccination for all horses competing in ECAHO competitions. (see the following regulations) Under the Patronage of H.H. the Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah February 2011 at Bait Al Arab Kuwait State Stud Organised by Bait Al Arab Kuwait State Stud Under Umbrella of Hunting & Equestrian Club ECAHO Affiliated National Championship Show For more information please contact the show office via contact@baitalarab-kw.com or phone Bait Al Arab Kuwait State Stud has all the required authorizations to organize the Second National Championship Show on 16th - 18th February 2011 at Bait Al Arab Kuwait State Stud venue. The first National Championship Kuwait 2010 was a great success. 220 purebred horses competed in front of a huge public and many international guests from all over the world attended the event. The show was broadcast by several national TV channels and the focus of horse enthusiasts from the Gulf Area and abroad was on Kuwait horse breeding. The organizing committee is well prepared to run the Second National Championship Kuwait 2011 which will be again affiliated with the European Conference of Arab Organizations (ECAHO). 276 horses were entered and we can expect again very strong competition in all classes. The show will be a highlight of the series of festivals during the month of February 2011 which will be held on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of Kuwait s Independence and the 20th Anniversary of the Liberation, and the show committee will do its utmost to prepare and to run the show successfully. A team of very experienced judges, disciplinary committee members and stewards has been invited and we feel honored that the well known and very experienced judges Mrs. Sylvie Eberhardt (G), Dr. Nasr Marei (EG), Mr. Peter Upton (UK) and Mr. Jerzy Bialobok (PL) have agreed to judge the event. In addition to the show, a very attractive program is being prepared to entertain the guests. A stud visiting tour will be arranged on the two days after the show, and Bait Al Arab Kuwait State Stud and some well known private breeders will show horses which represent their breeding program. Visitors from the USA, Italy, Scandinavia, Holland, Belgium, Germany, Egypt, Jordan, Qatar, Bahrain, the UAE and Saudi Arabia will come to Kuwait to attend the show and to enjoy Kuwait hospitality. 1 All horses must have received a primary course of two vaccination doses administered a minimum of 21 and a maximum of 92 days apart. 2 Thereafter a third dose, called the first booster vaccination, must be given no more than 6 months after the second vaccination of the primary course; a shorter vaccination interval is permitted. 3 Booster vaccinations must be given at 12 month interval i.e. within 365 days of the last dose, or shorter intervals where local or national authorities mandate it. 4 No vaccination may be given within 7 days of the day of arrival at the ECAHO event. 5 Route of administration: the vaccine should be administered according to the manufacturer s instructions: intramuscular injection or intranasal administration. It is not permitted to change the route of administration between the first and second vaccination of the primary course. 6 Vaccines must be administered by a veterinarian. The details of the vaccine, serial/batch number, the date and route of administration must be recorded in the passport, signed and stamped by the veterinarian who administered the vaccination. 7 The entering of vaccination details in a new passport or a duplicate: if the vaccination history of a horse is very long, the veterinarian may use the following statement The vaccination history of this horse is correct to date (enter the last vaccination date), signed and stamped by a veterinarian. 8 Sanctions for vaccination irregularities, considering a 12 month interval between boosters: Up to 1 week late: a fine of 130 Between 1 and 2 weeks late: a fine of 200 More than 2 weeks late: a fine of 280, the horse will not be allowed to compete and must leave the show ground as soon as possible. No correct primary course or first booster vaccination: a fine of 280, the horse will not be allowed to compete and must leave the show ground as soon as possible. (The vaccinations must be restarted as in articles 1 and 2). s born before 2009 that have received the primary course of vaccinations (article 1) but not the first 6 month booster (article 2) will be allowed to participate without being sanctioned. All irregularities will be recorded by the DC in the passport of the horse concerned, written in capital letters in red ink. European Arab Show Commission Blue Book 2010 IV. ADDENDUM Equine Influenza vaccination for all horses Competing in ECAHO competitions 2 3

3 letter letter News ARTICLE : By Judith Forbis Ansata Hejazi The Legend and the Legacy Hejazi! The very name conjures up the mystique and cultural heritage of Arabia s Hejaz province which for centuries, resounded to the hoof beats of valiant horses carrying Bedouin warriors into battle. After the rise of Islam, pilgrims riding noble mounts endured the desert s bracing winds, searing heat, and shifting sands enroute to Mecca and Medina where graceful minarets of the holy mosques heralded their journey s end. The daily prayers of all Allah s faithful were heard there. horse breeders must persevere through trials and challenges before reaching their desired goals. When a very special bay colt came into the world at Ansata on May 8, 1992, it was obvious an exceptional goal had been achieved and he must be given a memorable name. The Hejaz and what it stands for mystically and spiritually came to mind, and thus he was named Hejazi, praying that he would prove worthy of the name and that success and happiness were bound to his forelock. Molding and Chiseling Thought Built on the solid foundation of the Dahman Shahwan strain through both his sire s and dam s tail female lines, Ansata Hejazi has a formidable ancestry. His sire, Ansata Halim Shah, changed the face of Egyptian- breeding Judith Forbis beside her painting by Count Bernard de Clavier de Hust of Ansata Ibn Halima, US National Top Ten Stallion three times, sire of World Champions, and paternal grandsire of Ansata Hejazi. Photo by Richard T. Bryant. worldwide. The epitomy of classic type, Halim Shah claimed international championship honors at the U.S. Nationals and the Salon du Cheval, then set a record in Germany for siring licensed breeding stallions, he returned to Ansata, and then in l994 he traveled to the Gulf where he left a remarkable and final legacy in Qatar. Ansata Sudarra, Hejazi s dam, was one of my favorite mares. She reproduced stellar qualities from her dam, Ansata Delilah, and grand dam, Ansata Bint Misr, both founders of enduring female dynasties through their tail female line to the celebrated Ansata Bint Bukra one of the most influential Egyptian mares in recent history. Sudarra s sire, Ansata Abu Sudan, was the dynamicmoving, exotic and champion son of 1971 US National Champion Ansata Ibn Sudan the only American-bred straight Egyptian to win that prestigious title to date. Visualization is the critical ingredient in developing great horses. One must envision the result before bringing it to fruition. In my minds eye I visualized from this breeding a balanced, harmonious horse - handsome to look at standing still and in action; kind, intelligent, beautiful of face expressing that look of eagles ; great heart, prideful spirit, and abundant charisma. Upright carriage and joyfully carried high tail must frame standard conformational virtues such as long, deep, well-sloped shoulders, strong body, well-shaped legs and feet, and powerful hindquarters that propel ground-covering strides. This vision was made manifest in Ansata Hejazi: he is what his pedigree says he should be! There are, however, critical factors to understand before visualization is possible, e.g., an appreciation of the arts, knowing what constitutes a good horse; knowledge of breed history, understanding the dominance and characteristics of strains, families and individuals within a pedigree; the values of inbreeding, linebreeding, and outcrossing; how the ancestors performed in perpetuating breed type and athletic qualities, etc. All these factors were considered in conceptualizing Hejazi. Ajmal Obbeyah (Ansata Hejazi x NK Aischa) Ansata Selman (Ansata Hejazi x G. Shafaria) Ansata Halim Shah (Ansata Ibn Halima x Ansata Rosetta) Ansata Hejazi (Ansata Halim Shah x Ansata Sudarra) Ansata Sudarra (Ansata Abu Sudan x Ansata Delilah) 4 5

4 letter letter News Answered Prayers Hejazi s quality was such that, despite a badly blemished hock from an early injury, we decided to show him hoping the judges would not count it against him. At a large Class A show, he was Reserve Champion Stallion his first time in the ring. Later at Egyptian Events in Kentucky he won Senior Champion and Reserve Supreme Champion titles and was also Top Five in a large liberty class, proving to be a great crowd pleaser with his high, long-reaching, free trot and driving hindquarters. When Hejazi s first foals arrived, it was obvious he should become a sire of significance. One foal crop does not make a breeding stallion, but additional get soon proved his worth. Standing beside him in the stud was Prince Fa Moniet, a magnificent stallion of Seglawi type, and a perfect complement to Hejazi s shortercoupled Dahman stature. Hejazi bred to Prince Fa daughters became a nick. Hejazi also crossed well with Ansata Halim Shah daughters, thus doubling Halim Shah, and with other Ansata bloodlines and outcrosses. Soon his get were being exported to head breeding programs in Europe, England, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait, Australia and South America. Among new enthusiasts in the Arab world s horse renaissance was Mohammed J. Al Marzouq In reflecting on his visits to the U.S.A. between 1998 and 2002, and in particular to Ansata Stud in Arkansas, he notes:...it became clear to me that amongst all the groups of horses I saw, the line that was closest to my personal vision was out of the family that traced back to Ansata Sudarra (Ansata Abu Sudan x Ansata Delilah). He further comments, To me, this line maintained the finest quality of the Ansata group though they were lighter and more physically delicate. This was what I wanted. Al Marzouq knew this family had produced Ansata Hejazi, Ansata Sinan, Ansata Iemhotep, Ansata Nefer Isis, Ansata Nafisa, Ansata Nefertiti and many other outstanding breeding and show winning individuals. Bearing this in mind, he set forth to acquire Ansata Hejazi, even though he was not for sale at the time, along with a group of fillies and mares to complement him. Because of his enthusiasm and an opportunity to return to the Arab world descendants of the precious horses we had been custodians of, we agreed to sell Ansata Hejazi and his sister, Ansata Nefertiti, plus several other key mares and fillies from the Ansata program. In purchasing Hejazi, Al Marzouq believed, When one considers buying or using a stallion for a group of mares, ones s mind must be fully focused because the anticipated results will take time. If the wrong stallion is selected, the results will prove negative in the longer term. It is important to evaluate how good the stallion is by using him on a wider range of mares that are themselves selected carefully and taking into consideration the genotype and phenotype of the mares. Al Marzouq s faith in his selection was justified within a few years. Examples of superior show and breeding stock by Hejazi are now found in Kuwait, the Gulf, Egypt, and worldwide: sons such as Ansata Nile Echo, Ansata Selman and Ajmal Al Kout, and daughters such as Jalila Al Rayyan, Ajmal Obbeyah, Wafaa Elkuwait, Ajmal Munnera and Ansata Samari, are just a few of the multitude of get, grandget, etc., that bear witness to Hejazi s claim as a living legend and worthy inheritor of his given name. The Grand Essentials of Happiness Today, in this often cold, impartial, and escalating world of technology, everyone prays for ways to be happy. Breeding horses answers these prayers. It provides what Joseph Addison described as the three grand essentials to happiness in this life: something to do, something to love, and something to hope for. For centuries these grand essentials have inspired and impelled the Classic Spirit of the arts and consequently the art of breeding Egyptian horses. Famed muralist Kenyon Cox claimed the Classic Spirit desires that each Jalilah Al Rayyan (Ansata Hejazi x G. Shafaria) new presentation of truth and beauty shall show us the old truth and the old beauty, seen only from a different angle... it wishes to add link by link to the chain of tradition, but it does not wish to break the chain. Ansata Hejazi embodies the Classic Spirit, and his ever expanding family assures the continuity of this unbroken chain. Time lays his touch so lightly on these generous steeds... wrote Sir Walter Scott in The Talisman. And time has been kind to Hejazi, whose individual beauty has increased with age along with his reputation as a sire. Born with a fortuitous star illumining his forehead, his youthful steel grey has turned to shining white over the years, prophetically fulfilling the ancient adage, white is symbolic of victory and success, and, as the Arabs said: This is the mount of kings, because it brings good fortune and luck... Wafaa Elkuwait (Ansata Hejazi x Ansata White Nile) Ansata Nile Echo (Ansata Hejazi x Ansata White Nile) Hejazia Al Naif (Ansata Hejazi x Shahlika) Ansata Selma (Ansata Hejazi x G. Shafaria) Nefisa Al Safinat (Ansata Hejazi x Aliikat) Ansata Samari (Ansata Hejazi x Ansata Samarra) Ajmal Moneera (Ansata Hejazi x Hamasa Massuda) Ajmal Al Kout (Ansata Hejazi x Ansata Malaka) Ajmal Ibtissam (Ansata Hejazi x Taraf Al Naif) 6 7

5 letter letter People M. Sarah (Ezz Ezzain x Ansata Suleyma) Mr. Mohamed Al Mubaraki Mubarak Stud Focusing on Families An Interview with Mohamed Al Mubaraki 1. When and how did you become involved with horses? What attracted you to these fascinating animals? The beginning was at an early age when I was fond of riding horses. My older brother took me to Cairo during the mid-year holiday, and so this love grew for this beautiful creature. I developed the idea to acquire a horse to ride and in 1987 I bought the first horse. My love for horses grew at this stage, though I was away from this hobby which began in Egypt and continued there. I could not be with horses except during the holidays that I tried to take to go to Egypt. This changed in 1991, when I decided to acquire a horse on my first visit to El Zahraa, the stud of the Egyptian Agricultural Organization (EAO). I did not have a proper idea about the strains and families in this beautiful place, but I enjoyed the horses there and I enjoyed the charm and the history, seeing all of this while entering the paddocks of the mares which did not get enough attention, but it conveyed the whole idea of history in this beautiful place. 2. Tell us about your first horse and the horses with which you established your breeding program? I decided to purchase my first mare from the Egyptian Agricultural Organization (EAO) and with the advice of two experts. At that time, the EAO used two methods for selling the horses, either by selling them at auction or putting them up for sale directly. My first mare was a direct purchase, a 2- year-old filly that I named Dana (Gad Allah x Shafokah). Her strain was Hadban Enzahi through the mare Shams; she was a filly full of personality with a remarkable presence Dahes Al Rayyan (Ansata Selman x Darine Al Rayyan) while she moves, large black eyes, tail like a flag; she represented her strain very well. 3. Which characteristics of the horse attract you the most? Usually I look for the added value any horse brings to the program. I always focus on the pedigree and those products of the family that have been successful, so that the task is easier in the future. This comes in the first place. As for how the horse looks, I try to search for balance in everything -rounded black eyes, strong body, good movement, shape of the head, and shape of the ears. 4. Which farms and breeding programs had an influence in developing your own breeding program? My program was influenced in one way or another by several breeding programs. For example Ansata s, as I own a lot of horses from their program, which in my opinion has contributed much to the development of the Straight Egyptian horse for over fifty years. Ansata imprinted its program on the shape of the horse, which you can see in the strength of body, structure and the correct legs. Another is Dr. Hans Nagel s program, which in turn brought another variety of the form of the horse in terms of beauty of the head and eyes; and the program of Al- Rayyan Farm, from which I chose Dahes Al Rayyan (Ansata Salman x Darine Al Rayyan) to be the chief sire at my stud. And finally, success only comes with the right vision and trying to start where others left off, taking advantage of their experiences and their endeavors. 5. Of your own horses - do you have a favorite one and why? I think the preference of horses changes from time to time, but still there are some things that connect you with a certain mare and may have an impact on the program. In terms of influence in the program, I think that the mare Ansata Suleyma (Ansata Hejazi x Ansata Samsarra) plays an important role so far in the goals I am aiming for. But my personal favorite is M. Najla (Ezz Ezzain X Neama Saqr), as she has the essence of the beauty and gentleness; she represents everything special to me. 6. Thinking about the Straight Egyptian horse world, past and present - which are your favorite horses and do you use them in your breeding program? In general there is a group of horses that influenced the evolution of the Straight Egyptian horse, which formed the foundations of the families that produced today s horses. But knowing the background, the closest to me personally is the stallion Ansata Halim Shah, because he has a clear role in the development of the Egyptian horse. I have used him through his son Ansata Hejazi, currently owned by Ajmal Stud. 7. What are the goals of your breeding program at Stud? My main goal is to breed an attractive horse that is known to have been bred at Mubarak Stud. I think the ideal horse has round black eyes, a strong smooth body and a small head, and graceful movements. All of this is achieved by focusing on certain families and from time to time using new blood that will strengthen those qualities that are required. 8. How important are the strains and families to you? I believe a family s history and its produce must be considered in the first place when selecting any mare, in order to facilitate the task of the program. The strain comes in second place, as any one mare carries different general qualities in terms of the intermixing of the strains for decades in her pedigree. For example, I cannot take a mare of the Saklawi strain, with a sire from a different strain, and then generalize various qualities of the strain in her; there is interference and confusion affecting these traits. 9. You own the very promising colt Dahes Al Rayyan (Ansata Selman x Darine Al Rayyan) whom you have used during the last breeding season on some selected mares. What do you expect from him and in which way do you think that he can contribute to your breeding program? I was first impressed by Dahes seeing him playing at the side of his dam, Darine Al Rayyan (Ashhal Al Rayyan x Aisha), who was and still is one of the mares I like most at Al Rayyan Farm. When I saw him for the first time, he drew my attention with his strong body, large eyes, and his graceful movements. I think that Dahes has the exact qualities that it takes to be a stallion I would want in my program, as he descends from a family that usually produces very good sires. And not to forget the personality Dahes has, which I am hoping he will pass on to his foals. Now all I can do is to hope that he lives up to my expectations, as I have carefully selected some mares to be bred to him to give him a good opportunity, and we are awaiting the results. 10. You competed successfully at the First Kuwait National Championship 2010 with your horses. How important are shows and show results for you? Will the result have an influence in your decisions regarding your breeding plans? Competitions contribute to the development of the vision and improvement of the taste of the breeders, so that they know if the steps they are taking in their program are right, or that there are flaws in the program that must to be adjusted. But one should never let this competition lead to buying a horse just to get a ribbon; it should rather be an incentive to raise the overall level of the awareness of the breeders. And so from the competition results, the breeder can judge the development of his program and evaluate it and know its faults, and work on reducing them. The plan of any program must have a method to help reach the desired goal, and creating an atmosphere of constructive competition is the highest level of stimulation. Zamzam Ikhnatoon (Shadwan x Chrymont Bint Moussameh) M. Sofyan Al Mobarky (Ezz Ezzain x Ansata Suleyma) M. Najla (Ezz Ezzain x Neama Saqr) Ansata Suleyma (Ansata Hejazi x Ansata Samara) 8 9

6 letter letter Culture ARTICLE : Dr. Hans J. Nagel The refined type of horse in the Southern part of Arabia. Such horses were most probably the foundation of this noble breed. Lady Anne Blunt s mare sherifa, painted by Lady Anne herself. This horse must have been very elegant and refined in her memory. Again, a very small head is shown in an idealistic way in this portrait. The head of the mare Sherifa in detail. This mare have impressed Lady Anne tremendously, as she studied her from several aspects. She painted her as a very refined mare and took measurements of her head as a standard for type. For Lady Anne, this was a living example of a mare originating from the Nejd. One Type or Several? Within the definition of type, there has always been room for a broad variety. Some of these have been the result of selection by European breeders. But, as Dr. Hans-Joachim Nagel, the author of this article, argues, there has always been more than one type of. A mare of Syrian breeding. The northern breed here was stronger and faster than the horses to the south. Most of the buyers from Europe selected their purchase from this population. If an European person of average education is asked to describe an horse, the answer will probably be some thing like this: An? A smallish horse, beautiful, and possibly grey. It comes from the Orient. Someone with more interest in the subject might add: s are tough, they were used to upgrade warmblood horses, they are purebred, and stallions were the foundation sires of the Thoroughbred. And without doubt one will hear, sooner or later: horses have especially pretty heads. Another, third group will be comprised of so-called experts, each of whom has worked out his own concept, whether it makes sense or not. In any case the desert will be added as a place of origin, without explaining just which desert is meant. In other words, a difficult subject. A reliable source might be found in a definition published by the American Ministry of Agriculture in the fifties which states: The, acknowledged as the most noble of breeds and a source of all modern light horse breeds, was developed in the desert of Arabia from which it takes its name. Driven by the need for a horse that could carry a rider quickly and safely over long distances on sandy ground while being able to withstand thirst and hunger for a considerable time, the Arabs developed a type of horse that has become renowned for its activity, stamina, gentleness, and a pleasant graceful outer appearance. The horse, justifiably known as a riding horse and usually ridden by Dryness, a description with characterizes the Bedouin horse at its best. the Arabs at a canter, is easy to break to saddle. It has all the attributes of a good riding horse, a good set of head and neck, a long and sloping shoulder, a short back, wide and deep thighs, short and strong flanks, a high-set tail, a compact barrel, and a stride extending well under the centre without appearing lax and weedy. A typical has a wedge-shaped head, a small muzzle, a dished face, wide jowls, eyes set deeply towards the middle of the head and far apart, a relatively large brain capacity, dense bone structure, a small stomach capacity and great genetic strength. The general size is between 14 and 15 hands and the weight between 850 and 1100 pounds. The most common colors are grey and chestnut, rarely black; white markings are common. This description gives a very definite idea of the breed and a possible definition of a breeding goal representing a uniform, easily identified type. In addition, a more recent publication by the Spanish Arab Registry proposed the following important characteristics: The black eyes with an almost human expression, the high tail, a thin, silky coat, the fine and lightly curved neck, the black hooves, and a dryness like the desert climate of their land of origin. Finally, there remains the fortunate fact that equine artists have been in agreement for a long time as to what type of horse deserved their attention. In virtually all their creations on canvas, in marble or bronze, their ideal is shown to be the classic, noble with an extremely expressive head, marked by refinement and nobility. Among the vast numbers of breeders, however, there have been only few who are worth consulting if one wishes to know more about the historical development of modern breeding. Lady Anne Blunt from England, Colonel Brudermann from Hungary, and a few of those travelers who went to Arabia and brought back their descriptions, like Major Upton, Palgrave, Baron von Hammer-Purgstall, Burckhardt, Maj.- Gen. Tweedie, Guarmani from Italy, and Colonel Fadlallah al Hedad - these are eloquent witnesses of their time and their notes are the few reliable sources describing the origins and historical roots of the breed. On the basis of their observations, experiences and statements, it should be possible to come to interesting conclusions. In the year 1856, Colonel Brudermann described his expedition into the northern parts of Greater Arabia. He made his camps in the more fertile areas, where the Bedouins grazed their horses during certain times of the year between Syria and Mesopotamia. Brudermann saw many horses, whole herds brought there by the Bedouins. He found them grazing in deep grass which prevented him from getting a good look at their legs. When describing elegance, he falls back on the fine, elegant lady and the peasant girl : The gait of this noble horse is not to be mistaken for that of common horses just as the movements of a fine, elegant lady are different from those of a peasant girl. -.With noble, we do not mean the fine, spindly kind of horse. These are valued far less by the Arabs than a strong, well-conformed and nevertheless refined horse. All breeding farms are oriented towards producing an ideal type, whatever this may be. But in time, different types develop and these difference increase with the years. The stallion Tajar, imported in 1812, was then considered to be an ideal. Brudermann is looking for a horse of sufficient size, 15 hh. or more, with good bone and a short back; as correct as possible, for he doesn t want to bring back horses with crooked legs. The type he seeks is to be used for breeding riding horses. He tries to find out if the horses he chooses are from those families from which the Bedouins pick their own stallions and wants to know the dam line, a bare minimum of safety in determining genetic potential. As an officer, he is not likely to be overwhelmed by beauty. He finally finds his type of horse in this northern region and brings excellent horses back to Babolna which become the foundation stock of the breeding programme there. Various sheikhs assure him of the purity of the blood and dealers issue receipts for the money. Everything is done in correct order. Only few of the Seqlawis, Kohailans, etc., can have been real treasures if one considers the huge herds from which they were chosen. Lady Anne has no problem with the different types. She looks for athletic ability and finds it in the north and clearly attributes beauty to the southern population. Around 20 years later in the late 1870s, Lady Anne Blunt travelled through the same areas: to Damascus, from Aleppo The dark skin of the inhabitants of Arabia and of the horse is the same biological instrument, used by the body to protect itself against the merciless rays of the southern sun

7 letter letter Culture horses that were imported to Hungary in Carriage and cavalry horses were the standards on which the selection of these horses from Arabia was based, Photographs taken in Iraq. Photographs taken in Hungary of the same horses. to Baghdad, and also southwards to Hail. She got as far as the Shammar mountains, a singular and courageous achievement. This remarkable woman followed initially in the footsteps of Major Upton, the British officer who had gone to find traces of the Darley, one of the foundation sires of the Thoroughbred, who was said to have come from the tribes in the Syrian area. Like Brudermann, they found some their best horses among the Syrian tribes. Lady Anne is very critical. Rationally she starts by looking for the racehorse type. As an artist of great sensitivity she finds and appreciates beauty. Like the Hungarians, she finds her athletic type of horse in Syria, for example the mare Hagar, possibly the best mare ever to come out of the desert. She was of the Kohailan Ajuz strain, the fastest, and the stoutest and the most English looking of them all. She was 15 hh. tall., an unusual size, her speed exceptional and confined to the best bloodlines. The famous Rodania also belonged to this type: a valuable mare from the Bedouin tribe of the northern Roala, strong and hardy; but not a word as to her beauty. And then, something completely different: the mares Sherifa and Bint Helwa, which she called Nejd types. Sherifa was bred in the Nejd and given by the Emir of Riadh to the Turkish governor at Mecca. She had the most extraordinarily beautiful head and the sweetest of tempers. And with pride she presented Bint Helwa to Mr. Borden, who commented as follows: she is a beauty, pure white, with a head such as Schreyer would seek as a model. She was bred in Egypt of Nejd bloodlines. At Hail in the Shammar mountains, Lady Anne visits the stud farm of the ruler of the area, Sheikh Ibn Rashid. She is not impressed by his palace horses and calls them a collection ; in other words, not a breeding population developed over hundreds of years, but an assortment. She considers the horses in the southern and northern areas of Arabia and comes to the conclusion: The more Nejd horses we find here, the clearer it is shown that the Anazeh horses of the north are faster than the Nejds; the Nejd horses have short necks, short bodies, good shoulders and very good tail carriage. Their heads are better than the Anazeh s in every respect the Arabs admire: the heads are not too large, but neither too small, a great width between ears and eyes and between the eyes, but not between the ears; the profile concave below the eyes. The tails of the Nejd horses are thrown out in movement, like their heads, in a perfect arch. Lady Anne has no problem with the different types, the Nejd and the northern ones. She looks for athletic ability and she finds it in the north. She also likes beauty which she clearly attributes to the southern population. In his 1855 book The among the Arabs, Baron von Hammer-Purgstall discusses the division of the horses into the following breeds: the Hidjran breed in southwest Arabia, the noblest; the Nejd breed in central Arabia, the most perfect; the Syrian horse northern part - that with most markings. They are divided in geographical categories, environmental types. He is also fascinated by the term Koheilan. Up to the time of Lady Anne Blunt and Major Upton, strangers and travelers normally used a territorial division; afterwards, people thought in terms of strains. Purgstall writes: The word Koheilan, used all over Arabia for horses of noble descent, is entirely new. The origin of the word appears to be the black eye makeup (kohol). This idea is also documented in Borden s writings: Some writers mention the family of the Nejd horses and the Koheilani as the best strains of blood. All s are said to have black skin around their eyes, these are called Kohlani. Major Upton heard the term Koheilan or Koheilet for this. Both names derive from Kohlani. But he also found a different explanation for this word. He found the entire purebred race to have black skin, no matter what color. The Bedouins remember seven strains of the horses of King Solomon, which were all blended together in the north, bringing forth five new strains. In a travel account published in 1904, the Hungarian commander of the Babolna stud, Colonel Fadlallah al Hedad, born in Syria, describes an expedition to his homeland. During this expedition, he and his men examine 4,000 horses; he states that a Bedouin tribe known for its horses kept some 400 horses but only 52 of these could be termed purebred. His chosen territory for finding horses over 15 hands was Syria and today s Iraq. He illustrates his book with a map that shows an interesting distribution of the tribes known as horse breeders such as the Anazeh and the Shammar. Their areas at that time are in northern Arabia. The final witness is the Italian Carlo Guarmani, who lived in the east from 1850 and who travelled to Arabia in He penetrated further into the south than even Lady Anne Blunt, far beyond Hail. His first book, published in 1864, is the account of a highly sensitive traveller whose lengthy sojourn with the Bedouins and knowledge of the language permitted him to come to know and understand both their beliefs and their practical feeling for horse breeding. He gives a very clear and recognizable description of the psychomorphological qualities of the horse. No one, either before him or since, has pointed out in such detail the inner qualities of these animals, giving them the same value as their positive outer attributes. For him, the purebred horse is defined by pedigree, blood, and type. Pedigree signifies The Seglawi Type, a longlimbed horse but not too long, with fine bone and an elegant neck. Its head should appear smaller in relation to the body, and it should show all elements of beauty to perfection. the descent from an acknowledged family strain; blood equals psychic and moral qualities; type is the fusion of all these qualities in the best possible combination. Guarmani states that the Bedouins remember seven strains of the horses of King Solomon. These were all blended together several centuries ago in the north, bringing forth five new strains. These strains now in existence all belong to the Koheilans, the noblest of all families and at the same time the collective term for all strains which form the pure breed. These family strains are all of the same type, in so far as they have been kept in the same areas by the same Bedouin tribes. Every typical horse combines all attributes in an ideal way: for example, those of the Seqlawi, the Obeyan, the Hadban, etc., which are all terms to describe certain desired characteristics. Guarmani also points out that words which have a purely territorial significance have been mistakenly used to define families. They should not be confused with those terms referring to attributes. His final word is formulated by Emir Abdul Qadir: Among the Anazeh Bedouins, who live between Baghdad and Syria, I have found horses whose prices are so high they can hardly be met. Only rich merchants can afford them and then only on terms. These are stallions that have lately arrived here from the Nejd desert. Their value is determined by their great rarity. Elsewhere he adds: The name Koheilan or Safinat - these were the horses of King Solomon - are used to describe pureblooded horses. I divide them into northern and southern horses. The breeds of central Arabia are better than those of the north or the Syrian desert. Grace and noble character combine to form the perfect animal. If these attributes can be found in any horse at all, then they are sure to be found in an horse, rare and unique. His s stand around 14 hh., have small ears, large, bulging eyes, a small, tapering head and a balanced conformation, fine and dry of limb, and mostly chestnut in color. All these accounts clearly show that two types were observed which were brought together under the aspect of purity of blood. Purity of blood is the key which unites two totally different types of one and the same breed. Purity, whatever that may signify, played an important role. Lady Anne Blunt s opinions are colored by an almost naive belief in the statements of total strangers who belonged to an alien society; on the other hand, they show a great knowledge of the subject as well as great courage. She loved both type and performance and her descriptions show these preferences very clearly. Anyone would be regarded as fortunate who succeeded in acquiring a true Koheilan from the Nejd. Only those high up in society were able to acquire such animals. On the one hand the admiration of type, described with great feeling and sensitivity in Sherifa and Bint Helwa, and on the other hand the never ending comments on Hagar s and Rodania s performance abilities. Two totally different types of one and the same breed. The key is again the purity of the blood which unites everything. But then, in doubt, she goes one step further and chooses a second, more rational path. As it is a fundamental principle at the Crabbet Stud that no stallion, however individually excellent, is eligible for service if there is any doubt or lack of information as to a true descent, it follows that at this stud any not proven element must remain an insuperable objection. On the other hand there are cases where, the risk having been run, results have justified the experiment as any flaw in blood is sure to come out in descendants sooner or later, and if results are persistently good they may practically be treated as proof. But that takes years. Unfortunately Lady Anne does not tell us the nature of these impurities, but the preceding sentence indicates that an excellent outer appearance plays a role here. This is a statement to make any pedigree-fanatic blanch, coming as it does from such an expert source. It says no more and no less than that the final proof is in the product. This will show clearly if an was pure or not. Negative, untypical products are to be seen as a proof of undesirable or impure blood. Is athletic ability another way of proving purity as some have claimed? Studies show that the term can mean many different things. There are three attributes to choose from: stamina, speed in the sense of racing ability and speed in the sense of quick reaction. Which of these is typically? The northern type undoubtedly has the greater athletic ability, being bigger and more powerful. Maj.-Gen. Tweedie, who visited the Orient after Lady Anne Blunt and was an experienced horseman, claims that agility and stamina are better criteria than speed. For him, it is by no means certain that the foundation sires of the Thoroughbred were really pure s; they certainly came from the Orient but that is all we know. Tweedie tells us that the imported stallion Asil, who won several races in England at the end of the 19th century, turned out to be the descendant of a half bred by the British consul Henderson at Aleppo. Henderson had given up trying to breed pure s for racing. He was more successful with halfbred horses. In other words, speed is not a very reliable criterion for determining purity; stamina and agility are a lot better. Unfortunately there are few references to another characteristic of the horse: his pleasant and easy disposition. Romantic effusions apart, this typical attribute of the has been treated with little objectivity. Lady Anne Blunt and Guarmani are the only authors who show enough sense of reality in dealing with this subject to be trusted. It is thus possible to say with some certainty that the southern type, the Nejd, fares better in this category. The closeness to human society, man and horse having The Koheilan Type, a powerful with short legs, a solid body, a strong and heavy neck but refined head. This type should represent stamina and toughness. to rely on each other in extremis, the smaller number of horses the tribes could afford - all these things require a friendly, people-oriented disposition. During the 1950s, Baghdad, Damascus and Beirut were populated by a generation born at the end of the 19th century, still able to recall either for themselves or through their fathers tales those times described by the above mentioned authors. They would state that anyone would be regarded as fortunate who somehow succeeded in acquiring a true Koheilan from the Nejd. Only rarely did the best specimens come to the north and only those high up in society were able to acquire such animals. They were not sent to the racetrack, being too small but they were regarded as collector s items of oriental beauty. If all these statements are put together like pieces of a puzzle, a picture emerges that becomes steadily clearer and whose outlines can also be seen in the breeding program of El Zahraa. A picture which conforms to the principles that determine such forms and attributes through environment, climate and vegetation, a result confirmed by nature. This picture is as follows: there is an athletic horse, determined by toughness, stamina, agility and possibly speed, as suited to European requirements; a tall, strong horse of sufficient refinement, with plentiful markings, found in the greater Syrian region from Aleppo to Mesopotamia, the main source for European expeditions in the past. These horses were found there in large herds. In addition, there is the horse of beauty and refinement in the sense of a courtly horse ; the horse as a prestige object, the highborn lady of the equine society with a smaller head, of the highest nobility but less athletic than the first type. These horses lived together with man who bred them in small groups, unable to afford the luxury of great numbers, and wandered with him through barren lands. But they were also found in the stables of the powerful sheikhs in the south. At their courts, grace and beauty triumphed over any practical considerations. This was the Nejd in the southern part of greater Arabia, the Koheilan of history, and the horse with the black skin

8 letter letter The umbilical cord is intact when the foal is born HEALTH This article is by Dr. Hulse who graduated from Purdue University and has served for the past 8 years as an associate at the Durango Equine Veterinary Clinic in Buckeye, Arizona. The head appears through the vulva, resting on the forelegs. The foal makes awkward movements to get to its feet The birth is over: mare and foal take a well-earned rest Foaling and Foal Problems With the beginning of the foaling season many breeders spend lots of sleepless nights, anticipating the arrival of a newborn foal. There are things one should know to prepare for the foal s arrival and determine what is normal and what is not. This article will explain what is normal, what an owner can do, and when to get a vet involved. Specifically, normal pregnancy and foaling parameters, newborn foal exam, the importance of colostrum, risk factors associated with the mare and newborn foal, and common newborn foal diseases will be covered. The mare is on her feet, while nursing the foal Pregnancy and Foaling First, let s discuss pregnancy. Normal gestation length is around 340 days. Pregnancy less than 300 days results in a nonviable foal due to immaturity of the foal s organs, especially the lungs. A pregnancy less than 320 days is considered a premature foal. Signs of prematurity may include a silky coat, weak tendons, and a domed head. Some pregnancies can last 12 months or more. This can be normal. It is a good idea to keep a journal of your mare s history to know what is normal for her. As a rule, the more premature a foal is, the more at risk it is for getting sick and needing special attention. Typical foaling takes minutes after the mare has broken her water. If the birth is not progressing along within minutes, a veterinarian should be called. The newborn should try to right itself (sternally) within five minutes of birth and respond to nasal stimulation (i.e. with a piece of straw in the nose) by coughing or sneezing. A suckle reflex should be present within 20 minutes of birth. This can be tested by placing a finger in the foal s mouth. The foal should attempt to stand within 30 minutes, and stand unassisted in one to two hours after birth. The foal should nurse within three hours. These parameters are considered average and slight variations may be considered acceptable, but major deviations are abnormal. When the foal is born, the owner should dip the navel with a dilute chlorohexidine dip (one part chlorohexidine to four parts water) or a 1-2% iodine solution. This treatment should be repeated two to four times per day over the first three days of life. Do not use 7% iodine. This is contraindicated. It can scald the navel (and abdomen) causing the foal pain and may result in a patent umbilicus -- the exact opposite effect you are trying to achieve. For example, I have seen a 7% iodine treatment irritate the foal so much it became colicky and stopped urinating. Normal Foaling Parameters Normal gestation days Normal birth within 30 min With no manipulation Sitting sternal within 5 minutes Suckle reflex within 20 minutes Standing within 2 hours Nursing within 3 hours Placenta normal Newborn Exam When examining the newborn foal it should be remembered that what is normal for a foal is very different from an adult. By definition, a newborn foal is no more than one-week-old. Normal temperature in a newborn foal is degrees Celsius, higher than an adult horse. Foals do not regulate their body temperature very well for the first few days of life. Therefore it is important to provide them with proper protection against the weather depending on the outside weather conditions and environment. A foal is considered hypothermic if its temperature is less than 37 degrees Celsius. Hypothermic foals will expend a lot of energy trying to keep themselves warm and can become weak very quickly. Moreover, intestinal motility will reduce markedly if the foal is cold. This can rapidly spiral the foal into a poor situation. The foal is cold. Its body is working hard, using lots of energy and calories, trying to keep its core temperature up. The foal becomes weak and stops nursing as much. The intestinal motility slows down even more; therefore, the foal isn t digesting milk and absorbing energy and calories. The foal becomes even colder, weaker and dehydrated, and rapidly deteriorates. This can happen in just a few short hours. Foals can become cold if they get wet or don t dry well after birth. An example is a foal born outside in the rain or in moist/cold conditions. Most newborns do not shiver due to their body s inability to respond properly to the outside temperature at this early time. Keeping the foal dry and warm is very important. In a hot environment a foal can rapidly become hyperthermic with a body temperature greater than 39.5 degrees Celsius. A foal can rapidly become heat stressed if it does not have shade. It will start hyperventilating to blow off extra heat. Again, because the newborn does not regulate its temperature well, they do not sweat in response to hot outside temperatures. Hyperventilating also expends a lot of energy and the foal can quickly become dehydrated. If the foal becomes extremely hyperthermic (temperature greater than 40 degrees Celsius) repeated cool water baths and shade should be implemented immediately. Do not confuse hyperthermia with a fever due to septicemia. Hyperthermia is a high body temperature associated with a high outside temperature. The foal is usually hyperventilating, but appears normal otherwise. A septic foal may have a fever, but its temperature usually is not as high as a hyperthermic foal. Septic foals will have other signs of illness, which may include diarrhea, weakness, decreased appetite, depression, and swollen joints or navel. Normal heart rate (HR) for a foal is greater than 60 beats per minute (bpm). In Arizona, I typically see heart rates ranging from bpm during the first day. An increased or decreased heart rate can indicate septicemia, stress, or dehydration. Normal respiration rate (RR) is greater than 30 breaths per minute, with the average RR about 60 breaths per minute. A foal should start passing its first feces (meconium) within three hours. The foal will pass multiple small piles of meconium. All of the meconium should be passed within 24 hours. The meconium is dark brown, firm fecal balls. If the foal is straining a lot, the owner can give a Fleet enema to help assist the foal. I typically will give a newborn foal an enema prophylactically to reduce straining and stress. After all of the meconium has passed, the foal will start to defecate a thick, pasty, orange colored feces. This is a good sign indicating that milk has made its way through the entire digestive tract. Lax tendons are commonly found with newborn foals. This is when the muscle/tendon unit is weak resulting in low fetlocks and pasterns. This condition typically does not need veterinary attention. A day or two of confinement in a stall allows the foal s muscles to strengthen and pulls the tendons and associated fetlocks and pasterns up. Do not use bandages or splints for weak tendons as this will make the condition worse. On the other 14 15

9 letter letter This premature foal is unable to stand HEALTH Normal Delivery (A) The foal is lying on its back before the mare goes into labour A Angular limb deformities (such as knock-knees) may correct spontaneously. Photo: Equine Medicine and Surgery, American Veterinary Publications. B (B) In the first stage of labour, the foal rotates with head and legs extended into the birth canal hand, contracted tendons may need veterinary attention depending on how severe it is. This is when the pasterns, fetlocks, and/or knees are extremely upright or buckled forward. The cause is usually due to malpositioning in the uterus. If the foal is mildly contracted, a few days of exercise and stretching in a small paddock will usually correct the problem. However, if it is severe, or if the foal cannot straighten its legs, a veterinarian should be contacted. Treatment may include standing bandages (which relax the tendons), and / or Oxytetracycline treatment. The drug Tetracycline binds calcium causing secondary relaxation of the muscle/tendon unit. If contraction is severe, this treatment may be repeated daily up to three days. Colostrum During the first 24 hours after giving birth, the mare produces a thick milk called colostrum. Colostrum is very important because it is rich in antibodies, protein and calories. The mare transfers her antibodies to the foal primarily through the colostrum, rather than through the placenta (like humans). These antibodies protect the foal against environmental diseases. These proteins are also called immunoglobulins or IgG. They are very large in size. The foal s small intestine will only absorb these large proteins during the first hours after birth. Consequently, after 24 hours, the only way a foal can absorb more immunoglobulins is by a plasma (intravenous) transfusion. It is recommended that a veterinarian check the foal s IgG levels within the first hours after birth. Why is this important? These antibodies protect the foal against disease. Typically, a good IgG level is equal or greater than 800mg/deciliter (dl). An IgG level mg/dl is considered less than optimal. If this is determined at less than 24 hours of age, orally supplementing the foal with more colostrum (from the mare or saved frozen colostrum) or a commercial oral IgG (ex. Seramune or Lymphomune) is recommended. This test is administered by a veterinarian and involves a blood sample.there are two variations of the test available. The first is sometimes called Gamma-Check-E just gives a general high or low reading but the results are available quickly, in about 5 minutes. The second method provides a specific IgG level but it takes over 12 hours to obtain those results. Frozen colostrum can be saved up to 1 year. It should be thawed in a hot water bath not a microwave. If the IgG is checked after 24hours old, then only a plasma transfusion can be given to increase the immunoglobulin levels. If IgG is less than 400 mg/dl, this is considered failure of passive transfer. It can be recommended to give a transfusion because the foal is at a higher risk for contracting an environmental disease. If IgG is mg/dl, this is partial failure of passive transfer. The decision to supplement the foal with plasma depends on farm management, finances, and whether there are any foal or mare risk factors (to be discussed next). If there are risk factors present, than a plasma transfusion is recommended. If there is good farm management and no risk factors, than a transfusion is optional. If IgG is equal or greater than 800mg/dl, no treatment is needed. Mare Risk Factors The following are considered risk factors in the mare that may lead to problems in the newborn foal that may need veterinary attention: Mare has a history of foaling problems (septic foals, dystocia - difficult birth) Poor mammary gland development (i.e. from certain fescue grasses) or agalactia (no milk production) Poor colostrum quality or the mare leaks milk days before foaling Dystocia (difficult birth- the foal s eyes, body or placenta may be stained with meconium indicating a stressful birth) Red Bag (premature placental separation) Unhealthy placenta The mare had fever, sickness, or colic prior to foaling Purulent vaginal discharge prior to foaling Malnutrition Cesarean section Foal risk factors The following are considered risk factors in the foal that may lead to problems and need veterinary attention. Foal doesn t stand or nurse within normal time period Lack of suckle or poor affinity for mare --Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome (NMS) Colic Diarrhea (don t confuse with foal heat diarrhea at 7-10 days of age) - foals should NOT have diarrhea the first few days of life! Abnormal temperature, HR, RR Swollen joints or navel (sign of septicemia) Navel doesn t dry up/stays moist Twins Any kind of congenital abnormality Foals at Moderate Risk for Post- foaling Problems = One foal or mare risk factor present Foal at High risk for Post-foaling Problems = Two or more mare or foal risk factors present Common Newborn Foal Problems- How to Identify and to treat The following problems occur commonly in newborn foals. As you read about these diseases, you will notice many problems have similar and overlapping signs. This can be a challenge to you and your veterinarian to diagnose. To add to confusion, some foals can have multiple problems occurring at once. For example, it is not unusual for NMS foals to be septicemic as well. The most common problem in newborns is partial or complete failure of passive transfer. Only a few of these have complete failure of passive transfer (IgG < 400mg/dl). Septicemia is also a common newborn problem. Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome (NMS) foals are less common. Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (NIE) and ruptured bladders are also less common than the other problems. Septicemia Septicemia (infection in the blood stream) is a common cause of newborn illness and is very serious and life threatening. Aggressive treatment is vital for the foal s survival. If unnoticed and untreated, a foal can quickly weaken and die. Signs of septicemia include lethargy, diarrhea, cessation of suckle reflex ( milk face -- foal bumps the mare s bag but doesn t suckle and milk squirts all over the foal s face), hypothermia -- more prominent -- or fever and weakness. Septicemia can be contracted through the umbilicus, placenta, and respiratory or digestive tract. The most common causative agents include, E. coli, Actinobacillus, Klebsiella, and Streptococcus. Foals at higher risk for septicemia include preemies, foals with failure of passive transfer, foals with NMS, twins, and foals born from highrisk mares. A vet diagnoses septicemia by physical exam, blood work (very high or low white blood cell count and high fibrinogen), IgG levels< 400 mg/dl, and a positive blood culture (note: a negative blood culture could still be a septic foal). Treatment commonly includes broadspectrum antibiotics and fluids. Broadspectrum antibiotics are a combination of different types of antibiotics used together to treat a wide range of bacterial diseases. Since a gram-negative type of bacteria commonly causes foal diseases, the antibiotics should be more specific for this type. Therapy may include a plasma transfusion, oxygen therapy, antidiarrheal, food supplements, and keeping the foal warm, dry, and clean. If the foal is sick enough to require supplemental feeding to support it, the first choice is obviously the mare s own milk. Other good choices include Foal Milk powder. Goat s milk and cow s milk (with 1-tsp. corn syrup added to every 8 oz.) may also be used. Constipation is a common side effect with goat s milk. Foals typically need to be fed 10% of their body weight per day and should gain one to three pounds per day. If the foal needs special nutritional support, it may be necessary to provide food through an indwelling nasogastric tube. Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome (NMS) Foals with NMS are commonly referred to as a «dummy» foals, wanderers or barkers. It is a temporary or permanent condition caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain. This usually occurs secondary to dystocia, but may also be associated with septicemia or a brain disorder. Signs of NMS include lack of the suckle reflex, lack of affinity to the mare, disorientation, and irritability (grinding teeth, sneezing, wandering). If it is severe the foal may seizure or become comatose. Treatment may include nasal oxygen, mannitol, IU of daily vitamin E, naloxone, DMSO, antibiotics, and nutritional support. The foal is often treated concurrently for septicemia. Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (NIE) NIE is an immune mediated hemolytic condition inherited from the stallion. The mare produces antibodies against the foal s red blood cells, which are concentrated in the mare s first milk, the colostrum. The foal is normal at birth. But after ingesting the antibodies in the colostrum, these antibodies attach and destroy its red blood cells. The foal typically shows signs of weakness, jaundice, and anemia within hours. Treatment includes a whole blood transfusion if it is diagnosed early enough. Prevention is the key. If the mare has a history of NIE foals, the mare can be tested 2-3 weeks prior to the foaling date. If the fetus is considered at risk, prevention is vital. The foaling should be attended. The newborn foal should be muzzled the first 24 hours and fed an alternative source of colostrum. The mare s milk should be stripped (milked) out the first day. This condition is rarely seen in maiden mares, and is more commonly seen in foals when the mare is bred back to the same stallion carrier. Ruptured Bladder A ruptured bladder typically occurs during the foaling process. As the foal is pushed through the birth canal, the bladder may tear internally inside the foal. This condition is most common in colts (90%). The foal typically appears normal at birth. Depending on the size of the tear, the foal will show signs of uroperitoneum (urine in the abdomen) between days 1 and 7. Signs include colic, depression, abdominal distension, and urine dribbling. The foal may or may not be able to urinate. Some foals can urinate, but tend to strain and don t have a steady stream. Diagnosis is based on physical exam, abdominocentesis (belly tap to take a fluid sample from the abdomen), blood work, and ultrasound or radiographs. Treatment is surgery in conjunction with fluids and antibiotics. Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT) Failure of passive transfer is the failure of the transfer of immunoglobulins (IgG). This means the foal s IgG levels are less than 400 mg/dl. IgG levels between mg/dl are considered partial failure of passive transfer. Poor colostrum quality, failure to ingest enough colostrum, poor mammary gland development, or the mare leaking the colostrum before foaling can cause this. If the foal s IgG <400 mg/dl, the foal has a 25% chance that it will contract a disease if exposed. If the foal s IgG< 200 mg/dl, the foal has a 75% chance it will contract an environmental disease if exposed. The Key is Prevention Prevention is vital. It includes properly vaccinating and deworming your pregnant mare. Properly preparing for the newborn s arrival includes having adequate protection against adverse weather conditions, a clean area for the mare to foal, and knowing your mare s foaling history. It is especially important to be present during the foaling process, so that if any problems arise they can be addressed immediately. It is recommended to observe the foal to be sure that the foal stands, nurses, and behaves normally. Foals are wonderful and unique. But unlike adults, their status can change very quickly. Being aware of your foal s health is the best preventative measure you can take to ensure a healthy foal! (C) The nose and forelegs pass through the birth canal with the pads of the feet pointing down The position of the foal in the uterus during normal delivery Abnormal Presentations A (B) Ventral deviation of the head. Push the foal back into the birth canal, grasp the muzzle, and extend the head. C C (A) A common malpresentation with the forelegs folded. Push the foal back into the birth canal, then grasp and extend each leg. B (C) A posterior presentation. Under epidural anesthesia, it may be possible to draw out each back leg. Caesarean section is usually required

10 letter letter RESEARCH ARTICLE : DR. HANS J. NAGEL Rababa Al Rayyan (Ansata Selman x Turkiya Al Rayyan by Safir) Mesaoud (Aziz II x Yamama III) 1887 chestnut stallion, bred by Ali Pasha Sherif and imported to England as the foundation stallion for Crabbet Stud. Most all Egyptian pedigrees contain same measure of Mesaoud blood. He is pictured here in 1897 at the Crabbet Park. A typical Seglawi with long lines and good height, neck long and slender and carried high. Ansata Shah Zaman (Morafic x Ansata Bint Mabrouka) Ghazala El Beida (Ibn Sherara II x Bint Helwa), 1896 grey mare, bred by Ali Pasha Sherif, purchased by Lady Anne Blunt in A very special broodmatron, founded prominent families in Egypt and America. Dam of Ghadia Radia and Jemla. When Abbas Pasha sent his people to Arabia to search for the best s, he compiled their records in the so-called Abbas Pasha manuscript. On page 326 of this Abbas Pasha manuscript, covering the time from 1800 to 1860, published by Gülsün Sherif and Judy Forbis, Talal Ibn Rand answers at a gathering of the old white-haired men to the questions of the Pasha s emissaries: These are sayings from the old times, but we heard from our first grandfathers that the origin of the Jedraniya is Koheila Ajuz among the Al Khamsa, and the Koheilan was awdah, a Saqla-mare (a kicker, burnishbrown), and the Seglawia-strain was named after her: the Seglawia-Koheilanmare, and Seglawia is a name and the Seglawia originally passed to one of the two tribes, either from Al Dafour or from Al Issa. This is what we have heard from the first ones. Abbas Pasha was very keen to know about the origin of his s and tried to collect as much information as possible about them. Abbas Pasha was the greatest collector of these Seglawi horses, mainly Seglawi Jedran, but he also looked for other Seglawi substrains which were well known and reputed among the Arabs. Due to his preference for this strain, just as the Bahraini Sheikhs for the Dahman Shahwan and the Governor of Hassa, Abdullah Bin Jiluwi s, for the Obayan, his stud became very famous as a reliable source for these horses. Most of these Seglawis were apparently found in the region of the Nejd, as one can assume from the titles of the persons who assembled at such a gathering and where such meetings took place: They were mostly Sheikhs of the Nejd region and met at Quasim, an old settlement in the center of the Nejd. Because of Abbas Pasha s passion, the Seglawi strain became well established in Egypt and most of the Seglawi horses today have their origins in Egypt. Other than that, many Seglawis are still bred in Syria. The Northern section of the Shammar tribe was one of their great breeders. A large part of this tribe left the peninsula, and eventually settled in the Gezirah, in the North of Syria, and around Mosul in Iraq. Already 400 years before, the route from Aleppo in the North of Syria to Mekka in the South West of Saudi Arabia was used for trade, and caravans moved in huge numbers along this road. Also, members of the Shammar tribe used this route frequently when travelling between the Northern and Southern regions. They often became victims of raids and their horses were taken away from them and traded around the different tribes. Thus their horses were spread over the whole region. Radia Ghadia (Feysul x *Ghazala) 1904 grey mare bred by the Blunts at Sheykh Obeyd, Egypt. An especially elegant Seglawia, she founded her own dynasty. Dam of Zarifa (Zareefa) influential through Inshass, and Bint Radia, influential through the R.A.S. Bint Radia (Mabrouk Manial x Radia), 1920 grey mare of outstanding quality, she produced Samira, Shahloul, Hamdan, and Fadell, who are influential in modern pedigrees. Hamdan The Seglawi Strain Abbas Pasha s Passion Bint Serra I (Sotamm x Serra), 1923 bay mare, imported by Babson in 1932, she was one of his four foundation mares and an important link to the straight Egyptian Ghazala family. She founded a family of her own. Zaafarana (Balance x Samira), 1946 grey mare, very elegant fine boned, Seglawi type, with good reach and excellent gaits. She produced outstanding race horses by Sid Abouhom and Nazeer. Dam of El Amira, Talal and Ansata Bint Zaafarana. Moniet El Nefous, 1946, and her daughters, Mabrouka and Mouna. She was considered to have the sweetest and mildest of faces. She has even been called The Queen of the Nile. She had a charismatic appearance, emphasized by her extreme refinement and thin condition. The Seglawi or Seglawi strain is one of the best-known, oldest and most influential in Egyptian breeding. Its roots lie in the early 19th century, when Abbas Pasha collected the best of these horses for his famous stud. Ansata Bint Zaafarana (Nazeer x Zaafarana), 1958 grey mare, imported by Ansata as one of their original foundation mares. A Champion and Most Classic at age 15. Dam of four champions. All her foals were sired by Ansata Ibn Halima. Wanisa (Sheikh El Arab x Medallela x Khafifa), 1941 chestnut mare, the dam of Moniet El Nefous and also a full sister to El Bataa. Moniet El Nefous (Shahloul x Wanisa), 1946 chestnut mare who went on to found one of the most popular Egyptian dynasties. Bint Moniet El Nefous (Nazeer x Moniet El Nefous), 1957 chestnut mare, the first Moniet offspring to reach America. Imported by Richard Pritzlaff in 1958, an excellent broodmare

11 letter letter RESEARCH Except for the Jedranis, none of the other Seglawi substrains could gain any major importance in international breeding, but they are still highly appreciated. The Shammar were mostly known as the original breeders of the Hadbans, but also for the finest horses of the Seglawi strain. The actual Syrian studbook is full of horses of this strain, and together with the Hamdanis they make up the majority of the s in Syrian breeding. The same applies to the Iraqi studbook. The Seglawis are also divided into several substrains in the same manner as the Koheilans, the Hadbans and the other strains. There is for example the Seglawi Al Abd still available in Iraq today, or the quite interesting group of Seglawi Al Marighiyat. Except for the Jedranis, none of these other Seglawi substrains could gain any major importance in international breeding, but they are still highly appreciated, and some of them are very popular among the breeders in Syria or Iraq as their local breed. Because of Abbas Pasha, Egypt remained the place where the most famous Seglawis were bred, and they include famous horses which had an immense impact on breeding. One of these was the stallion Mesaoud, whose name is found in most pedigrees worldwide. This stallion was bred by Ali Pasha Sherif, bought by Lady Anne Blunt in 1894 and shipped to England as a foundation stallion for Crabbet Park. His dam Yamama, a grey Seglawia mare, was considered by the Blunts to be one of the most splendid mares with the finest head in the world. He was used very intensively in Crabbet Park, and it is interesting to note that all the famous Skowronek sons and daughters were produced by mares descended and sometimes even linebred to Mesaoud. Mesaoud was, in fact, the stallion of the century. Seglawi horses are mostly of chestnut color, and many are known for their white markings, mainly the ones of English breeding. No doubt this stallion Mesaoud, with his four white legs and blaze, is responsible for this coloring. Besides being a perfect breeding stallion, he was apparently a good riding horse and one of the most celebrated show horses of his time. Egyptian breeders and Crabbet Park kept the old Bedouin tradition of maintaining Ibtisam (Nazeer x Mona), 1960 chestnut mare, she was typical of the Moniet chestnuts, though not as exotic in the head as her dam or grandmother. She was the dam of Shamardal, Ansata adeeba, and Bint Ibtisam as well as Hatef. Tuhotmos (El Sareei x Moniet El Nefous), 1962 bay stallion, he was the only stallion in Egypt who was double Shahloul. Imported in 1973 he provided an outcross to Nazeer breeding. Ansata Bint Mabrouka (Nazeer x Mabrouka), 1958 grey mare, she was an exquisite Nazeer daughter who produced three outstanding sons: Ansata Ibn Sudan, Ansata Shah Zaman and Ansata Abbas Pasha Ibn Moniet El Nefous (Morafic x Moniet El Nefous) 1964 grey stallion, was imported in 1965 by Jay Stream, later purchased by Jarrell McCracken and syndicated for a record sum. One of the most influential Egyptian stallions of his era. Mabrouka (Sid Abouhom x Moniet El Nefous), 1951 chestnut mare, strong body, very deep girth and shoulders, she produced very influential progeny, among them two sons, Morafic and Mourad, and a daughter, Ansata Bint Mabrouka. Morafic (Nazeer x Mabrouka), 1956 grey stallion, became one of the most influential of all times through his get in Egypt, and America, after he was imported by Douglas Marshall as the foundation stallion for Gleannloch and recording the strains of their horses, and relating s to the Seglawi strain was a very attractive attribute. However, it is surprising that in literature and the pedigrees of Polish s there is little reference to such original strains. This is because in the case of the majority of Polish mares families, their strain is not known, and among those where it is known, there are no recorded Seglawi. However, the Poles decided to use traditional strain names in a different way. They used them as a standard type for description and selection criteria in their breeding programme: Seglawi means a lighter, more feminine horse, Koheilan a heavier, more masculine one. In breeding a Seglawi type horse to a Koheilan type, the aim was to obtain a horse which combines characteristics of both types. For most people it would be confusing and irritating to talk of a Seglawi mare meaning her strain, while she does not fit into the Seglawi image at all, instead being very typical, strongly built and heavy Koheilan type. That type and the strain are identical, as Carl Raswan claimed, is mostly wishful thinking; but it can happen. There are very few documents or sources which support the idea that the Arabs bred their horses within the same strain and that a certain type would emerge. Here is one such case taken from the Abbas Pasha manuscript. According to this, an breeder of the region of the Ruwala in Syria, reports astonishing results. This breeder of the Seglawia Mariji strain in the 19th century, Mohammed Al Marighi, says as for the variation in size between the Al Marighis, it depends upon the stallion to which the mares are mated, but these his own mares - have not been mated to any horse except those within their family strain and the strain is the same and you can see what the structure of the horse is. And it is known that the structure of the horse depends upon the stallion, because they have been mated of the same strain, their bodies are as one. Within straight Egyptian breeding, the Seglawi Jedran family is the oldest one and of great importance, and the mare who was in the centre of the focus was Moniet el Nefous. This is an interesting document confirming that some breeders at that time did breed their horses closely. This man claims that he uses Seglawis only and they all look alike. He adds later that he divided his offspring into best, medium and lower class ones, but kept them all. He apparently believed in their blood and origin. Within straight Egyptian breeding, the Seglawi Jedran family is the oldest one and of great importance, and the mare who was in the centre of the focus and who created the greatest sensation was Moniet el Nefous. She stands as a standard, as a symbol for this strain, for the best Egyptian blood and as the mother of all. There were certainly other amazing mares in the EAO, which are well known for their quality and their breeding power: the mares Bint Serra is one of them, a foundation mare of the Babson stud; then Zaafarana, the dam of Bint Zaafarana, owned by Ansata s. And, last but not least, Zaafarana was the dam of Amrulla, the spectacular and famous race horse, bred by the EAO. An older Seglawia mare of great influence was Bint Radia. Four times, this mare was bred to the well-known Ibn Radban and fabulous horses resulted.: Shahloul, chief sire at El Zahraa for a long time; Hamdan, head sire at Hamdan Stables, and Samira, a pearl and beauty in the eyes of many. The fourth was Radwan, a good, solid horse used outside of the RAS. However, in the end it was Moniet el Nefous who was named the Queen of the Nile and honoured with the best note that the manager of Al Zahraa at the time, General von Pettko- Szandtner, ever gave any mare at El Zahraa, and she became something like a universal symbol of the Seglawi in Egyptian breeding of our times. She is in fact one of the few who really go back to Abbas Pasha s breeding, the old foundation mare Ghazieh, 1892, who established this strongest family within the Egyptian population. As documented in the chart, so many famous names appear on this family tree, and no other foundation mare at El Zahraa Stud is so deeply embedded in history as this one. GHAZIEH (1945) EL ZARKA HORRA (AL BEIDA) (1858) ZOBEYNI ROGA EL BEIDA (1890) AZIZI II OM DALAL (1899) SABBAH KHAFIFA (1925) IBN SAMHAN WANISA (1941) SHEIKH AL ARAB BINT HORRA (1880) AZIZI BINT ROGA EL ZARKA (1895) DAHMAN EL AZRAK DALAL I (1899) RABDAN MEDALLELA (1935) AWAD MONIET EL NEFOUS ( ) SHAHLOUL The Egyptian Prince (Morafic x Bint Mona), 1967 grey stallion. A sire of champions, his sons and daughters are proving to be of great importance in carrying on the Mona/Moniet lineage. Ghalion (Morafic x Lubna) Madinah (Ibn Galal x Mona II). Nagel collection. Mahiba (Alaa El Din x Mona). Nagel collection. Maysoun Ansata Ibn Sudan Manaya (Kaisoon x Moneera - Alaa El Din x Mona) 1980 chestnut an influential broodmare at the Thierer Stud in W. Germany. (Reinhard photo) Mona II (Mahomed x Mahiba x Mona). Nagel collection. Imperial Madheen (Messaoud x Madinah) Three attributes of Moniet el Nefous - her long record into Abbas Pasha s time, her beauty, and her breeding potential, made her attractive for many enthusiasts: for those who spend a lot of time studying pedigrees, for those who regard s as living works of art, and for those who focus on breeding good horses. Moniet el Nefous great time began when the star of Morafic, her grandson out of her daughter Mabrouka and sired by Nazeer, began its ascent with his arrival at Gleannoch Farms in the USA. This stallion represented both the Seglawi Jedran strain and the Seglawi type; a wonderful coincidence and an object of admiration at the same time Seglawi horses are described by Carl Raswan and Judi Forbis as follows: Feminine grace and elegance, beauty and refinement to the extreme. Lighter in weight and leaner in the frame than the Koheilan.They are not as strong in the hindquarters, tending to be a bit light behind. A very high-spirited show-horse, admirably excelling on the race track. In color, a preponderance of chestnut with flaxen manes, in the head longer and slightly narrower, a very fine muzzle with extremely fine nostrils. The neck is longer than on the Koheilans, overall well balanced, have a good height and good tail carriage, fine bones and lighter in the bone than the Koheilans. All three best known stallions of this family, first of all Morafic, second his son Ansata Shah Zaman - a full brother to full sister breeding and finally Ibn Moniet el Nefous, all conform to such a definition of a taller, well balanced horse. They are all grey. However, on the female side most of them are chestnut, only of medium height and more longish than square, nearly same format than the old dam herself. Do males and females breed different? It looks like it! Due to the fact that Moniet el Nefous was a very fertile mare, her family was able to grow and spread very quickly. That Seglawi horses, even some s of early Egyptian breeding, were of light bone, as related by Lady Anne Blunt. In the Moniet el Nefous s pedigree, the good mare Horra appears. Lady Anne liked a stallion from this family called Amir. She describes him as the best of the best, perfect in the head, perfect as a horse, except for light bone. She regarded this as a result of poor rearing and not a genetic factor, and she apparently did not accept it as an essential part of the Seglawi type. She believed it could be corrected by proper breeding. She apparently preferred the stronger type. Due to the fact that Moniet el Nefous was a very fertile mare, her family was able to grow and spread very quickly. Her oldest daughter, Mabrouka, was a dam of the above-mentioned Morafic, for many years the leading sire of stallions in the USA and later worldwide. His sons and grandsons can be found in many Egyptian breeding programmes today

12 letter letter RESEARCH The next daughter Mouna, the prettiest one, was destined to be a female producing mare. Her daughter Bint Mona by Nazeer, also imported by Gleannoch Farms, produced in The Egyptian Prince by Morafic, a fantastic representative of her family in the USA. Moniet el Nefous had three daughters by Alaa el Din, a perfect match. Mahiba and Moneera were sold to Germany, while Fayrouz remained at El Zahraa. All three did well, but Mahiba was the most successful. In spite of a short life, she founded a great family and was influential all over Europe, mainly through Maysoun, a son of Ansata Halim Shah, and many of her later female offspring. Lubna, a third full sister to Mouna and Mabrouka, was a totally different horse: She was a grey mare and, when looking at her, it was difficult to see her as a member of this family. Her son Ghalion was bought for Babolna in Hungary and later sold to Germany. He was small, as were his offspring, with a tendency towards pinkish skin, and none of them matched the general picture of the Seglawis of the EAO. Then finally her finest daughter, Bint Moniet el Nefous by Nazeer, was exported to the USA. She represented this family in the best way, her offspring was in high demand and became the passion of Mr. McCracken, the founder and owner of Bentwood Farms in the USA. He bought and collected all offspring he could get from this mare, including Bint Bint Moniet and Monisa RSI, just to name the most beautiful and exquisite ones. Bentwood was also fortunate to own Ibn Moniet el Nefous, a son of Moniet el Nefous by Morafic, and bred its Seglawia mares intensely to this stallion with great success. They apparently did the same as the abovementioned Mohammed Al Mariji 150 years earlier in Arabia. These inbred Seglawi s of Bentwood Farms were no doubt the best group in the whole stud. In many Egyptian studs in the USA, offspring of these mares are breeding extremely well. If one summarizes the Seglawi horses as per today, the following picture will appear: Among the Seglawi strains and substrains, the Seglawi Jedrans are the strongest ones, heavily represented in the Syrian studbook and the most important group in the studbook of the EAO at El Zahraa in Egypt. Two stallions made the strain of the Seglawi Jedran world famous: Mesaoud, bred in Egypt and bought from Crabbet Park/England, and Morafic, imported by Gleannoch Farms in the USA. On the female side, the Egyptian family has an overwhelming influence through the mare Moniet el Nefous, very strongly represented in the USA by Bint Mona and Bint Moniet el Nefous, and in Europe by the mare Mahiba. Today, many Seglawi horses are bred in the Middle East, the Gulf region and Saudi Arabia. s of the Moniet el Nefous family through her daughters and granddaughters are greatly appreciated and bred in most of the famous studs which have been established during the last fifteen years. Many breeders have come to the conclusion that this NK Mouna (Jamal El Dine x Muneera Al Ariba) Rahash Al Arab Ansata Osiron x Bashashah by Rashdan and Tee) Seglawi blood is worthwhile cultivating. However, Seglawi horses bred in Syria and Iraq have still not reached the status where foreign breeders look for them; maybe due to a lack of information on the existence of such horses. in summary - The Seglawi strain probably originated in the region of Nejd in central Arabia. - Abbas Pasha valued the Seglawi above all other strains and all Seglawis in Egyptian breeding today trace back to his breeding programme. - The Crabbet foundation stallion Mesaoud, the most influential stallion of the 19th century, came from Abbas Pasha s Seglawi strain. - Carl Raswan and the Polish breeders linked the Seglawi strain to certain type, characterized by longer lines and extreme refinement, but type and strain are not necessarily identical. - The family of Moniet El Nefous from El Zahraa, tracing back to Abbas Pasha s breeding programme, is a rare case where Seglawi strain and Seglawi type come together. This family is found all over the world today and is very popular and successful. - Many influential sires have came from Moniet El Nefous s family, including Morafic, Ibn Moniet El Nefous, The Egyptian Prince, and Maysoun. - There are also Seglawi horses being bred in Syria and the Iraq today, but they do not have the same status as the Egyptian Seglawis as they are not as well known. Mezneh Aljazira (Sinan Al Rayyan x Maha Aljazira by Ansata Hejazi). Ajmal Ibtissam (Ansata Hejazi x Taraf Al Naif) Zaafarana Al Sharq (A. Hejazi x Amira Al Rayyan) Lolowah Al Sharq (A. Hejazi x Amira Al Rayyan) Bashasha (Rashdan x Tee) bred by El Zahraa, Egypt. Boushra Al Arab Ansata Osiron x Bashashah by Rashdan and Tee) Zayan Al Sharq (A.Almurtajiz x Zaafarana Al Sharq) 22 23

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